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Lu Y, Liu D, Jiang R, Li Z, Gao X. Prodigiosin: unveiling the crimson wonder - a comprehensive journey from diverse bioactivity to synthesis and yield enhancement. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1412776. [PMID: 38903802 PMCID: PMC11188435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1412776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Prodigiosin (PG) is a red tripyrrole pigment from the prodiginine family that has attracted widespread attention due to its excellent biological activities, including anticancer, antibacterial and anti-algal activities. The synthesis and production of PG is of particular significance, as it has the potential to be utilized in a number of applications, including those pertaining to clinical drug development, food safety, and environmental management. This paper provides a systematic review of recent research on PG, covering aspects like chemical structure, bioactivity, biosynthesis, gene composition and regulation, and optimization of production conditions, with a particular focus on the biosynthesis and regulation of PG in Serratia marcescens. This provides a solid theoretical basis for the drug development and production of PG, and is expected to promote the further development of PG in medicine and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Lu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Derun Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Renhui Jiang
- Jinan Vocational College of Nursing, Jinan, China
| | - Ziyun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xueyan Gao
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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2
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Structures, biosynthesis, and bioactivities of prodiginine natural products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7721-7735. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Zhu G, Tan W, Xie L, Ma C, Chen X, Zhang S, Wei Y. Mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of Cd 2+ on prodigiosin synthesis in Serratia marcescens KMR-3. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 236:111978. [PMID: 36063739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosin (2-methyl-3-pentyl-6-methoxyprodiginine), a red-colored microbial pigment, is produced in large quantities by Serratia marcescens KMR-3. This bacterium can grow in a medium with a Cd2+ concentration of 500 mg/L, but it does not produce prodigiosin when the Cd2+ concentration in the medium is higher than 140 mg/L. Therefore, we investigated the mechanisms by which Cd2+ inhibits prodigiosin synthesis. Upon addition of Cd2+ to the medium, the expression of the prodigiosin (pig) gene cluster was significantly downregulated. Simultaneously, genes encoding proteins related to the synthesis of arginine and proline(prodigiosin precursors) were significantly downregulated, while the degradation-related genes were upregulated. Furthermore, PigF, which encodes a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of 4-methoxy-2,2'-bipyrrole-5-carboxaldehyde and PigC, which encodes a key enzyme involved in the last step of prodigiosin synthesis, were downregulated by 80% and 55%, respectively, following Cd2+ treatment. As PigC and PigF are located on the cell membrane and are involved in the final steps of prodigiosin synthesis, the cell membrane might be presumed to be the site of prodigiosin synthesis. The bacterial membrane exhibited different degrees of elongation, folding, fragmentation, and sagging after the addition of Cd2+, while likely destroying the site of prodigiosin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenzhang Tan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liguo Xie
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chunlan Ma
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | | | - Yunlin Wei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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Antibacterial, antibiofilm and cytotoxic properties of prodigiosin produced by a newly isolated Serratia sp. C6LB from a milk collection center. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Mnif S, Jardak M, Bouizgarne B, Aifa S. Prodigiosin from Serratia: Synthesis and potential applications. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-1691.345515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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6
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Adhikari P, Pandey A. Antimicrobial compound production by pigment producing endophytic bacterium (Burkholderia sp. GBPI_TWL) isolated from Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Utilization of Cassava Wastewater for Low-Cost Production of Prodigiosin via Serratia marcescens TNU01 Fermentation and Its Novel Potent α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effect. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206270. [PMID: 34684851 PMCID: PMC8541193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to reuse cassava wastewater (CW) for scaled-up production, via the fermentation of prodigiosin (PG), and to conduct an evaluation of its bioactivities. PG was produced at the yield of high 6150 mg/L in a 14 L-bioreactor system, when the designed novel medium (7 L), containing CW and supplemented with 0.25% casein, 0.05% MgSO4, and 0.1% K2HPO4, was fermented with Serratia marcescens TNU01 at 28 °C in 8 h. The PG produced and purified in this study was assayed for some medical effects and showed moderate antioxidant, high anti-NO (anti-nitric oxide), and potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Notably, PG was first reported as a novel effective α-glucosidase inhibitor with a low IC50 value of 0.0183 µg/mL. The commercial anti-diabetic drug acarbose was tested for comparison and had a lesser effect with a high IC50 value of 328.4 µg/mL, respectively. In a docking study, the cation form of PG (cation-PG) was found to bind to the enzyme α-glucosidase by interacting with two prominent amino acids, ASP568 and PHE601, at the binding site on the target enzyme, creating six linkages and showing a better binding energy score (−14.6 kcal/mol) than acarbose (−10.5 kcal/mol). The results of this work suggest that cassava wastewater can serve as a low-cost raw material for the effective production of PG, a potential antidiabetic drug candidate.
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Rong G, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Chen J, Jiang N, Merchuk JC. The prodigiosin change on the surface of Serratia marcescens detected by flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2021; 101:254-263. [PMID: 34448526 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential of flow cytometry for the study of changes in prodigiosin on the cell surface of Serratia marcescens is of academic and practical interest. This is because S. marcescens can produce prodigiosin, a secondary metabolite, with potential use as a cancer-cell inhibitor. In this study, three groups of bacterial cultures with different carbon sources were compared, and the effect of the addition of cAMP to the sucrose-based culture was studied. Both cellular morphology and DNA content were detected by flow cytometry, rendering a broad description of the bacterial behavior. It is the first use of flow cytometry to investigate the dynamics of prodigiosin on the surface of S. marcescens during growth in different media. The fluorescence intensity is related to the DNA content, the forward-scattered light is related to cell volume, and the side-scattered light is related to the surface morphology, especially the surface prodigiosin. These may contribute to the potential development of a bacterial metabolic monitoring strategy using both DNA content analysis and bacterial morphology based on flow cytometry technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Rong
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology of Hubei Province, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, Wuhan, China
| | - Youhong Zhang
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology of Hubei Province, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, Wuhan, China.,School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jose C Merchuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Bioproduction of Prodigiosin from Fishery Processing Waste Shrimp Heads and Evaluation of Its Potential Bioactivities. FISHES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes6030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to reuse a fish processing waste, shrimp head powder (SHP), for the production of prodigiosin (PG) via microbial technology and to assess its potential bioactivities. PG was produced in a 12 L-bioreactor system, and the highest PG productivity of 6310 mg L−1 was achieved when Serratia marcescens CC17 was used for fermentation in a novel designed medium (6.75 L) containing 1.5% C/N source (SHP/casein = 9/1), 0.02% K2SO4, ans 0.025% Ca3(PO4)2, with initial pH 7.0, and fermentation was performed at 28 °C for 8 h. The purified PG showed moderate antioxidants, efficient anti-NO (anti-nitric oxide), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. In a docking study, PG showed better binding energy scores (−12.3 kcal/mol) and more interactions (6 linkages) with several prominent amino acids in the biding sites on AChE that were superior to those of Berberine chloride (−10.8 kcal/mol and one linkage). Notably, this is the first investigation using shrimp heads for the mass bioproduction of PG with high productivity, and Ca3(PO4)2 salt was also newly found to significantly enhance PG production by S. marcescens. This study also provided available data on the anti-NO and anti-AChE effects of PG, especially from the docking simulation PG towards AChE that was described for the first time in this study. The above results suggest that SHP is a good material for the cost-effective bioproduction of PG, which is a potential candidate for anti-NO and anti-Alzheimer drugs.
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Li X, Li M, Guo J, Liu X, Liao X, Shi B. Collagen peptide provides Streptomyces coelicolor CGMCC 4.7172 with abundant precursors for enhancing undecylprodigiosin production. JOURNAL OF LEATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s42825-021-00059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Effective and ecofriendly converting biomass to chemicals is important for sustainable engineering based on the foreseeable shortage of fossil resources. Undecylprodigiosin (UP) is a promising antibiotic, but the direct feeding of pure precursor amino acids makes it costly for large-scale production. Here, collagen peptide (CP), a renewable animal-derived biomass contains abundant precursor amino acids of UP. CP can act as carbon and nitrogen source for the growth of Streptomyces coelicolor CGMCC 4.7172. The plant biomasses including soybean meal, wheat bran, and malt extract were unsuitable for UP prodution. However, 365.40 µg/L UP was detected after 24 h in the media containing CP, and its highest concentration reached 1198.01 µg/L. UP was also detected in the media containing meat hydrolysates of domestic animals, but its initial production time was delayed, and final concentration was lower than that in the medium containing CP only. Compared the fermentation performances of CP and other proteins, CP has a special superiority for UP production. These results revealed that UP biosynthesis may be dependent on amino acid availability of substrates and CP is beneficial for UP production because of its specific amino acid composition.
Graphical abstract
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11
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Nguyen TH, Wang SL, Nguyen DN, Nguyen AD, Nguyen TH, Doan MD, Ngo VA, Doan CT, Kuo YH, Nguyen VB. Bioprocessing of Marine Chitinous Wastes for the Production of Bioactive Prodigiosin. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113138. [PMID: 34073944 PMCID: PMC8197340 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, microbial prodigiosin (PG) has received much attention due to its numerous beneficial applications. The aim of this study was to establish the bioprocessing of marine chitinous wastes (MCWs) for the cost-effective preparation of PG. Of the MCWs, demineralized shrimp shell powders (de-SSP) were found to be a potential source of carbon/nitrogen (C/N) for PG production by bacterial fermentation using Serratia marcescens strains. Further, PG scale-up production was investigated in a 15 L bioreactor system, and the highest yield (6200 mg/L) was achieved during fermentation using 5 L of a novel-designed culture broth that included 1.60% C/N sources (a de-SSP/casein ratio of 7/3), 0.02% K2SO4, and 0.05% K2HPO4, with an initial pH of 6–7. Fermentation was conducted in the dark at 27.5 °C for 8.0 h. This study was the first to report on the utilization of shrimp wastes for cost-effective, large-scale (5 L/pilot) PG production with high productivity (6200 mg/L) in a short cultivation time. The combination of 0.02% K2SO4 and 0.05% K2HPO4 was also found to be a novel salt composition that significantly enhanced PG yield. The red compound was purified and confirmed as PG after analyzing its HPLC profile, mass, and UV/vis spectra. The purified PG was then tested for its bioactivities and showed effective anticancer activities, moderated antioxidant activities, and novel anti-NO effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Hanh Nguyen
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.-H.N.); (D.-N.N.); (C.-T.D.)
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-L.W.); (V.-B.N.); Tel.: +886-2-2621-5656 (S.-L.W.); Fax: +886-2-2620-9924 (S.-L.W.)
| | - Dai-Nam Nguyen
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.-H.N.); (D.-N.N.); (C.-T.D.)
| | - Anh-Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (A.-D.N.); (T.-H.N.); (M.-D.D.); (V.-A.N.)
| | - Thi-Huyen Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (A.-D.N.); (T.-H.N.); (M.-D.D.); (V.-A.N.)
| | - Manh-Dung Doan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (A.-D.N.); (T.-H.N.); (M.-D.D.); (V.-A.N.)
| | - Van-Anh Ngo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (A.-D.N.); (T.-H.N.); (M.-D.D.); (V.-A.N.)
| | - Chien-Thang Doan
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.-H.N.); (D.-N.N.); (C.-T.D.)
| | - Yao-Haur Kuo
- Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Van-Bon Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (A.-D.N.); (T.-H.N.); (M.-D.D.); (V.-A.N.)
- Correspondence: (S.-L.W.); (V.-B.N.); Tel.: +886-2-2621-5656 (S.-L.W.); Fax: +886-2-2620-9924 (S.-L.W.)
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Han R, Xiang R, Li J, Wang F, Wang C. High-level production of microbial prodigiosin: A review. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:506-523. [PMID: 33955034 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosin is a natural red pigment derived primarily from secondary metabolites of microorganisms, especially Serratia marcescens. It can also be chemically synthesized. Prodigiosin has been proven to have antitumor, antibacterial, antimalaria, anti-insect, antialgae, and immunosuppressive activities, and is gaining increasing important in the global market because of its great potential application value in clinical medicine development, environmental treatment, preparation of food additives, and so on. Due to the low efficiency of prodigiosin chemical synthesis, high-level prodigiosin of production by microorganisms are necessary for prodigiosin applications. In this paper, the production of prodigiosin by microorganism in recent decades is reviewed. The methods and strategies for increasing the yield of prodigiosin are discussed from the aspects of medium composition, additives, factors affecting production conditions, strain modification, and fermentation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Han
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Roujin Xiang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Jinglin Li
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Fengqing Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
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Utilization of Crab Waste for Cost-Effective Bioproduction of Prodigiosin. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18110523. [PMID: 33105706 PMCID: PMC7690397 DOI: 10.3390/md18110523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish the culture process for the cost-effective production of prodigiosin (PG) from demineralized crab shell powder (de-CSP), a fishery processing byproduct created via fermentation. Among the tested PG-producing strains, Serratia marcescens TNU02 was demonstrated to be the most active strain. Various ratios of protein/de-CSP were used as the sources of C/N for PG biosynthesis. The PG yield was significantly enhanced when the casein/de-CSP ratio was controlled in the range of 3/7 to 4/6. TNU02 produced PG with a high yield (5100 mg/L) in a 15 L bioreactor system containing 4.5 L of a newly-designed liquid medium containing 1.6% C/N source (protein/de-CSP ratio of 3/7), 0.02% (NH4)2SO4, 0.1% K2HPO4, and an initial pH of 6.15, at 27 °C for 8 h in dark conditions. The red pigment was purified from the culture broth and then quantified as being PG by specific Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and UV spectra analysis. The purified PG demonstrated moderate antioxidant and effective inhibition against four cancerous cell lines. Notably, this study was the first to report on using crab wastes for PG bioproduction with high-level productivity (5100 mg/L) in a large scale (4.5 L per pilot) in a short period of fermentation time (8 h). The salt compositions, including (NH4)2SO4 and K2HPO4, were also a novel finding for the enhancement of PG yield by S. marcescens in this report.
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Wang SL, Nguyen VB, Doan CT, Tran TN, Nguyen MT, Nguyen AD. Production and Potential Applications of Bioconversion of Chitin and Protein-Containing Fishery Byproducts into Prodigiosin: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E2744. [PMID: 32545769 PMCID: PMC7356639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The technology of microbial conversion provides a potential way to exploit compounds of biotechnological potential. The red pigment prodigiosin (PG) and other PG-like pigments from bacteria, majorly from Serratia marcescens, have been reported as bioactive secondary metabolites that can be used in the broad fields of agriculture, fine chemicals, and pharmacy. Increasing PG productivity by investigating the culture conditions especially the inexpensive carbon and nitrogen (C/N) sources has become an important factor for large-scale production. Investigations into the bioactivities and applications of PG and its related compounds have also been given increased attention. To save production cost, chitin and protein-containing fishery byproducts have recently been investigated as the sole C/N source for the production of PG and chitinolytic/proteolytic enzymes. This strategy provides an environmentally-friendly selection using inexpensive C/N sources to produce a high yield of PG together with chitinolytic and proteolytic enzymes by S. marcescens. The review article will provide effective references for production, bioactivity, and application of S. marcescens PG in various fields such as biocontrol agents and potential pharmaceutical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Van Bon Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Chien Thang Doan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam;
| | - Thi Ngoc Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam;
| | - Minh Trung Nguyen
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam;
| | - Anh Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam;
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Microbial Reclamation of Chitin and Protein-Containing Marine By-Products for the Production of Prodigiosin and the Evaluation of Its Bioactivities. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061328. [PMID: 32532124 PMCID: PMC7361997 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin and protein-containing marine by-products (CPCMBPs), including crab shells, squid pens, and shrimp shells, were investigated as the sole carbon/nitrogen (C/N) source for prodigiosin (PG) production by Serratia marcescens TNU01 in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask and a 10 L bioreactor system. Among the used C/N source of CPCMBPs, squid pens powder (SPP) showed the most optimum PG productivity. Different ratios of chitin/protein combination were also used as the C/N sources for PG production. With a similar chitin/protein ratio (4/6) of squid pens, a significant PG productivity was achieved when the chitin/protein ratios were controlled in the range of 3/7-4/6. Maximum PG yield (3450 mg/L) by S. marcescens TNU01 was achieved in the bioreactor system containing 3 L medium of 1.75% SPP, 0.03% K2HPO4, and 0.05% MgSO4 at 25 °C for 12 h in dark. The results of in vitro bioassays reveal that the purified PG possesses acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and antioxidant as well as anticancer activities. This study suggests that squid pens may have the potential to be used for cost effective production of bioactive PG at a large-scale.
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Ivanchenko D. Development of Conditions of Surface Biosynthesis of Prodigiosin Pigment Serratia marcescens. INNOVATIVE BIOSYSTEMS AND BIOENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.20535/ibb.2020.4.1.193513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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17
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Novel Efficient Bioprocessing of Marine Chitins into Active Anticancer Prodigiosin. Mar Drugs 2019; 18:md18010015. [PMID: 31878048 PMCID: PMC7024390 DOI: 10.3390/md18010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine chitins (MC) have been utilized for the production of vast array of bioactive products, including chitooligomers, chitinase, chitosanase, antioxidants, anti-NO, and antidiabetic compounds. The aim of this study is the bioprocessing of MC into a potent anticancer compound, prodigiosin (PG), via microbial fermentation. This bioactive compound was produced by Serratia marcescens TKU011 with the highest yield of 4.62 mg/mL at the optimal conditions of liquid medium with initial pH of 5.65-6.15 containing 1% α-chitin, 0.6% casein, 0.05% K2HPO4, and 0.1% CaSO4. Fermentation was kept at 25 °C for 2 d. Notably, α-chitin was newly investigated as the major potential material for PG production via fermentation; the salt CaSO4 was also found to play the key role in the enhancement of PG yield of Serratia marcescens fermentation for the first time. PG was qualified and identified based on specific UV, MALDI-TOF MS analysis. In the biological activity tests, purified PG demonstrated potent anticancer activities against A549, Hep G2, MCF-7, and WiDr with the IC50 values of 0.06, 0.04, 0.04, and 0.2 µg/mL, respectively. Mytomycin C, a commercial anti-cancer compound was also tested for comparison purpose, showing weaker activity with the IC50 values of 0.11, 0.1, 0.14, and 0.15 µg/mL, respectively. As such, purified PG displayed higher 2.75-fold, 1.67-fold, and 3.25-fold efficacy than Mytomycin C against MCF-7, A549, and Hep G2, respectively. The results suggest that marine chitins are valuable sources for production of prodigiosin, a potential candidate for cancer drugs.
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Pan X, Sun C, Tang M, Liu C, Zhang J, You J, Osire T, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Xu M, Yang T, Rao Z. Loss of Serine-Type D-Ala-D-Ala Carboxypeptidase DacA Enhances Prodigiosin Production in Serratia marcescens. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:367. [PMID: 31850328 PMCID: PMC6901396 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens, a gram-negative bacterium, found in a wide range of ecological niches can produce several high-value products, including prodigiosin, althiomycin, and serratamolide. Among them, prodigiosin has attracted attention due to its immunosuppressive, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. However, the regulatory mechanisms behind prodigiosin synthesis in Serratia marcescens remains limited. Here, a transposon mutant library was constructed to identify the genes related to prodigiosin synthesis, and BVG90_02415 gene encoding a peptidoglycan synthesizing enzyme D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidase DacA was found to negatively regulates prodigiosin synthesis. Quantitative measurements revealed that disruption of dacA increased prodigiosin production 1.46-fold that of the wild-type strain JNB5-1 in fermentation medium. By comparing differences in cell growth, pigA gene expression level, cell morphology, membrane permeability, and intracellular prodigiosin concentration between wild-type strain JNB5-1 and dacA mutant SK4-72, results revealed that the mechanism for hyper-producing of prodigiosin by the dacA mutant was probably that dacA disruption enhanced prodigiosin leakage, which in turn alleviated feedback inhibition of prodigiosin and increased expression of pig gene cluster. Collectively, this work provides a novel insight into regulatory mechanisms of prodigiosin synthesis and uncovers new roles of DacA protein in regulating cell growth, cell morphology, and membrane permeability in Serratia marcescens. Finally, this study offers a new strategy for improving production of high-value compounds in Serratia marcescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Changhao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiajia You
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tolbert Osire
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Youxi Zhao
- Biochemical Engineering College, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Taowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Construction and co-cultivation of two mutant strains harboring key precursor genes to produce prodigiosin. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:783-789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Xia S, Veony E, Yang Q. Kitchen Waste as a Novel Available Substrate for Prodigiosin Production bySerratia Marcescense. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/171/1/012037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Gallardo K, Candia JE, Remonsellez F, Escudero LV, Demergasso CS. The Ecological Coherence of Temperature and Salinity Tolerance Interaction and Pigmentation in a Non-marine Vibrio Isolated from Salar de Atacama. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1943. [PMID: 27990141 PMCID: PMC5130992 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of microorganisms from the Vibrio genus in saline lakes from northern Chile had been evidenced using Numerical Taxonomy decades before and, more recently, by phylogenetic analyses of environmental samples and isolates. Most of the knowledge about this genus came from marine isolates and showed temperature and salinity to be integral agents in shaping the niche of the Vibrio populations. The stress tolerance phenotypes of Vibrio sp. Teb5a1 isolated from Salar de Atacama was investigated. It was able to grow without NaCl and tolerated up to 100 g/L of the salt. Furthermore, it grew between 17° and 49°C (optimum 30°C) in the absence of NaCl, and the range was expanded into cold temperature (4–49°C) in the presence of the salt. Other additional adaptive strategies were observed in response to the osmotic stress: pigment production, identified as the known antibacterial prodigiosin, swimming and swarming motility and synthesis of a polar flagellum. It is possible to infer that environmental congruence might explain the cellular phenotypes observed in Vibrio sp. considering that coupling between temperature and salinity tolerance, the production of antibacterial agents at higher temperatures, flagellation and motility increase the chance of Vibrio sp. to survive in salty environments with high daily temperature swings and UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem Gallardo
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Católica del Norte Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jonathan E Candia
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Católica del Norte Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Francisco Remonsellez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Católica del Norte Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Lorena V Escudero
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Católica del NorteAntofagasta, Chile; Centro de Investigación Científico Tecnológico para la MineríaAntofagasta, Chile
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Mavituna F, Luti KJK, Gu L. In Search of the E. coli Compounds that Change the Antibiotic Production Pattern of Streptomyces coelicolor During Inter-species Interaction. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 90:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Aruldass CA, Rubiyatno R, Venil CK, Ahmad WA. Violet pigment production from liquid pineapple waste by Chromobacterium violaceum UTM5 and evaluation of its bioactivity. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05765e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid pineapple waste, a novel nutritious low cost growth medium. Crude violet pigment shows bioactivity. This is the first report on the production of violet pigment using liquid pineapple waste medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claira Arul Aruldass
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor
- Malaysia
| | - Rubiyatno Rubiyatno
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor
- Malaysia
| | | | - Wan Azlina Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor
- Malaysia
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Stankovic N, Senerovic L, Ilic-Tomic T, Vasiljevic B, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Properties and applications of undecylprodigiosin and other bacterial prodigiosins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3841-58. [PMID: 24562326 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The growing demand to fulfill the needs of present-day medicine in terms of novel effective molecules has lead to reexamining some of the old and known bacterial secondary metabolites. Bacterial prodigiosins (prodiginines) have a long history of being re markable multipurpose compounds, best examined for their anticancer and antimalarial activities. Production of prodigiosin in the most common producer strain Serratia marcescens has been described in great detail. However, few reports have discussed the ecophysiological roles of these molecules in the producing strains, as well as their antibiotic and UV-protective properties. This review describes recent advances in the production process, biosynthesis, properties, and applications of bacterial prodigiosins. Special emphasis is put on undecylprodigiosin which has generally been a less studied member of the prodigiosin family. In addition, it has been suggested that proteins involved in undecylprodigiosin synthesis, RedG and RedH, could be a useful addition to the biocatalytic toolbox being able to mediate regio- and stereoselective oxidative cyclization. Judging by the number of recent references (216 for the 2007-2013 period), it has become clear that undecylprodigiosin and other bacterial prodigiosins still hold surprises in terms of valuable properties and applicative potential to medical and other industrial fields and that they still deserve continuing research curiosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Stankovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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25
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Nikodinovic-Runic J, Mojic M, Kang Y, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Mijatovic S, Vasiljevic B, Stamenkovic VR, Senerovic L. Undecylprodigiosin conjugated monodisperse gold nanoparticles efficiently cause apoptosis in colon cancer cells in vitro. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3271-3281. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00300d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pigment undecylprodigiosin was conjugated to monodisperse gold nanoparticles, resulting in improved stability and cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marija Mojic
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”
- Department of Immunology
- University of Belgrade
- 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Yijin Kang
- Materials Science Division
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Argonne, USA
| | - Danijela Maksimovic-Ivanic
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”
- Department of Immunology
- University of Belgrade
- 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Mijatovic
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”
- Department of Immunology
- University of Belgrade
- 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Vasiljevic
- University of Belgrade
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering
- 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Lidija Senerovic
- University of Belgrade
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering
- 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
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26
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Liang TW, Chen SY, Chen YC, Chen CH, Yen YH, Wang SL. Enhancement of prodigiosin production by Serratia marcescens TKU011 and its insecticidal activity relative to food colorants. J Food Sci 2013; 78:M1743-51. [PMID: 24117432 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosin (PG) has been reported to have various biological activities. With the aim of increasing Serratia marcescens TKU011 PG production on squid pen powder (SPP)-containing medium, the effects of phosphate and ferrous ion supplementation, autoclave treatment, and aeration were studied. Autoclave treatment showed positive results for PG productivity (2.48 mg/mL), which increased 2.5-fold when the organism was incubated in 50 mL of 40-min autoclaved medium in a baffle-based flask (250 mL) containing 1.5% SPP at 30 °C for 1 day and then at 25 °C for 2 additional days. Furthermore, the use of pigments including PG and the food colorants Allura Red AC (R40) and Tartrazine (Y4) as insecticides was also investigated. The lethal concentrations causing 50% Drosophila larval mortality (LC50) of PG, Y4, and R40 using a 5-d exposure period were 230, 449, and 30000 ppm, respectively. The results indicated that the biopigment PG and the food colorant Y4 were potentially toxic to Drosophila larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen Liang
- Dept. of Chemistry, Tamkang Univ., New Taipei 25137, Taiwan; Life Science Development Center, Tamkang Univ., New Taipei 25137, Taiwan
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Chen WC, Yu WJ, Chang CC, Chang JS, Huang SH, Chang CH, Chen SY, Chien CC, Yao CL, Chen WM, Wei YH. Enhancing production of prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens C3 by statistical experimental design and porous carrier addition strategy. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Optimization of the culture condition for an antitumor bacterium Serratia proteamacula 657 and identification of the active compounds. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 29:855-63. [PMID: 23271461 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of novel active anti-tumor compounds from marine microbes for pharmaceutical applications has been a continuously hot spot in natural product research. Bacterial growth and metabolites may greatly vary under different culture conditions. In this study, the effects of different culture conditions and medium components on the growth and bioactive metabolites of Serratia proteamacula 657, an anti-tumor bacterium found in our previous study, were investigated. The results showed that lower temperature, weak acidic condition and solid fermentation favored the bacterial growth and the production of active compounds. Four components in the culture medium, NaCl, peptone, yeast extract and MgSO4, were found important to the bacterial growth and active compounds production in medium optimization. Under the optimized condition of solid state fermentation at pH 6.0-7.0, 23-25 °C, with the MgSO4-free medium containing 10.0 g/L peptone, 1.0 g/L yeast extract and 19.45 g/L NaCl, the antitumor activity of S. proteamacula 657 and the yield of crude extracts increased about 15 times and 6 times than the sample obtained in the original liquid fermentation, respectively. The active components in the metabolites of S. proteamacula 657 were identified as a homolog of prodigiosin, a red bacterial pigment, based on the analysis of the NMR and GC-MS. The bacterium S. proteamacula 657, which is adapted to lower temperature, produced prodigiosin-like pigments with highly antitumor activity, suggesting the bacterium is a potential new source for prodigiosin production.
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29
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Wang SL, Wang CY, Yen YH, Liang TW, Chen SY, Chen CH. Enhanced production of insecticidal prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens TKU011 in media containing squid pen. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Stankovic N, Radulovic V, Petkovic M, Vuckovic I, Jadranin M, Vasiljevic B, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Streptomyces sp. JS520 produces exceptionally high quantities of undecylprodigiosin with antibacterial, antioxidative, and UV-protective properties. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:1217-31. [PMID: 22767180 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A Gram-positive, red-pigment-producing bacterial strain, designated JS520 was isolated from the pristine sediment from the cave on mountain Miroc in Serbia. Strain was confirmed to belong to Streptomyces genus based on phenotypic and genetic analysis. Streptomyces sp. JS520 has the ability to produce exceptionally high amounts of deep red pigment into both solid and liquid media. Liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy of the purified pigments revealed the major component to be undecylprodigiosin (93 %) with minor component being oxidatively cyclized derivative. The pigment production was affected by medium composition, temperature, pH, and the aeration rate. By medium optimization, yields of undecylprodigiosin of 138 mg l(-1) were achieved, what is the highest level of undecylprodigiosin production reported for the members of Gram-positive Streptomyces genus. Purified pigment had antimicrobial properties against bacterial Bacillus and Micrococcus species (50 μg ml(-1)) and against Candida albicans species (100-200 μg ml(-1) range). The ability to affect auto-oxidation of the linoleic acid was demonstrated for the purified undecylprodigiosin, suggesting antioxidative properties of this pigment. Multiple ecophysiological roles of the pigment were revealed by comparing cultures grown under pigment-producing and pigment-nonproducing conditions. Cells grown under undecylprodigiosin-producing conditions could tolerate presence of hydrogen peroxide exhibiting three times smaller zones of inhibition at 100 mM H(2)O(2). Undecylprodigiosin-producing cells were also less susceptible to tetracycline, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, and 8-hydroxyquinoline. While the growth of the cells not producing pigment was completely inhibited by 15 min of exposure to ultraviolet light (254 nm), cells producing undecylprodigiosin and cells supplied with purified pigment in vitro showed survival rates at 22 and 8 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Stankovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Enhanced acetoin production by Serratia marcescens H32 using statistical optimization and a two-stage agitation speed control strategy. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-011-0587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Siva R, Subha K, Bhakta D, Ghosh AR, Babu S. Characterization and enhanced production of prodigiosin from the spoiled coconut. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 166:187-96. [PMID: 22072139 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many bacterial secondary products are bioactive substances that play an important role in biotechnology and pharmacology (e.g., as antibiotics or antitumor agents). Over the past few years interest in prodigiosin has been increased due to its promising anti-cancer activity. Prodigiosin is also of potential clinical interest because it is reported to have anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-protozoal/anti-malarial, and immunosuppressive activity. Thus there is a need to develop a high-throughput and cost-effective bioprocess for the production of prodigiosin. In the present study, Serratia rubidaea was isolated from colored portion of a spoiled coconut and further it was authenticated by MTCC, India. The various parameters like temperature, pH, salt concentration, and precursors were optimized for the production of prodigiosin. We now report that the pigment production was higher in our isolated strain than S. marcescens. It was observed that prodigiosin binds with plastic, paper, and fibers and thus in near future, it can also be used as a natural dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Siva
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Bioactive pigments from marine bacteria: applications and physiological roles. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:670349. [PMID: 21961023 PMCID: PMC3180183 DOI: 10.1155/2011/670349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research into natural products from the marine environment, including microorganisms, has rapidly increased over the past two decades. Despite the enormous difficulty in isolating and harvesting marine bacteria, microbial metabolites are increasingly attractive to science because of their broad-ranging pharmacological activities, especially those with unique color pigments. This current review paper gives an overview of the pigmented natural compounds isolated from bacteria of marine origin, based on accumulated data in the literature. We review the biological activities of marine compounds, including recent advances in the study of pharmacological effects and other commercial applications, in addition to the biosynthesis and physiological roles of associated pigments. Chemical structures of the bioactive compounds discussed are also presented.
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Chang CC, Wang YH, Chern CM, Liou KT, Hou YC, Peng YT, Shen YC. Prodigiosin inhibits gp91(phox) and iNOS expression to protect mice against the oxidative/nitrosative brain injury induced by hypoxia-ischemia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 257:137-47. [PMID: 21925195 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the mechanisms by which prodigiosin protects against hypoxia-induced oxidative/nitrosative brain injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAo/r) injury in mice. Hypoxia in vitro was modeled using oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxygenation of BV-2 microglial cells. Our results showed that treatment of mice that have undergone MCAo/r injury with prodigiosin (10 and 100μg/kg, i.v.) at 1h after hypoxia ameliorated MCAo/r-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress, brain infarction, and neurological deficits in the mice, and enhanced their survival rate. MCAo/r induced a remarkable production in the mouse brains of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a significant increase in protein nitrosylation; this primarily resulted from enhanced expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (gp91(phox)), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the infiltration of CD11b leukocytes due to breakdown of blood-brain barrier (BBB) by activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). All these changes were significantly diminished by prodigiosin. In BV-2 cells, OGD induced ROS and nitric oxide production by up-regulating gp91(phox) and iNOS via activation of the NF-κB pathway, and these changes were suppressed by prodigiosin. In conclusion, our results indicate that prodigiosin reduces gp91(phox) and iNOS expression possibly by impairing NF-κB activation. This compromises the activation of microglial and/or inflammatory cells, which then, in turn, mediates prodigiosin's protective effect in the MCAo/r mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Che Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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35
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Elicitation of Streptomyces coelicolor with E. coli in a bioreactor enhances undecylprodigiosin production. Biochem Eng J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Chang CC, Chen WC, Ho TF, Wu HS, Wei YH. Development of natural anti-tumor drugs by microorganisms. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 111:501-11. [PMID: 21277252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Discoveries of tumor-resistant pharmacological drugs have mainly resulted from screening of natural products and their analogs. Some are also discovered incidentally when studying organisms. The great biodiversity of microorganisms raises the possibility of producing secondary metabolites (e.g., mevastatin, lovastatin, epothilone, salinosporamide A) to cope with adverse environments. Recently, natural plant pigments with anti-tumor activities such as β-carotene, lycopene, curcumin and anthocyanins have been proposed. However, many plants have a long life cycle. Therefore, pigments from microorganisms represent another option for the development of novel anti-tumor drugs. Prodigiosin (PG) is a natural red pigment produced by microorganisms, i.e., Serratia marcescens and other gram-negative bacteria. The anti-tumor potential of PG has been widely demonstrated. The families of PG (PGs), which share a common pyrrolylpyrromethene (PPM) skeleton, are produced by various bacteria. PGs are bioactive pigments and are known to exert immunosuppressive properties, in vitro apoptotic effects, and in vivo anti-tumor activities. Currently the most common strain used for producing PGs is S. marcescens. However, few reports have discussed PGs production. This review therefore describes the development of an anti-tumor drug, PG, that can be naturally produced by microorganisms, and evaluates the microbial production system, fermentation strategies, purification and identification processes. The application potential of PGs is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Che Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Elicitation of Streptomyces coelicolor with dead cells of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus in a bioreactor increases production of undecylprodigiosin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 90:461-6. [PMID: 21222119 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since microorganisms normally co-exist with other species in nature, they have developed complex metabolic and physiological responses as a result of such interspecies interactions. We utilized some of these interactions by introducing heat-killed cells of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus to Streptomyces coelicolor cultures and, as a result, stimulated undecylprodigiosin production. Undecylprodigiosin is not only an antibiotic; it has also been attributed with antitumor activities, but, in a defined medium, pure cultures of S. coelicolor produced only low concentrations. Elicitation with B. subtilis increased the maximum undecylprodigiosin concentration by threefold and S. aureus by fivefold compared with the pure culture of S. coelicolor. Growth and glucose consumption of elicited S. coelicolor, however, remained similar to those observed in the pure culture. Furthermore, another positive outcome of the elicitation with both B. subtilis and S. aureus was the earlier onset of undecylprodigiosin production by 24 h compared with the pure culture of S. coelicolor. This is the first time that such a phenomenon has been seen in 2 L bioreactors. Our work supports the use of biotic elicitation in order to enhance the production of secondary metabolites for industrial-scale applications.
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Horng YT, Chang KC, Liu YN, Lai HC, Soo PC. The RssB/RssA two-component system regulates biosynthesis of the tripyrrole antibiotic, prodigiosin, in Serratia marcescens. Int J Med Microbiol 2010; 300:304-12. [PMID: 20347390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens CH-1 produces a red, cell-associated pigment, prodigiosin, synthesized by enzymes encoded in the pig operon. The underlying regulatory mechanism, especially its relationship with the RssAB two-component system signaling, remained uncharacterized. Here, we show that phosphorylated RssB (RssB-P) directly binds to the promoter region of the pig operon (pigA promoter), as observed using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Furthermore, we identify the RssB-P binding site located downstream of the -10 and -35 regions in pigA using a DNase I footprinting assay. A compilation of the RssB-P binding sites in flhDC, rssB and pigA promoter regions reveals the presence of a conserved core sequence, GAGATTTTAGCTAAATTAATBTTT (B=C, G, or T), which we believe is the RssB binding sequence. Site-specific mutation of conserved nucleotides within the conserved RssB binding sequence in the pigA promoter region leads to absence of retardation in the presence of RssB-P in vitro and elevated transcription of pigA in vivo. These data suggest that RssAB signaling negatively regulates prodigiosin production, and such inhibition is mediated through direct and specific repression of transcriptional activity of the pig operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tze Horng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, College of Medicine, 701 Section 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien 97004, Taiwan, ROC
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Prodigiosin down-regulates survivin to facilitate paclitaxel sensitization in human breast carcinoma cell lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 235:253-60. [PMID: 19133282 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosin is a bacterial metabolite with potent anticancer activity, which is attributed to its proapoptotic effect selectively active in malignant cells. Still, the molecular mechanisms whereby prodigiosin induces apoptosis remain largely unknown. In particular, the role of survivin, a vital inhibitor of apoptosis, in prodigiosin-induced apoptosis has never been addressed before and hence was the primary goal of this study. Our results showed that prodigiosin dose-dependently induced down-regulation of survivin in multiple breast carcinoma cell lines, including MCF-7, T-47D and MDA-MB-231. This down-regulation is mainly regulated at the level of transcription, as prodigiosin reduced the levels of both survivin mRNA and survivin promoter activity but failed to rescue survivin expression when proteasome-mediated degradation is abolished. Importantly, overexpression of survivin rendered cells more resistant to prodigiosin, indicating an essential role of survivin down-regulation in prodigiosin-induced apoptosis. In addition, we found that prodigiosin synergistically enhanced cell death induced by paclitaxel, a chemotherapy drug known to up-regulate survivin that in turn confers its own resistance. This paclitaxel sensitization effect of prodigiosin is ascribed to the lowering of survivin expression, because prodigiosin was shown to counteract survivin induction by paclitaxel and, notably, the sensitization effect was severely abrogated in cells that overexpress survivin. Taken together, our results argue that down-regulation of survivin is an integral component mediating prodigiosin-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells, and further suggest the potential of prodigiosin to sensitize anticancer drugs, including paclitaxel, in the treatment of breast cancer.
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