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Stella SMM, Rama M, Sridhar TM, Vijayalakshmi U. Optimization of Biologically Inspired Electrospun Scaffold for Effective Use in Bone Regenerative Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2023. [PMID: 39065340 PMCID: PMC11280988 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human bone is composed of organic and inorganic composite materials, contributing to its unique strength and flexibility. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been extensively studied for bone regeneration, due to its excellent bioactivity and osteoconductivity, which makes it a highly valuable biomaterial for tissue engineering applications. For better therapeutic effects, composite nanofibers containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) were developed using an electrospinning technique in this study. Herein, hydroxyapatite (a major inorganic constituent of native bone) concentrations varying from 5 to 25% were reinforced in the composite, which could alter the properties of nanofibers. The as-prepared composite nanofibers were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, and FT-IR spectroscopy, and a bioactivity assessment was performed in simulated body fluid (SBF). The ICP-OES analysis was used to determine the concentration of Ca2+ and PO42- ions before and after SBF immersion. To optimize the material selection, the nanofibrous scaffolds were subjected to cell proliferation and differentiation in MG-63 osteoblast cell lines, but no significant toxicity was observed. In conclusion, HAP-PVA-PVP scaffolds exhibit unique physical and chemical properties and ideal biocompatibility, with great promise to serve as effective candidates for bone tissue applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susai Mani Mary Stella
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Murugapandian Rama
- Centre for Nonlinear Systems, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai 600069, India;
| | - T. M. Sridhar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Guindy Campus, University of Madras, Chennai 600025, India;
| | - Uthirapathy Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India;
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Trujillo-Miranda M, Apsite I, Agudo JAR, Constante G, Ionov L. 4D Biofabrication of Mechanically Stable Tubular Constructs Using Shape Morphing Porous Bilayers for Vascularization Application. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200320. [PMID: 36165235 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the fabrication of highly porous electrospun self-folding bilayers, which fold into tubular structures with excellent mechanical stability, allowing them to be easily manipulated and handled. Two kinds of bilayers based on biocompatible and biodegradable soft (PCL, polycaprolactone) and hard (PHB, poly-hydroxybutyrate) thermoplastic polymers have been fabricated and compared. Multi-scroll structures with tunable diameter are obtained after the shape transformation of the bilayer in aqueous media, where PCL-based bilayer rolled longitudinally and PHB-based one rolled transversely with respect to the fiber direction. A combination of higher elastic modulus and transverse orientation of fibers with respect to rolling direction allowed precise temporal control of shape transformation of PHB-bilayer - stress produced by swollen methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HA-MA) do not relax with time and folding is not affected by the fact that bilayer is fixed in unfolded state in cell culture medium for more than 1 h. This property of PHB-bilayer allowed cell culturing without a negative effect on its shape transformation ability. Moreover, PHB-based tubular structure demonstrated superior mechanical stability compared to PCL-based ones and do not collapse during manipulations that happened to PCL-based one. Additionally, PHB/HA-MA bilayers showed superior biocompatibility, degradability, and long-term stability compared to PCL/HA-MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairon Trujillo-Miranda
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Indra Apsite
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Gissela Constante
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonid Ionov
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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3
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The effect of extracellular matrix remodeling on material-based strategies for bone regeneration: Review article. Tissue Cell 2022; 76:101748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dhania S, Bernela M, Rani R, Parsad M, Grewal S, Kumari S, Thakur R. Scaffolds the backbone of tissue engineering: Advancements in use of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:243-259. [PMID: 35278518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our body is built to heal from inside out naturally but wide-ranging medical conditions necessitate the need for artificial assistance, and therefore, something that can assist the body to heal wounds and damaged tissues quickly and efficiently is of utmost importance. Tissue engineering technology helps to regenerate new tissue to replace the diseased or injured one. The technology uses biodegradable porous three-dimensional scaffolds for mimicking the structure and functions of the natural extracellular matrix. The material and design of scaffolds are critical areas of biomaterial research. Biomaterial-based three-dimensional structures have been the most promising material to serve as scaffolds for seeding cells, both in vivo and in vitro. One such material is polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) which are thermoplastic biopolyesters that are highly suitable for this purpose due to their enhanced biocompatibility, biodegradability, thermo-processability, diverse mechanical properties, non-toxicity and natural origin. Moreover, they have tremendous possibilities of customization through biological physical and chemical modification as well as blending with other materials. They are being used for several tissue engineering applications such as bone graft substitute, cardiovascular patches, stents, for nerve repair and in implantology as valves and sutures. The present review overviews usage of a multitude of PHA-based biomaterials for a wide range of tissue engineering applications, based on their properties suitable for the specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunena Dhania
- Department of Bio & Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Manju Bernela
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Ruma Rani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Minakshi Parsad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LUVAS, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Sapna Grewal
- Department of Bio & Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Santosh Kumari
- Department of Bio & Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Thakur
- Department of Bio & Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
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SpAD Biofunctionalized Cellulose Acetate Scaffolds Inhibit Staphylococcus aureus Adherence in a Coordinating Function with the von Willebrand A1 Domain (vWF A1). J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13010021. [PMID: 35225984 PMCID: PMC8883972 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogens causing and spreading hospital acquired infections. Since it is highly resistant to new generation antibiotics, novel strategies have to be developed such as the construction of biofunctionalized non-adherent surfaces that will prevent its tethering and subsequent spread in the hospital environment. In this frame, the domain D of protein A (SpAD) of S. aureus has been immobilized onto cellulose acetate scaffolds by using the streptavidin/biotin interaction, in order to study its interaction with the A1 domain of von Willebrand factor (vWF A1), a protein essential for hemostasis, found in human plasma. Subsequently, the biofunctionalized cellulose acetate scaffolds were incubated with S. aureus in the presence and absence of vWF A1 at different time periods and their potential to inhibit S. aureus growth was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SpAD biofunctionalized scaffolds perceptibly ameliorated the non-adherent properties of the material, and in particular, the interaction between SpAD and vWF A1 effectively inhibited the growth of S. aureus. Thus, the exhibition of significant non-adherent properties of scaffolds addresses their potential use for covering medical equipment, implants, and stents.
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Liu Z, Kataoka T, Samitsu S, Kawagoe D, Tagaya M. Nanostructural control of transparent hydroxyapatite nanoparticle films using a citric acid coordination technique. J Mater Chem B 2021; 10:396-405. [PMID: 34935845 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA), as the main mineral component in hard tissues, has good biocompatibility. In particular, HA films are widely used as bioactive coatings for artificial bones and dental implants in biomedical fields. However, it is currently difficult to prepare a nanostructure-controlled HA film by a wet process for further applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of HA nanoparticles coordinated by citric acid (Cit/HA) based on the interactions between carboxylate and calcium ions to control the sizes and shapes of the hybrid nanoparticles, to improve their dispersibility in water and to eventually form uniform transparent films with nanospaces, and investigated the film formation mechanism. As compared with the well-known rod-like HA nanoparticles (size: 48 × 15 nm2), we successfully synthesized spherical and negatively charged Cit/HA nanoparticles (size: 25 × 23 nm2) to achieve highly transparent Cit/HA films using the spin-coating technique. The Cit/HA films had uniform and crack-free appearance. About the nanostructures, we found that the Cit/HA film surfaces had meso-scaled nanospaces with a diameter of 4.2 nm based on the regular arrangement of spherical nanoparticles, instead of the HA film with a nanospace diameter of 24.5 nm formed by non-uniform accumulation. Therefore, we successfully achieved the control of the nanospace sizes of the films with the nanoparticle arrangement and realized transparent nanoparticle film formation in a very simple way, which will provide more convenient bioceramic films for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan.
| | - Takuya Kataoka
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan.
| | - Sadaki Samitsu
- Data-driven Polymer Design Group, Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawagoe
- Department of Materials Chemistry and Bioengineering, Oyama National College of Technology, 771 Nakakuki, Oyama, Tochigi 323-0806, Japan
| | - Motohiro Tagaya
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan.
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Osuchukwu OA, Salihi A, Abdullahi I, Abdulkareem B, Nwannenna CS. Synthesis techniques, characterization and mechanical properties of natural derived hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone implants: a review. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractHydroxyapatite (HAp) with good mechanical properties is a promising material meant for a number of useful bids in dentistry and orthopedic for biomedical engineering applications for drug delivery, bone defect fillers, bone cements, etc. In this paper, a comprehensive review has been done, by reviewing different literatures related to synthesis techniques, mechanical properties and property testing, method of calcination and characterization of hydroxyapatite which are product of catfish and bovine bones. The discussion is in relations of the obligatory features vital to attain the best properties for the envisioned bid of bone graft. The process approaches that are capable of fabricating the essential microstructure and the ways to advance the mechanical properties of natural mined HAp are reviewed. The standard values for tensile strength were found to be within the range of 40–300 MPa, compressive strength was 400–900 MPa, while Elastic modulus was 80–120 GPa and fracture toughness was 0.6–1 MPa m1/2 (Ramesh et al. in Ceram Int 44(9):10525–10530, 2018; Landi et al. in J Eur Ceram Soc 20(14–15):2377–2387, 2000; Munar et al. in Dent Mater J 25(1):51–58, 2006). Also, the porosity range was 70–85% (Yang et al. in Am Ceram Soc Bull 89(2):24–32, 2010), density is 3.16 g/cm3 and relative density is 95–99.5% (Ramesh et al. 2018; Landi et al. 2000; Munar et al. 2006). The literature revealed that CaP ratio varies in relation to the source and sintering temperature. For example, for bovine bone, a CaP ratio of 1.7 (Mezahi et al. in J Therm Anal Calorim 95(1):21–29, 2009) and 1.65 (Barakat et al. in J Mater Process Technol 209(7):3408–3415, 2009) was obtained at 1100 °C and 750 °C respectively. Basic understanding on the effect of adding foreign material as a strengthening agent to the mechanical properties of HAp is ground factor for the development of new biomaterial (Natural hydroxyapatite, NHAp). Therefore, it is inferred that upon careful combination of main parameters such as compaction pressures, sintering temperatures, and sintering dwell times for production natural HAp (NHAp), mechanical properties can be enhanced.
Graphic abstract
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Mousavi SM, Nejad ZM, Hashemi SA, Salari M, Gholami A, Ramakrishna S, Chiang WH, Lai CW. Bioactive Agent-Loaded Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes for Accelerating Healing Process: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:702. [PMID: 34564519 PMCID: PMC8469443 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11090702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advances that have been achieved in developing wound dressings to date, wound healing still remains a challenge in the healthcare system. None of the wound dressings currently used clinically can mimic all the properties of normal and healthy skin. Electrospinning has gained remarkable attention in wound healing applications because of its excellent ability to form nanostructures similar to natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Electrospun dressing accelerates the wound healing process by transferring drugs or active agents to the wound site sooner. This review provides a concise overview of the recent developments in bioactive electrospun dressings, which are effective in treating acute and chronic wounds and can successfully heal the wound. We also discuss bioactive agents used to incorporate electrospun wound dressings to improve their therapeutic potential in wound healing. In addition, here we present commercial dressings loaded with bioactive agents with a comparison between their features and capabilities. Furthermore, we discuss challenges and promises and offer suggestions for future research on bioactive agent-loaded nanofiber membranes to guide future researchers in designing more effective dressing for wound healing and skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed-Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Zohre Mousavi Nejad
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran; (Z.M.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada;
| | - Marjan Salari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sirjan University of Technology, Sirjan CM7X+MCX, Iran;
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran; (Z.M.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore;
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Chin Wei Lai
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya (UM), 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Pryadko A, Surmeneva MA, Surmenev RA. Review of Hybrid Materials Based on Polyhydroxyalkanoates for Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1738. [PMID: 34073335 PMCID: PMC8199458 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on hybrid polyhydroxyalkanoate-based (PHA) biomaterials with improved physico-mechanical, chemical, and piezoelectric properties and controlled biodegradation rate for applications in bone, cartilage, nerve and skin tissue engineering. PHAs are polyesters produced by a wide range of bacteria under unbalanced growth conditions. They are biodegradable, biocompatible, and piezoelectric polymers, which make them very attractive biomaterials for various biomedical applications. As naturally derived materials, PHAs have been used for multiple cell and tissue engineering applications; however, their widespread biomedical applications are limited due to their lack of toughness, elasticity, hydrophilicity and bioactivity. The chemical structure of PHAs allows them to combine with other polymers or inorganic materials to form hybrid composites with improved structural and functional properties. Their type (films, fibers, and 3D printed scaffolds) and properties can be tailored with fabrication methods and materials used as fillers. Here, we are aiming to fill in a gap in literature, revealing an up-to-date overview of ongoing research strategies that make use of PHAs as versatile and prospective biomaterials. In this work, a systematic and detailed review of works investigating PHA-based hybrid materials with tailored properties and performance for use in tissue engineering applications is carried out. A literature survey revealed that PHA-based composites have better performance for use in tissue regeneration applications than pure PHA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roman A. Surmenev
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Centre, Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenina Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (A.P.); (M.A.S.)
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Three-Dimensional Printing of Hydroxyapatite Composites for Biomedical Application. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) and HA-based nanocomposites have been recognized as ideal biomaterials in hard tissue engineering because of their compositional similarity to bioapatite. However, the traditional HA-based nanocomposites fabrication techniques still limit the utilization of HA in bone, cartilage, dental, applications, and other fields. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) printing has been shown to provide a fast, precise, controllable, and scalable fabrication approach for the synthesis of HA-based scaffolds. This review therefore explores available 3D printing technologies for the preparation of porous HA-based nanocomposites. In the present review, different 3D printed HA-based scaffolds composited with natural polymers and/or synthetic polymers are discussed. Furthermore, the desired properties of HA-based composites via 3D printing such as porosity, mechanical properties, biodegradability, and antibacterial properties are extensively explored. Lastly, the applications and the next generation of HA-based nanocomposites for tissue engineering are discussed.
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11
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Smart composite nanofiber mats with thermal management functionality. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4256. [PMID: 33608607 PMCID: PMC7896066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanofibers with thermal management ability are attracting great attention in both academia and industry due to the increasing interest in energy storage applications, thermal insulation, and thermal comfort. While electrospinning is basically a fiber formation technique, which uses electrostatic forces to draw ultrafine fibers from a wide variety of polymers, with the addition of phase change materials (PCMs) to the electrospinning solution it enables the production of shape stabilized phase change materials with thermal management functionality. In this study, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers containing paraffinic PCMs were produced by electrospinning method and the composite nanofibers obtained were characterized in terms of their morphology, chemical structure, thermal properties, stability, thermal degradation behaviour and hydrophobicity. Besides, PCMs with different phase transition temperatures were added simultaneously into the nanofiber structure in order to investigate the tunability of the thermoregulation properties of the nanofibers. Uniform nanofibers with thermal management functionality were obtained. It could be possible to obtain composite nanofibers showing thermoregulation ability over a wider temperature range by simultaneous addition of PCMs with different melting points into the nanofiber structure. 50 wt% PCM could be added to PAN nanofiber structure wherein the resulting nanofiber exhibited 58.74 J g−1 of enthalpy storage during heating and 57.41 J g−1 of heat release during cooling. The composite nanofibers maintained their cylindrical fiber morphology, structure and composition after multiple heating–cooling cycles and retained their thermal management functionality. The contact angle measurements showed that the addition of PCMs imparted hydrophobicity to the nanofibers.
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Karbowniczek JE, Kaniuk Ł, Berniak K, Gruszczyński A, Stachewicz U. Enhanced Cells Anchoring to Electrospun Hybrid Scaffolds With PHBV and HA Particles for Bone Tissue Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:632029. [PMID: 33681169 PMCID: PMC7928304 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.632029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid materials combining organic and inorganic compounds used as scaffolds are highly beneficial in bone regeneration. In this study, we successfully produced by blend electrospinning poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydrovaleric acid) (PHBV) scaffolds enriched with hydroxyapatite (HA) particles to biomimic bone tissue for improved and faster regeneration processes. The morphology, fiber diameters, and composition of the scaffolds were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques followed by focused ion beam (FIB) sectioning to verify HA particles integration with PHBV fibers. In vitro cell culture was performed for 7 days and followed with the cell proliferation test (CellTiter-Blue® Assay). Additionally, cell integration with the scaffold was visualized by confocal and SEM imaging. We developed a simple way of obtaining hybrid scaffolds by electrospinning PHBV solution with HA particles without any post-processing. The PHBV + HA scaffold enhanced cell proliferation and filopodia formation responsible for cell anchoring within the created 3D environment. The obtained results show the great potential in the development of hybrid scaffolds stimulating bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Karbowniczek
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kaniuk
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Berniak
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Gruszczyński
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Urszula Stachewicz
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
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Esbah Tabaei PS, Asadian M, Ghobeira R, Cools P, Thukkaram M, Derakhshandeh PG, Abednatanzi S, Van Der Voort P, Verbeken K, Vercruysse C, Declercq H, Morent R, De Geyter N. Combinatorial effects of coral addition and plasma treatment on the properties of chitosan/polyethylene oxide nanofibers intended for bone tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 253:117211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gautam S, Sharma C, Purohit SD, Singh H, Dinda AK, Potdar PD, Chou CF, Mishra NC. Gelatin-polycaprolactone-nanohydroxyapatite electrospun nanocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 119:111588. [PMID: 33321633 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone injuries and fractures generally take a long period to heal itself. To address this problem, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has gained significant research impetus. Among the several techniques used for scaffold fabrication, electrospinning ought to be the most promising technique for the development of the nanostructured scaffolds. The present study was carried out to fabricate an electrospun nanocomposite scaffold for BTE by using gelatin, polycaprolactone (PCL), and nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp). To prepare Gelatin-PCL-nHAp nanocomposite scaffold: Gelatin-PCL blend was electrospun and then treated with nHAp (1 wt%) for different time periods. The fabricated nanocomposite scaffold was analysed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to determine the fiber diameter and evaluate the fiber morphology. The Gelatin-PCL-nHAp nanocomposite scaffold-20 min exhibited the average fiber diameter of 615±269 nm and average pore size 4.7±1.04 μm, and also revealed the presence of nHAp particles over the Gelatin-PCL scaffold surface. Further, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis also indicated the deposition of nHAp over the Gelatin-PCL scaffold surface. MTT assay and DNA quantification showed good viability and significant proliferation of human osteoblasts on Gelatin-PCL-nHAp nanocomposite scaffold. Moreover, cell-scaffold constructs illustrated efficient cellular attachment and adequately spread cells, and it also depicts characteristic polygonal morphology of osteoblasts over the Gelatin-PCL-nHAp nanocomposite scaffold. Thus, the results of in-vitro analysis of electrospun nanocomposite scaffold suggest that the Gelatin-PCL-nHAp scaffold can be a potential candidate for BTE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Gautam
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, CBSH, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Chhavi Sharma
- Avantha Centre for Industrial Research and Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India
| | - Shiv Dutt Purohit
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, India Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Hemant Singh
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, India Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Amit Kumar Dinda
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
| | - Pravin D Potdar
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biology, Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Chia-Fu Chou
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Narayan Chandra Mishra
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, India Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.
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Kundrat V, Matouskova P, Marova I. Facile Preparation of Porous Microfiber from Poly-3-(R)-Hydroxybutyrate and Its Application. MATERIALS 2019; 13:ma13010086. [PMID: 31877992 PMCID: PMC6981871 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we described the development of a simplified wet spinning method of the production of a novel type of porous continuous fiber based on poly-3-(R)-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). The principle of this method is precipitation of PHB dissolved in chloroform solution into the ethanol precipitation bath. The influence of various PHB concentrations and feed rates on specific surface area (measured by nitrogen absorption method) was studied. Materials were also characterized by SEM. Surface areas of fibers achieved by wet spinning were in the range of tens of m2.g-1, and the biggest surface area value was 55 m2.g-1. The average diameter of fibers was in the range of 20-120 μm and was dependent on both PHB concentration and feed rate. Optimum conditions for reaching stable fibers of high surface area were 3-5 % w.t. of PHB and feed rate 0.5-3 ml.h-1. Fibers were functionalized by adsorption of some natural plant extracts. The incorporation of active substances into fibers was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. High antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of PHB-fibers with cloves extract was found, as well as excellent long-term stability and optimal dynamics of the release of active compounds. The newly produced material would be applicable in pharmacy, cosmetics, and wound healing.
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16
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Abstract
Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field of biomedicine that is being used to develop a new tissue or restore the function of diseased tissue/organ. The main objective of tissue engineering is to overcome the shortage of donor organs. Tissue engineering is mainly based on three components i.e. cells, scaffold and growth factors. Among these three components, scaffold is a primary influencing factor that provides the structural support to the cells and helps to deliver the growth factors which stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells to regenerate a new tissue. The properties of a scaffold mainly depend upon types of biomaterial and fabrication techniques that are used to fabricate the scaffold. Biofabrication facilitates the construction of three-dimensional complex of living (cells) and non-living (signaling molecules and extracellular matrices polymers etc.) components. Biofabrication has potential application especially in skin and bone tissue regeneration due to its accuracy, reproducibility and customization of scaffolds as well as cell and signaling molecule delivery. In this review article, different types of biomaterials and fabrication techniques have been discussed to fabricate of a nanofibrous scaffold along with different types of cells and growth factor which are used for tissue engineering applications to regenerate a new tissue. Among different techniques to fabricate a scaffold, electrospinning is simple and cost effective technique that has been mainly focused in the review to produce nanofibous scaffold. On the other hand, a tissue might be repair itself and restore to its normal function inside the body by applying the principle of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Gautam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, C.B.S.H., G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar- 263145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sonu Ambwani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, C.B.S.H., G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar- 263145, Uttarakhand, India
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17
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Melnik EV, Shkarina SN, Ivlev SI, Weinhardt V, Baumbach T, Chaikina MV, Surmeneva MA, Surmenev RA. In vitro degradation behaviour of hybrid electrospun scaffolds of polycaprolactone and strontium-containing hydroxyapatite microparticles. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Fabrication and In vitro Bioactivity of Robust Hydroxyapatite Coating on Porous Titanium Implant. Chem Res Chin Univ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-019-9101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Ma R, Guo D. Evaluating the bioactivity of a hydroxyapatite-incorporated polyetheretherketone biocomposite. J Orthop Surg Res 2019; 14:32. [PMID: 30683125 PMCID: PMC6347847 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) exhibits stable chemical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and rational mechanical properties that are similar to those of human cortical bone, but the lack of bioactivity impedes its clinical application. Methods In this study, hydroxyapatite (HA) was incorporated into PEEK to fabricate HA/PEEK biocomposite using a compounding and injection-molding technique. The tensile properties of the prepared HA/PEEK composites (HA content from 0 to 40 wt%) were tested to choose an optimal HA content. To evaluate the bioactivity of the composite, the cell attachment, proliferation, spreading and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of MC3T3-E1 cells, and apatite formation after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), and osseointegration in a rabbit cranial defect model were investigated. The results were compared to those from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and pure PEEK. Results By evaluating the tensile properties and elastic moduli of PEEK composite samples/PEEK composites with different HA contents, the 30 wt% HA/PEEK composite was chosen for use in the subsequent tests. The results of the cell tests demonstrated that PEEK composite samples/PEEK composite exhibited better cell attachment, proliferation, spreading, and higher ALP activity than those of UHMWPE and pure PEEK. Apatite islands formed on the HA/PEEK composite after immersion in SBF for 7 days and grew continuously with longer time periods. Animal tests indicated that bone contact and new bone formation around the HA/PEEK composite were more obvious than those around UHMWPE and pure PEEK. Conclusions The HA/PEEK biocomposite created by a compounding and injection-molding technique exhibited enhanced osteogenesis and could be used as a candidate of orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dagang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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20
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De Silva RT, Dissanayake RK, Mantilaka MMMGPG, Wijesinghe WPSL, Kaleel SS, Premachandra TN, Weerasinghe L, Amaratunga GAJ, de Silva KMN. Drug-Loaded Halloysite Nanotube-Reinforced Electrospun Alginate-Based Nanofibrous Scaffolds with Sustained Antimicrobial Protection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33913-33922. [PMID: 30220194 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Halloysite nanotube (HNT)-reinforced alginate-based nanofibrous scaffolds were successfully fabricated by electrospinning to mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) structure which is beneficial for tissue regeneration. An antiseptic drug, cephalexin (CEF)-loaded HNT, was incorporated into the alginate-based matrix to obtain sustained antimicrobial protection and robust mechanical properties, the key criteria for tissue engineering applications. Electron microscopic imaging and drug release studies revealed that CEF had penetrated into the lumen space of the HNT and also deposited on the outer walls, with a total loading capacity of 30 wt %. Moreover, the diameter of alginate-based nanofibers of the scaffolds ranged from 40 to 522 nm with well-aligned HNTs, resulting in superior mechanical properties. For instance, the addition of 5% (w/w) HNT improved the tensile strength (σ) and elastic modulus by 3-fold and 2-fold, respectively, compared to those of the alginate-based scaffolds without HNT. The fabricated scaffolds exhibited remarkable antimicrobial properties against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and the cytotoxicity studies confirmed the nontoxicity of the fabricated scaffolds. Drug release kinetics showed that CEF inside HNTs diffuses within 24 h and that the diffusion of the drug is delayed by 7 days once the CEF-loaded HNTs are incorporated into the alginate-based nanofibers. These fabricated alginate-based electrospun scaffolds with enhanced mechanical properties and sustained antimicrobial protection hold great potential to be used as artificial ECM scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangika Thilan De Silva
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC) , Nanotechnology and Science Park , Mahenwatte, Pitipana, Homagama 10200 , Sri Lanka
| | - Ranga K Dissanayake
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC) , Nanotechnology and Science Park , Mahenwatte, Pitipana, Homagama 10200 , Sri Lanka
| | | | - W P Sanjeewa Lakmal Wijesinghe
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC) , Nanotechnology and Science Park , Mahenwatte, Pitipana, Homagama 10200 , Sri Lanka
| | - Shehan Shalinda Kaleel
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC) , Nanotechnology and Science Park , Mahenwatte, Pitipana, Homagama 10200 , Sri Lanka
| | - Thejani Nisansala Premachandra
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya 20400 , Sri Lanka
| | - Laksiri Weerasinghe
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC) , Nanotechnology and Science Park , Mahenwatte, Pitipana, Homagama 10200 , Sri Lanka
| | - Gehan A J Amaratunga
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC) , Nanotechnology and Science Park , Mahenwatte, Pitipana, Homagama 10200 , Sri Lanka
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0FA , U.K
| | - K M Nalin de Silva
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC) , Nanotechnology and Science Park , Mahenwatte, Pitipana, Homagama 10200 , Sri Lanka
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colombo , Colombo 00300 , Sri Lanka
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Perumal G, Ramasamy B, A MN, Doble M. Nanostructure coated AZ31 magnesium cylindrical mesh cage for potential long bone segmental defect repair applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 172:690-698. [PMID: 30243223 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This current study is aimed towards the fabrication of AZ31 magnesium cylindrical mesh cage implant with circular holes for orthopedic applications. This mesh cage is coated with nanocomposite material containing polycaprolactone (PCL), pluronic F127 and nano hydroxyapatite (nHA) by electrospinning process. Morphology and composition were analyzed by various characterization techniques. Controlled degradation and weight loss of the nanocomposite coated samples in 28 days were observed when compared with uncoated samples in SBF (simulated body fluid). The nanocomposite coated material was not cytotoxic to MG63 osteosarcoma cells. The cell viability, morphology, ALP activity, calcium mineralization and collagen deposition were also better on this when compared to uncoated. Smooth and randomly deposited nanofibers on the mesh cage was observed and the contact angle indicated that the surface is hydrophilic with (initial contact angle of 55 ± 1° and after 10 s 0°) when compared to PCL (99°) coated surface. 2-5 fold higher mRNA expression levels of osteogenic genes namely ALP, BMP2, COL1 and RUNX2 was observed with nanocomposite coated scaffolds than uncoated and PCL coated samples in 14 days. These results indicate the potential use of the nanocomposite coated AZ31 cylindrical mesh cage for segmental bone defect repair and can be used as a degradable implant for orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindaraj Perumal
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Boopalan Ramasamy
- Department of Orthopedics, Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, India
| | - Maya Nandkumar A
- Division of Microbial Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695012, India
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
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22
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Abstract
Silk derived from the silkworm is known for its excellent biological and mechanical properties. It has been used in various fields as a biomaterial, especially in bone tissue engineering scaffolding. Recently, silk protein-based biomaterial has been used as a barrier membrane scaffolding for guided bone regeneration (GBR). GBR promotes bone regeneration in bone defect areas using special barrier membranes. GBR membranes should have biocompatibility, biodegradability, cell occlusion, the mechanical properties of space-making, and easy clinical handling. Silk-based biomaterial has excellent biologic and mechanical properties that make it a good candidate to be used as GBR membranes. Recently, various forms of silk protein-based membranes have been introduced, demonstrating excellent bone regeneration ability, including osteogenic cell proliferation and osteogenic gene expression, and promoting new bone regeneration in vivo. In this article, we introduced the characteristics of silk protein as bone tissue engineering scaffolding and the recent application of such silk material as a GBR membrane. We also suggested future studies exploring additional uses of silk-based materials as GBR membranes.
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23
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Simsek A, Bullock AJ, Roman S, Chapple CR, MacNeil S. Developing improved tissue-engineered buccal mucosa grafts for urethral reconstruction. Can Urol Assoc J 2018; 12:E234-E242. [PMID: 29405909 PMCID: PMC5966936 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.4826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to compare alternative synthetic scaffolds suitable for future implantation and to examine the use of an inhibitor of lysyl oxidase (beta-amino-propionitrile [β-APN]) to reduce contraction in these implants. METHODS Three synthetic scaffolds were compared to natural dermis as substrates for the production of tissue-engineered skin. For natural dermis, Euroskin was used to provide a cell-free cadaveric dermis. Synthetic scaffolds consisted of microfibrous poly-L-lactic acid (PLA), nanofibrous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and a micro-/nanofibrous trilayer of PLA-PHBV-PLA. The latter were all electrospun and then all four scaffolds (three synthetic, one natural) were placed in six well plates. A culture well was formed on the scaffold using a 1 cm diameter stainless steel ring and 1.5×105 oral fibroblasts were seeded one side; after two days of culture, the ring was placed on the other side of the scaffolds and 3×105 oral keratinocytes were seeded on to the scaffolds and cultured with keratinocytes uppermost. After a further two days of culture, scaffolds were cut to 1 cm2 and raised to an air-liquid interface on stainless steel grids; some were treated with 200 μg/mL β-APN throughout the culture period (28 days). Contraction in vitro was assessed by serial digital photography of cell-seeded scaffolds and cell-free scaffolds three times a week for 28 days. All cell-seeded scaffolds were assessed for cell metabolic activity, mechanical properties, histology, and morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS The mean fibre diameters and pore sizes of PLA and PHBV scaffolds were 2.4±0.77, 0.85±0.21 μm (p<0.001), and 10.8±2.3, 4.3±1.1 μm (p<0.001), respectively. Oral fibroblasts and keratinocytes were tightly adhered and grew well on both surfaces of trilayer. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and Young's modulus (YM) of PLA samples were significantly lower than Euroskin (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively); only the UTS of the trilayer samples was slightly significantly lower (p<0.05). Metabolic activity was significantly increased for cells on all scaffolds, without significant differences between them from Day 0 to Day 28. There were no adverse effects of β-APN on cell viability. With respect to contraction, cells on trilayer and PHBV monolayers did not undergo any significant contraction; however, cells on PLA monolayer and Euroskin contracted 25.3% and 56.4%, respectively, over 28 days. The addition of 200 μg/ml β-APN significantly reduced contraction of Euroskin compared with the control (p<0.01); however, β-APN did not affect PLA contraction during this culture period (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that a trilayer micro-nano-3D porous synthetic scaffold is suitable for oral keratinocyte and fibroblast growth with good cell viability and minimal contraction. This material also has good mechanical properties and histological analyses showed its ability to mimic normal human oral mucosal morphology. Furthermore, synthetic trilayer scaffolds have advantages over biological scaffolds - there is no risk of disease transmission or immunological rejection and they appear resistant to contraction. We suggest they present a good alternative to allodermis for future use in urethral reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmuttalip Simsek
- Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Department of Female and Reconstructive Urology, Sheffield; United Kingdom
- University of Sheffield, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Sheffield; United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Bullock
- University of Sheffield, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Sheffield; United Kingdom
| | - Sabi Roman
- University of Sheffield, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Sheffield; United Kingdom
| | - Chirstoper R. Chapple
- Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Department of Female and Reconstructive Urology, Sheffield; United Kingdom
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- University of Sheffield, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Sheffield; United Kingdom
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Manoukian OS, Aravamudhan A, Lee P, Arul MR, Yu X, Rudraiah S, Kumbar SG. Spiral Layer-by-Layer Micro-Nanostructured Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:2181-2192. [PMID: 30976659 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This Article reports the fabrication and characterization of composite micro-nanostructured spiral scaffolds functionalized with nanofibers and hydroxyapatite (HA) for bone regeneration. The spiral poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) porous microstructure was coated with sparsely spaced PLGA nanofibers and HA to enhance surface area and bioactivity. Polyelectrolyte-based HA coating in a layer-by-layer (LBL) fashion allowed 10-70 μM Ca2+/mm2 incorporation. These scaffolds provided a controlled release of Ca2+ ions up to 60 days with varied release kinetics accounting up to 10-50 μg. Spiral scaffolds supported superior adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) as compared to controls microstructures. Spiral micro-nanostructures supported homogeneous tissue ingrowth and resulted in bone-island formation in the center of the scaffold as early as 3 weeks in a rabbit ulnar bone defect model. In contrast, control cylindrical scaffolds showed tissue ingrowth only at the surface because of limitations in scaffold transport features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohan S Manoukian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Aja Aravamudhan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Paul Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Michael R Arul
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Swetha Rudraiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, 229 Trumbull St., Hartford Connecticut 06103, United States
| | - Sangamesh G Kumbar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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25
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Pokhrel S. Hydroxyapatite: Preparation, Properties and Its Biomedical Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/aces.2018.84016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite composites for bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:68-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Li X, Cheng R, Sun Z, Su W, Pan G, Zhao S, Zhao J, Cui W. Flexible bipolar nanofibrous membranes for improving gradient microstructure in tendon-to-bone healing. Acta Biomater 2017; 61:204-216. [PMID: 28778532 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Enthesis is a specialized tissue interface between the tendon and bone. Enthesis structure is very complex because of gradient changes in its composition and structure. There is currently no strategy to create a suitable environment and to regenerate the gradual-changing enthesis because of the modular complexities between two tissue types. Herein, a dual-layer organic/inorganic flexible bipolar fibrous membrane (BFM) was successfully fabricated by electrospinning to generate biomimetic non-mineralized fibrocartilage and mineralized fibrocartilage in tendon-to-bone integration of enthesis. The growth of the in situ apatite nanoparticle layer was induced on the nano hydroxyapatite-poly-l-lactic acid (nHA-PLLA) fibrous layer in simulated body solution, and the poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) fibrous layer retained its original properties to induce tendon regeneration. The in vivo results showed that BFM significantly increased the area of glycosaminoglycan staining at the tendon-bone interface and improved collagen organization when compared to the simplex fibrous membrane (SFM) of PLLA. Implanting the bipolar membrane also induced bone formation and fibrillogenesis as assessed by micro-CT and histological analysis. Biomechanical testing showed that the BFM group had a greater ultimate load-to-failure and stiffness than the SFM group at 12weeks after surgery. Therefore, this flexible bipolar nanofibrous membrane improves the healing and regeneration process of the enthesis in rotator cuff repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we generated a biomimetic dual-layer organic/inorganic flexible bipolar fibrous membrane by sequential electrospinning and in situ biomineralization, producing integrated bipolar fibrous membranes of PLLA fibrous membrane as the upper layer and nHA-PLLA fibrous membrane as the lower layer to mimic non-mineralized fibrocartilage and mineralized fibrocartilage in tendon-to-bone integration of enthesis. Flexible bipolar nanofibrous membranes could be easily fabricated with gradient microstructure for enthesis regeneration in rotator cuff tears.
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Sun Y, Li Y, Xu J, Huang L, Qiu T, Zhong S. Interconnectivity of macroporous molecularly imprinted polymers fabricated by hydroxyapatite-stabilized Pickering high internal phase emulsions-hydrogels for the selective recognition of protein. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:142-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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De Silva RT, Mantilaka MMMGPG, Goh KL, Ratnayake SP, Amaratunga GAJ, de Silva KMN. Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Reinforced Electrospun Alginate-Based Nanofibrous Scaffolds with Improved Physical Properties. Int J Biomater 2017; 2017:1391298. [PMID: 28694826 PMCID: PMC5485316 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1391298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanically robust alginate-based nanofibrous scaffolds were successfully fabricated by electrospinning method to mimic the natural extracellular matrix structure which benefits development and regeneration of tissues. Alginate-based nanofibres were electrospun from an alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polyelectrolyte complex. SEM images revealed the spinnability of the complex composite nanofibrous scaffolds, showing randomly oriented, ultrafine, and virtually defects-free alginate-based/MgO nanofibrous scaffolds. Here, it is shown that an alginate/PVA complex scaffold, blended with near-spherical MgO nanoparticles (⌀ 45 nm) at a predetermined concentration (10% (w/w)), is electrospinnable to produce a complex composite nanofibrous scaffold with enhanced mechanical stability. For the comparison purpose, chemically cross-linked electrospun alginate-based scaffolds were also fabricated. Tensile test to rupture revealed the significant differences in the tensile strength and elastic modulus among the alginate scaffolds, alginate/MgO scaffolds, and cross-linked alginate scaffolds (P < 0.05). In contrast to cross-linked alginate scaffolds, alginate/MgO scaffolds yielded the highest tensile strength and elastic modulus while preserving the interfibre porosity of the scaffolds. According to the thermogravimetric analysis, MgO reinforced alginate nanofibrous scaffolds exhibited improved thermal stability. These novel alginate-based/MgO scaffolds are economical and versatile and may be further optimised for use as extracellular matrix substitutes for repair and regeneration of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. T. De Silva
- Nanotechnology and Science Park, Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC), Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - M. M. M. G. P. G. Mantilaka
- Nanotechnology and Science Park, Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC), Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - K. L. Goh
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - S. P. Ratnayake
- Nanotechnology and Science Park, Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC), Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - G. A. J. Amaratunga
- Nanotechnology and Science Park, Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC), Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - K. M. Nalin de Silva
- Nanotechnology and Science Park, Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC), Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka
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30
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Goonoo N, Khanbabaee B, Steuber M, Bhaw-Luximon A, Jonas U, Pietsch U, Jhurry D, Schönherr H. κ-Carrageenan Enhances the Biomineralization and Osteogenic Differentiation of Electrospun Polyhydroxybutyrate and Polyhydroxybutyrate Valerate Fibers. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1563-1573. [PMID: 28346782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel electrospun materials for bone tissue engineering were obtained by blending biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) or polyhydroxybutyrate valerate (PHBV) with the anionic sulfated polysaccharide κ-carrageenan (κ-CG) in varying ratios. In both systems, the two components phase separated as shown by FTIR, DSC and TGA. According to the contact angle data, κ-CG was localized preferentially at the fiber surface in PHBV/κ-CG blends in contrast to PHB/κ-CG, where the biopolymer was mostly found within the fiber. In contrast to the neat polyester fibers, the blends led to the formation of much smaller apatite crystals (800 nm vs 7 μm). According to the MTT assay, NIH3T3 cells grew in higher density on the blend mats in comparison to neat polyester mats. The osteogenic differentiation potential of the fibers was determined by SaOS-2 cell culture for 2 weeks. Alizarin red-S staining suggested an improved mineralization on the blend fibers. Thus, PHBV/κ-CG fibers resulted in more pronounced bioactive and osteogenic properties, including fast apatite-forming ability and deposition of nanosized apatite crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nowsheen Goonoo
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen , 57076 Siegen, Germany.,Centre for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, University of Mauritius , MSIRI Building, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
| | - Behnam Khanbabaee
- Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, University of Siegen , 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Marc Steuber
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen , 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Archana Bhaw-Luximon
- Centre for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, University of Mauritius , MSIRI Building, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
| | - Ulrich Jonas
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen , 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Ullrich Pietsch
- Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, University of Siegen , 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Dhanjay Jhurry
- Centre for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, University of Mauritius , MSIRI Building, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen , 57076 Siegen, Germany
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Wang D, Xuan L, Zhong H, Gong Y, Shi X, Ye F, Li Y, Jiang Q. Incorporation of well-dispersed calcium phosphate nanoparticles into PLGA electrospun nanofibers to enhance the osteogenic induction potential. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01865g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PAA modified Zn-doped HAp-like calcium phosphate (PAA-CaP/Zn) nanoparticles were homogeneously distributed in PLGA electrospun nanofibers, and enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of rADSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument
- School of Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Liuyang Xuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument
- School of Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Huixiang Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument
- School of Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Yihong Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument
- School of Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Xuetao Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases
- Ministry of Education of China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument
- School of Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument
- School of Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
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32
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Buyuksungur S, Endogan Tanir T, Buyuksungur A, Bektas EI, Torun Kose G, Yucel D, Beyzadeoglu T, Cetinkaya E, Yenigun C, Tönük E, Hasirci V, Hasirci N. 3D printed poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds modified with hydroxyapatite and poly(propylene fumarate) and their effects on the healing of rabbit femur defects. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:2144-2158. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00514h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
3D printed, BMSC seeded PCL/HAp/PPF scaffolds presented significant regeneration with high mechanical properties similar to that of healthy bone.
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Xia D, Shi B. [Biomineralization of electrospun polycaprolactone-guided bone regeneration membrane]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2016; 34:570-574. [PMID: 28318155 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the biomineralization of the tissue-engineering electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold and its potential use for guided bone regeneration (GBR) membranes. METHODS PCL ultrafinefiber scaffolds were fabricated by electrospinning and then immersed in supersaturated calcification solution (SCS) for biomineralization investigation. The electrospun PCL scaffolds and the calcium phosphate coating were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Water-contact angles were also measured to evaluate the hydrophilicity of the modified surface. The biocompatibility of the composite was investigated by culturing osteoblasts on the scaffolds. Cell behavior was observed by SEM. RESULTS The electrospun PCL scaffold was composed of ultrafine fibers and well-interconnected pores. The deposits on the fibers grew in number and size as the biomineralization time increased. Then, the covering of the whole PCL film was identified as dicalcium phosphate dehydrate and apatite. Good cell attachment and proliferation behavior were observed on the membranes. CONCLUSIONS The quick apatite formation on the surface of the PCL electrospun scaffold indicated that SCS biomineralization may be an effective approach for obtaining PCL/calcium phosphate composites. The cellular biocompatibility of the composite scaffold was preliminarily confirmed by the in vitro culture of osteoblasts on the scaffold. As such, the composite scaffold is a promising biomimetic extracellular matrix biomaterial for bone tissue engineering and GBR membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Xia
- Dept. of Stomatology, Nuclear of Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Bai Shi
- Dept. of Implantology, College of Stomatology, Chongqing University of Medical Science, Chongqing 400015, China
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34
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Santana M, Estevez JO, Agarwal V, Herrera-Becerra R. Room Temperature Crystallization of Hydroxyapatite in Porous Silicon Structures. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:497. [PMID: 27832526 PMCID: PMC5104700 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Porous silicon (PS) substrates, with different pore sizes and morphology, have been used to crystallize hydroxyapatite (HA) nano-fibers by an easy and economical procedure using a co-precipitation method at room temperature. In situ formation of HA nanoparticles, within the meso- and macroporous silicon structure, resulted in the formation of nanometer-sized hydroxyapatite crystals on/within the porous structure. The X-ray diffraction technique was used to determine the tetragonal structure of the crystals. Analysis/characterization demonstrates that under certain synthesis conditions, growth and crystallization of hydroxyapatite layer on/inside PS can be achieved at room temperature. Such composite structures expand the possibility of designing a new bio-composite material based on the hydroxyapatite and silicon synthesized at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Santana
- Institute of Physics, UNAM, Circuito de la Investigación Científica Ciudad Universitaria, México, C. P. 04510 México
- Posgrado en Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, 04510 Mexico
| | - J. O. Estevez
- Institute of Physics, UNAM, Circuito de la Investigación Científica Ciudad Universitaria, México, C. P. 04510 México
| | - V. Agarwal
- Center for Engineering and Applied Sciences (CIICAp-UAEM), Av. Universidad 1001. Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209 México
| | - R. Herrera-Becerra
- Institute of Physics, UNAM, Circuito de la Investigación Científica Ciudad Universitaria, México, C. P. 04510 México
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Kim CS, Jung KH, Kim H, Kim CB, Kang IK. Collagen-grafted porous HDPE/PEAA scaffolds for bone reconstruction. Biomater Res 2016; 20:23. [PMID: 27468356 PMCID: PMC4962353 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-016-0071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
After tumor resection, bone reconstruction such as skull base reconstruction using interconnected porous structure is absolutely necessary. In this study, porous scaffolds for bone reconstruction were prepared using heat-pressing and salt-leaching methods. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (PEAA) were chosen as the polymer composites for producing a porous scaffold of high mechanical strength and having high reactivity with biomaterials such as collagen, respectively. The porous structure was observed through surface images, and its intrusion volume and porosity were measured. Owing to the carboxylic acids on PEAA, collagen was successfully grafted onto the porous HDPE/PEAA scaffold, which was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Osteoblasts were cultured on the collagen-grafted porous scaffold, and their adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation were investigated. The high viability and growth of the osteoblasts suggest that the collagen-grafted porous HDPE/PEAA is a promising scaffold material for bone generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Shik Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hye Jung
- Department of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Daegu, Kyungsan, South Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Jeil Medical Corporation, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Inn-Kyu Kang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 South Korea
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36
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Suk Choi J, Sang Yoo H. Electrospun Nanofibers Surface-modified with Fluorescent Proteins. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911507081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun nanofiber surfaces are modified with proteins to control protein release. A mixture of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and PCL—PEG block copolymers is electrospun to prepare amine-terminated block copolymers. The amount of surface exposed amine groups increases as the blend ratio of block copolymer increases. Cell attachments on the nanofibers change according to the ratio of the block copolymer in the blend; this indicates that the PEG moiety plays a significant role in enhancing and decreasing biocompatibility of nanofibers. Fluorescent proteins are immobilized on the surface of nanofibers by conjugating activated carboxylic groups of the protein to the surface exposed amine groups of nanofibers in an aqueous environment. The number of amine groups increases as the ratio of block copolymers increases. Proteins that are chemically associated with the nanofibers show an attenuated release profile while most of the proteins physically associated with the nanofibers are released in 1 day. These results show that the protein-immobilized nanofibers can be potentially applied to tissue engineering scaffolds and wound healing materials with bioactive protein being slowly released over a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Suk Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon Republic of Korea, 200-701
| | - Hyuk Sang Yoo
- Department of Biomaterials Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon Republic of Korea, 200-701, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Kangwon National University, pub.com
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37
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Pangon A, Saesoo S, Saengkrit N, Ruktanonchai U, Intasanta V. Hydroxyapatite-hybridized chitosan/chitin whisker bionanocomposite fibers for bone tissue engineering applications. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 144:419-27. [PMID: 27083834 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds derived from natural biopolymers for bone tissue engineering applications require good mechanical and biological performances including biomineralization. The present work proposes the utility of chitin whisker (CTWK) to enhance mechanical properties of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) (CS/PVA) nanofibers and to offer osteoblast cell growth with hydroxyapatite (HA) mineralization. By using diacid as a solvent, electrospun CS/PVA nanofibrous membranes containing CTWK can be easily obtained. The dimension stability of nanofibrous CS/PVA/CTWK bionanocomposite is further controlled by exposing to glutaraldehyde vapor. The nanofibrous membranes obtained allow mineralization of HA in concentrated simulated body fluid resulting in an improvement of Young's modulus and tensile strength. The CTWK combined with HA in bionanocomposite is a key to promote osteoblast cell adhesion and proliferation. The present work, for the first time, demonstrates the use of CTWKs for bionanocomposite fibers of chitosan and its hydroxyapatite biomineralization with the function in osteoblast cell culture. These hydroxyapatite-hybridized CS/PVA/CTWK bionanocomposite fibers (CS/PVA/CTWK-HA) offer a great potential for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autchara Pangon
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Somsak Saesoo
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Nattika Saengkrit
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Uracha Ruktanonchai
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Varol Intasanta
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Jayaraman P, Gandhimathi C, Venugopal JR, Ramakrishna S, Srinivasan DK. Minocycline Hydrochloride Entrapped Biomimetic Nanofibrous Substitutes for Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Differentiation into Osteogenesis. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-016-0010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Gwak GH, Choi AJ, Bae YS, Choi HJ, Oh JM. Electrophoretically prepared hybrid materials for biopolymer hydrogel and layered ceramic nanoparticles. Biomater Res 2016; 20:1. [PMID: 26865985 PMCID: PMC4748479 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-016-0048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to obtain biomaterials with controllable physicochemical properties, hybrid biomaterials composed of biocompatible biopolymers and ceramic nanoparticles have attracted interests. In this study, we prepared biopolymer/ceramic hybrids consisting of various natural biopolymers and layered double hydroxide (LDH) ceramic nanoparticles via an electrophoretic method. We studied the structures and controlled-release properties of these materials. Results and discussion X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) showed that LDH nanoparticles were formed in a biopolymer hydrogel through electrophoretic reaction. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images showed that the ceramic nanoparticles were homogeneously distributed throughout the hydrogel matrix. An antioxidant agent (i.e., ferulic acid) was loaded onto agarose/LDH and gelatin/LDH hybrids, and the time-dependent release of ferulic acid was investigated via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for kinetic model fitting. Conclusions Biopolymer/LDH hybrid materials that were prepared by electrophoretic method created a homogeneous composite of two components and possessed controllable drug release properties according to the type of biopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Hyeon Gwak
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, #326, Changjo-hall, Wonju Campus, Yonseidaegil 1, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju, Gangwondo 26493 Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Jin Choi
- Postharvest Research Team, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS) of RDA, Wanju, Jeollabukdo 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoung-Seuk Bae
- Postharvest Research Team, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS) of RDA, Wanju, Jeollabukdo 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Choi
- Postharvest Research Team, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS) of RDA, Wanju, Jeollabukdo 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, #326, Changjo-hall, Wonju Campus, Yonseidaegil 1, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju, Gangwondo 26493 Republic of Korea
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40
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Torres-Giner S, Pérez-Masiá R, Lagaron JM. A review on electrospun polymer nanostructures as advanced bioactive platforms. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Torres-Giner
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7; Paterna 46980 Spain
| | - Rocío Pérez-Masiá
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7; Paterna 46980 Spain
| | - Jose M. Lagaron
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7; Paterna 46980 Spain
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Kim H, Lee J. Strategies to Maximize the Potential of Marine Biomaterials as a Platform for Cell Therapy. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E29. [PMID: 26821034 PMCID: PMC4771982 DOI: 10.3390/md14020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biopolymers have been explored as a promising cell therapy system for efficient cell delivery and tissue engineering. However, the marine biomaterial-based systems themselves have exhibited limited performance in terms of maintenance of cell viability and functions, promotion of cell proliferation and differentiation as well as cell delivery efficiency. Thus, numerous novel strategies have been devised to improve cell therapy outcomes. The strategies include optimization of physical and biochemical properties, provision of stimuli-responsive functions, and design of platforms for efficient cell delivery and tissue engineering. These approaches have demonstrated substantial improvement of therapeutic outcomes in a variety of research settings. In this review, therefore, research progress made with marine biomaterials as a platform for cell therapy is reported along with current research directions to further advance cell therapies as a tool to cure incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongmin Kim
- Pharmaceutical Formulation Design Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- Pharmaceutical Formulation Design Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
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Paşcu EI, Cahill PA, Stokes J, McGuinness GB. Towards functional 3D-stacked electrospun composite scaffolds of PHBV, silk fibroin and nanohydroxyapatite: Mechanical properties and surface osteogenic differentiation. J Biomater Appl 2016; 30:1334-49. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328215626047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering scaffolds have two challenging functional tasks to fulfil: to encourage cell proliferation, differentiation and matrix synthesis and to provide suitable mechanical stability upon implantation. Composites of biopolymers and bioceramics combine the advantages of both types of materials, resulting in better processability and enhanced mechanical and biological properties through matrix reinforcement. In the present study, novel thick bone composite scaffolds were successfully fabricated using electrospun flat sheets of polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate/nanohydroxyapatite/silk fibroin essence (2% nanohydroxyapatite – 2% silk fibroin essence and 5% nanohydroxyapatite – 5% silk fibroin essence, respectively). Their potential as in vitro bone regeneration scaffolds was evaluated using mouse calvarian osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1), in terms of morphology (scanning electron microscope), cell attachment, cell proliferation, Col type I, osteopontin and bone alkaline phosphatase activity (Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction [qRT-PCR], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunocytochemistry). Electrospun polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate scaffolds were used as reference constructs. The results showed that the compressive and tensile mechanical properties of the scaffolds are dependent on the change in their composition, and the treatment these underwent. Furthermore, methanol-treated and autoclaved (MA) P2 (2% nanohydroxyapatite, 2% silk fibroin essence) samples appeared to exhibit more promising tensile properties. Additionally, the compressive tests results confirmed that the methanol pre-treatment and the autoclaving step lead to an increase in the P2 secant modulus when compared to the non-methanol-treated ones, P2 and P5 (5% nanohydroxyapatite, 5% silk fibroin essence), respectively. Both formulations of polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate/nanohydroxyapatite/silk fibroin essence composite promoted greater cell adhesion and proliferation than the corresponding polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate control ones. Cells seeded on the composite fibrous scaffolds were extensively expanded and elongated on the fibre surface after one day in culture, whereas those seeded on the polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate scaffolds were not completely elongated. In addition, cells grown on P2 and P5 scaffolds had higher alkaline phosphatase activity when compared to those containing no nanohydroxyapatite/silk fibroin essence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Paşcu
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul A Cahill
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Joseph Stokes
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Garrett B McGuinness
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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43
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Rocamonde B, Paradells S, Garcia Esparza MA, Vives MS, Sauro S, Ramos CM, Pradas MM, Soria JM. Combined application of polyacrylate scaffold and lipoic acid treatment promotes neural tissue reparation after brain injury. Brain Inj 2016; 30:208-16. [PMID: 26745450 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1091505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the reparative potential of a polymeric scaffold designed for brain tissue repair in combination with lipoic acid. RESEARCH DESIGN Histological, cytological and structural analysis of a combined treatment after a brain cryo-injury model in rats. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Adult Wistar rats were subjected to cryogenic brain injury. A channelled-porous scaffold of ethyl acrylate and hydroxyethylacrylate, p(EA-co-HEA) was grafted into cerebral penumbra alone or combined with intraperitoneal LA administration. Histological and cytological evaluation was performed after 15 and 60 days and structural magnetic resonance (MRI) assessment was performed at 2 and 6 months after the surgery. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The scaffold was suitable for the establishment of different cellular types. The results obtained suggest that this strategy promotes blood vessels formation, decreased microglial response and neuron migration, particularly when LA was administrated. CONCLUSIONS These evidences demonstrated that the combination of a channelled polymer scaffold with LA administration may represent a potential treatment for neural tissue repair after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Rocamonde
- a Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera , Valencia , Spain
| | - Sara Paradells
- a Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera , Valencia , Spain
| | | | - Mavi Sánchez Vives
- b Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer-IDIBAPS , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Salvatore Sauro
- a Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera , Valencia , Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez Ramos
- c Centro de Biomateriales e Ingeniería Tisular, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Manuel Monleón Pradas
- c Centro de Biomateriales e Ingeniería Tisular, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - José Miguel Soria
- a Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera , Valencia , Spain.,d Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera , Moncada , Valencia , Spain
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Weng L, Teusink MJ, Shuler FD, Parecki V, Xie J. Highly controlled coating of strontium-doped hydroxyapatite on electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) fibers. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:753-763. [PMID: 26743543 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun fibers show great potential as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering due to their architectural biomimicry to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cation substitution of strontium for calcium in hydroxyapatite (HAp) positively influences the mechanism of bone remodeling including enhancing bone regeneration and reducing bone resorption. The objective of this study was to attach strontium-doped HAp (SrHAp) to electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) fibers for creation of novel composite scaffolds that can not only mimic the architecture and composition of ECM but also affect bone remodeling favorably. We demonstrated for the first time the highly controlled SrHAp coatings on electrospun PCL fibers. We showed the reproducible manufacturing of composite fiber scaffolds with controllable thickness, composition, and morphology of SrHAp coatings. We further showed that the released strontium and calcium cations from coatings could reach effective concentrations within 1 day and endure more than 28 days. Additionally, the Young's modulus of the SrHAp-coated PCL fibers was up to around six times higher than that of raw fibers dependent on the coating thickness and composition. Together, this novel class of composite fiber scaffolds may hold great promise for bone regeneration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 753-763, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Weng
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198
| | - Matthew J Teusink
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198
| | - Franklin D Shuler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, 25701
| | - Vivi Parecki
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198
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Kuppan P, Sethuraman S, Krishnan UM. Fabrication and investigation of nanofibrous matrices as esophageal tissue scaffolds using human non-keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelial cells. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24303c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical conditions of the esophagus are conventionally treated by autologous grafts and are generally associated with complications such as leakage, infection and stenosis necessitating an alternative synthetic graft with superior outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushothaman Kuppan
- Departments of Chemistry, Bioengineering & Pharmacy
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB)
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur-613 401
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Departments of Chemistry, Bioengineering & Pharmacy
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB)
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur-613 401
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Departments of Chemistry, Bioengineering & Pharmacy
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB)
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur-613 401
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46
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Zhang S, Prabhakaran MP, Qin X, Ramakrishna S. Biocomposite scaffolds for bone regeneration: Role of chitosan and hydroxyapatite within poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate on mechanical properties and in vitro evaluation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 51:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Ribeiro Neto WA, de Paula ACC, Martins TM, Goes AM, Averous L, Schlatter G, Suman Bretas RE. Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/hydroxyapatite composite structures for bone tissue recovery. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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48
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Khajavi R, Abbasipour M, Bahador A. Electrospun biodegradable nanofibers scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Khajavi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Mina Abbasipour
- Department of Textile Engineering; Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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49
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Sridhar R, Lakshminarayanan R, Madhaiyan K, Amutha Barathi V, Lim KHC, Ramakrishna S. Electrosprayed nanoparticles and electrospun nanofibers based on natural materials: applications in tissue regeneration, drug delivery and pharmaceuticals. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:790-814. [PMID: 25408245 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology refers to the fabrication, characterization, and application of substances in nanometer scale dimensions for various ends. The influence of nanotechnology on the healthcare industry is substantial, particularly in the areas of disease diagnosis and treatment. Recent investigations in nanotechnology for drug delivery and tissue engineering have delivered high-impact contributions in translational research, with associated pharmaceutical products and applications. Over the past decade, the synthesis of nanofibers or nanoparticles via electrostatic spinning or spraying, respectively, has emerged as an important nanostructuring methodology. This is due to both the versatility of the electrospinning/electrospraying process and the ensuing control of nanofiber/nanoparticle surface parameters. Electrosprayed nanoparticles and electrospun nanofibers are both employed as natural or synthetic carriers for the delivery of entrapped drugs, growth factors, health supplements, vitamins, and so on. The role of nanofiber/nanoparticle carriers is substantiated by the programmed, tailored, or targeted release of their contents in the guise of tissue engineering scaffolds or medical devices for drug delivery. This review focuses on the nanoformulation of natural materials via the electrospraying or electrospinning of nanoparticles or nanofibers for tissue engineering or drug delivery/pharmaceutical purposes. Here, we classify the natural materials with respect to their animal/plant origin and macrocyclic, small molecule or herbal active constituents, and further categorize the materials according to their proteinaceous or saccharide nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Sridhar
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576.
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50
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Kepa K, Coleman R, Grøndahl L. In vitro mineralization of functional polymers. BIOSURFACE AND BIOTRIBOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsbt.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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