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Chang C, Cai RP, Su YM, Wu Q, Su Q. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal Noncoding RNAs as Alternative Treatments for Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Current Status and Future Perspectives. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2023; 16:1085-1098. [PMID: 37286924 PMCID: PMC10246878 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10401-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic cardiomyopathy is treated mainly with thrombolytic drugs, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary artery bypass grafting to recanalize blocked vessels. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is an unavoidable complication of obstructive revascularization. Compared with those of myocardial ischemic injury, few effective therapeutic options are available for MIRI treatment. The pathophysiological mechanisms of MIRI involve the inflammatory response, the immune response, oxidative stress, apoptosis, intracellular Ca2+ overload, and cardiomyocyte energy metabolism. These mechanisms exacerbate MIRI. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXOs) can alleviate MIRI through these mechanisms and, to some extent, prevent the limitations caused by direct MSC administration. Therefore, using MSC-EXOs instead of MSCs to treat MIRI is a potentially beneficial cell-free treatment strategy. In this review, we describe the mechanism of action of MSC-EXO-derived noncoding RNAs in the treatment of MIRI and discuss the advantages and limitations of this strategy, as well as possible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541000, China
| | - Ru-Ping Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Ying-Man Su
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541000, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the Sixth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
- Journal of Geriatric Cardiology Editorial Office, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Qiang Su
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541000, China.
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2
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Vaez H, Soraya H, Garjani A, Gholikhani T. Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and AMPK Relevance in Cardiovascular Disease. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:36-47. [PMID: 36721803 PMCID: PMC9871286 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential receptors of the innate immune system, playing a significant role in cardiovascular diseases. TLR4, with the highest expression among TLRs in the heart, has been investigated extensively for its critical role in different myocardial inflammatory conditions. Studies suggest that inhibition of TLR4 signaling pathways reduces inflammatory responses and even prevents additional injuries to the already damaged myocardium. Recent research results have led to a hypothesis that there may be a relation between TLR4 expression and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in various inflammatory conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. AMPK, as a cellular energy sensor, has been reported to show anti-inflammatory effects in various models of inflammatory diseases. AMPK, in addition to its physiological acts in the heart, plays an essential role in myocardial ischemia and hypoxia by activating various energy production pathways. Herein we will discuss the role of TLR4 and AMPK in cardiovascular diseases and a possible relation between TLRs and AMPK as a novel therapeutic target. In our opinion, AMPK-related TLR modulators will find application in treating different immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, especially inflammatory cardiac diseases, and present an option that will be widely used in clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Vaez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Haleh Vaez, Tel:+984133344798, Fax:+984133344798,
| | - Hamid Soraya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Alireza Garjani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tooba Gholikhani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Nanora Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Tabriz, Iran
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Miao Y, Ding Z, Zou Z, Yang Y, Yang M, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhou L, Zhang L, Zhang X, Du D, Jiang F, Zhou P. Inhibition of MyD88 by a novel inhibitor reverses two-thirds of the infarct area in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:5151-5169. [PMID: 33042411 PMCID: PMC7540094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts play important roles in inflammation and repair during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) is upregulated in immunocytes, cardiomyocytes, and fibroblasts during MIRI. MyD88 induces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), while fibroblasts are recruited and activated to mediate cardiac remodeling. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-MIRI effect and mode of action of the novel MyD88 inhibitor TJ-M2010-5. We synthesized TJ-M2010-5 and identified its target by co-immunoprecipitation, after which we established a murine MIRI model and tested the protective effect of TJ-M2010-5 by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and western blotting. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes subjected to anoxia/reoxygenation were also isolated and their supernatants used to stimulate cardiac macrophagocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. MyD88 was found upregulated during the early and late phases after MIRI. The MyD88 inhibitor considerably improved cardiac function, reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduced IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α secretion, and inhibited CD80+CD86+MHCII+ macrophage and fibroblast migration. Moreover, TJ-M2010-5 markedly inhibited Toll-like receptor/MyD88 signaling in vivo and in vitro. Thus, our findings highlight TJ-M2010-5 as a potential therapeutic agent for MIRI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Miao
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Zuochuan Ding
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang, China
| | - Zhimiao Zou
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Zeyang Li
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Dunfeng Du
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Fengchao Jiang
- Academy of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan, China
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Xu W, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Ma S, Jin D. Downregulation of DEC1 by RNA interference attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:343-350. [PMID: 32537000 PMCID: PMC7282085 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (MIRI). Previous studies have confirmed that deleted in esophageal cancer 1 (DEC1) is an important transcription factor in inflammation. However, the role of DEC1 in MIRI remains unclear. The present study aimed to determine whether the downregulation of DEC1 by RNA interference alleviated inflammation to protect against MIRI. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n=48) were randomly divided into four groups: Sham; I/R; adenovirus expressing green fluorescent protein control (Ad-G-Control); and DEC1-targeting RNA interference (Ad-G-DEC1) groups. Following gene delivery 4 days later, the rat myocardial I/R model was established and myocardial enzymes [creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] were detected. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to evaluate the myocardial damage and the infarct area was assessed using Evans Blue/triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were also detected using ELISA kits to assess the inflammatory response. Finally, western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were used to analyze the expression levels of associated proteins and mRNAs. Ad-G-DEC1 RNA interference markedly decreased DEC1 expression levels. In addition, following the downregulation of DEC1 expression, the infarct size, CK, LDH, Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, NF-κB, IL-β and TNF-α levels were all significantly decreased. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that the downregulation of DEC1 may decrease the inflammation by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, which may represent a therapeutic target for MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei 435000, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei 435000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei 435000, P.R. China
| | - Shanxue Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei 435000, P.R. China
| | - Daoqun Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei 435000, P.R. China
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RP105 plays a cardioprotective role in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by regulating the Toll‑like receptor 2/4 signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1373-1381. [PMID: 32626996 PMCID: PMC7339787 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The revascularization of blood vessels after myocardial infarction can lead to serious myocardial damage. Previous studies showed that radioprotective 105 kDa protein (RP105) is a specific negative regulator of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI). RP105 can modulate the Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/TLR4 signaling pathways. However, the synergistic effect of TLR2/4 regulated by RP105 during MIRI requires further investigation. To determine this effect, a MIRI model was established in rats in the present study. The expression of RP105 was depleted by transfecting RP105-siRNA and then detected using western blotting. Furthermore, the myocardium tissue was stained with the hematoxylin and eosin staining. Knockdown of RP105 promoted the activity of serum myocardial enzymes during MIRI and increased myocardial infarction. The present results indicated that knockdown of RP105 activated the TLR2/4 signaling pathway by modulating the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, decreased expression of RP105 promoted myocardial cell apoptosis, which induced the damage of myocardial ischemic reperfusion. The present results suggested both TLR2 and TLR4 as key targets of RP105, thus RP105 may be a promising candidate to facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for MIRI.
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6
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Yan X, Xie B, Wu G, Hu J, Wang D, Cai X, Li J. Interleukin-37: The Effect of Anti-Inflammatory Response in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:2650590. [PMID: 30728750 PMCID: PMC6341264 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2650590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-37 (IL-37) is unique in the IL-1 family since it broadly suppresses innate immunity and elevates in humans with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. IL-37 shows definite groups and transcripts for human IL37 gene, but it is still not completely understood the effect and mechanisms of inflammatory response in endothelial cells. It is well accepted that endothelial dysfunction caused by inflammation is a key initiating event in atherosclerotic plaque formation, which leads to the occurrence and development of the cardiovascular adverse events in clinical since the inflammatory responses of endothelial cells could induce and enhance the deposition of extensive lipid and the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in the intima. Thus, it is essential to investigate the role and potential mechanisms in endothelial inflammatory response to prevent the formation and development of many cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis. So far, the recent studies have revealed that IL-37 is able to inhibit inflammatory response by suppressing the TLR2-NF-κB-ICAM-1 pathway intracellularly in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). Further, the role of IL-37 may be related to the IL-18 pathway extracellularly and involved in the adhesion and transmigration of neutrophils in HCAECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Yan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Guihai Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xiangna Cai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jilin Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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7
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Li M, Liu J, Bi Y, Chen J, Zhao L. Potential Medications or Compounds Acting on Toll-like Receptors in Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:160-175. [PMID: 28571545 PMCID: PMC5883378 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170601125139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptors play an integral role in the process of inflammatory response after ischemic in-jury. The therapeutic potential acting on TLRs is worth of evaluations. The aim of this review was to introduce readers some potential medications or compounds which could alleviate the ischemic damage via TLRs. Methods: Research articles online on TLRs were reviewed. Categorizations were listed according to the follows, methods acting on TLRs directly, modulations of MyD88 or TRIF signaling pathway, and the ischemic tolerance induced by the pre-conditioning or postconditioning with TLR ligands or minor cerebral ischemia via acting on TLRs. Results: There are only a few studies concerning on direct effects. Anti-TLR4 or anti-TLR2 therapies may serve as promis-ing strategies in acute events. Approaches targeting on inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and enhancing interferon regu-latory factor dependent signaling have attracted great interests. Not only drugs but compounds extracted from traditional Chinese medicine have been used to identify their neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia. In addition, many re-searchers have reported the positive therapeutic effects of preconditioning with agonists of TLR2, 3, 4, 7 and 9. Several trails have also explored the potential of postconditioning, which provide a new idea in ischemic treatments. Considering all the evidence above, many drugs and new compounds may have great potential to reduce ischemic insults. Conclusion: This review will focus on promising therapies which exerting neuroprotective effects against ischemic injury by acting on TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Neurology, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Ying Bi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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Ahmed AA, Ahmed AAE, El Morsy EM, Nofal S. Dimethyl fumarate interferes with MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signalling pathway in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy model. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1521-1530. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the effect of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathway in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats.
Methods
Sixty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into three groups. group I: rats received the vehicles only; group II: rats were treated with ISO (5 mg/kg per day S.C.) to induce cardiac hypertrophy for 7 days; and group III: rats were given DMF (25 mg/kg per 12 h P.O.) for 28 days, and at the last 7 days, they were treated with ISO (5 mg/kg per day S.C.).
Key findings
Pretreatment with DMF decreased heart-to-body weight ratio, heart rate and blood pressure and improved the electrocardiographic patterns when compared with ISO group. DMF exhibited cardioprotective effect as evidenced by the reduction in cardiac troponin I, creatine kinase-MB and atrial natriuretic peptide levels. Moreover, DMF alleviated the changed oxidative stress and inflammatory biochemical markers through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. DMF interfered with TLR signalling pathway, evidenced by decreased levels of the TLR adaptor protein MyD88 and p-ERK1/2 and increased p-Akt level.
Conclusions
Dimethyl fumarate exerted cardioprotective effect against ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy. This effect is suggested to be through interfering with TLR signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa A Ahmed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Egypt
| | - Amany A E Ahmed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Egypt
| | - Engy M El Morsy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Egypt
| | - Shahira Nofal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Egypt
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Yang J, Yang C, Yang J, Ding J, Li X, Yu Q, Guo X, Fan Z, Wang H. RP105 alleviates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury via inhibiting TLR4/TRIF signaling pathways. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:3287-3295. [PMID: 29512709 PMCID: PMC5881694 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signal pathway- induced inflammation is considered to be a crucial link to myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI). Our previous study proved that radioprotective 105 kDa protein (RP105), a negative regulator of TLR4, performed a protective role in MIRI by anti-apoptosis approach. However, the mechanism of RP105 cardioprotection of anti-inflammation is still unclear. This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of RP105 anti-inflammation effect in MIRI. We established a rat model of MIRI induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by 2 h reperfusion. Animals were pre-infected with Ad-EGFP-RP105, Ad-EGFP or saline at the apex of the heart. All rats were sacrificed to collect blood samples and myocardial tissue and assessed by immunofluorescence, blood biochemical analysis, Evans blue/triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA), western blot analysis, quantitative PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). RP105 overexpression with adenovirus vectors reduced serum myocardial enzyme (CK-MB and LDH) activities, decreased myocardial infarct size, mitigated inflammatory factors interferon-β and tumor necrosis factor-α during MIRI. We also found that Ad-RP105 group exerted distinct repression of TLR4/TRIF signal pathway related proteins and mRNAs (TRIF, TBK-1, IRF3 and p-IRF3) with a low transcriptional activity of IRF3. These findings first expounded that RP105 could alleviate the ischemia reperfusion induced inflammatory status in heart via inhibiting TLR4/TRIF signaling pathway and provided a theoretical foundation of RP105 gene in MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Chaojun Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Jiawang Ding
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Qinqin Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Zhixing Fan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Huibo Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
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10
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Anttila JE, Whitaker KW, Wires ES, Harvey BK, Airavaara M. Role of microglia in ischemic focal stroke and recovery: focus on Toll-like receptors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:3-14. [PMID: 27389423 PMCID: PMC5214845 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability in adults. Drug treatments that target stroke-induced pathological mechanisms and promote recovery are desperately needed. In the brain, an ischemic event triggers major inflammatory responses that are mediated by the resident microglial cells. In this review, we focus on the microglia activation after ischemic brain injury as a target of immunomodulatory therapeutics. We divide the microglia-mediated events following ischemic stroke into three categories: acute, subacute, and long-term events. This division encompasses the spatial and temporal dynamics of microglia as they participate in the pathophysiological changes that contribute to the symptoms and sequela of a stroke. The importance of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in the outcomes of these pathophysiological changes is highlighted. Increasing evidence shows that microglia have a complex role in stroke pathophysiology, and they mediate both detrimental and beneficial effects on stroke outcome. So far, most of the pharmacological studies in experimental models of stroke have focused on neuroprotective strategies which are impractical for clinical applications. Post-ischemic inflammation is long lasting and thus, could provide a therapeutic target for novel delayed drug treatment. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the role of microglia in the recovery process from an ischemic stroke and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of modulating post-ischemic inflammation to promote functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni E Anttila
- Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Keith W Whitaker
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA; Human Research and Engineering Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA
| | - Emily S Wires
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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11
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Bai C, Ren Y, Huang J, Zhang Y, LI L, Du G. High-mobility group Box-1 regulates acute myocardial ischemia-induced injury through the toll-like receptor 4-related pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:8344-8352. [PMID: 31966685 PMCID: PMC6965424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein released by necrotic cells as a result of its interactions with several receptors, including the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and members of the toll-like receptor family. HMGB1 has been implicated in autoimmune diseases and hepatic and intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, its role in myocardial ischemia-induced injury remains unclear. In this study, isoproterenol (ISO) was used to establish a myocardial ischemia mouse model. Treating mice with recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1) worsened myocardial injury, whereas treating mice with antibodies that neutralized HMGB1 significantly reduced tissue damage. Interestingly, myocardial ischemia severity was not affected by rHMGB1 or HMGB1 antibody administration in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice (TLR4-/-), which demonstrated significantly reduced ischemia-induced cardiac tissue damage compared with wild-type (WT) mice. HMGB1 plays an important role in myocardial ischemia-induced injury by binding to TLR4, which results in proinflammatory pathway activation and enhanced myocardial injury. Therefore, blocking HMGB1 or TLR4 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for treating myocardial ischemia-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Bai
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yun Ren
- The Fifth People’s Hospital of FoshanFoshan, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lingyi LI
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guangsheng Du
- The Fifth People’s Hospital of FoshanFoshan, China
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, Xinjiang, China
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12
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Sadeghzadeh J, Vakili A, Sameni HR, Shadnoush M, Bandegi AR, Zahedi Khorasani M. The Effect of Oral Consumption of Probiotics in Prevention of Heart Injury in a Rat Myocardial Infarction Model: a Histopathological, Hemodynamic and Biochemical Evaluation. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2017; 21:174-81. [PMID: 27874107 PMCID: PMC5392220 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.ibj.21.3.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Despite the emerging evidence on beneficial effects of probiotics on the cardiovascular system, their impact on the management of ischemic heart diseases and the possible mechanism(s) have not been elucidated. Methods: Four viable probiotics bacterial strains, including Bifidobacterium breve, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, at the concentrations of 2×106 colony-forming units/ml, were orally administered to the rats daily for 14 days before the induction of infarct-like myocardial injury using isoproterenol. Subsequently, 24 h after myocardial injury, the right carotid artery and the left ventricle were catheterized for recording blood pressure and cardiac parameters. At the end of the experiment, the heart was removed for the evaluation of histopathological and biochemical parameters, as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) assay. Results: The induction of acute myocardial injury resulted in significant (P≤0.01) left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, as shown by an increase in LV end-diastolic pressure and a decrease in LV dp/dt max, LV dp/dt min, LV systolic pressure, and blood pressure, as compared with normal rats. Pretreatment with viable probiotics significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and TNF-α level and improved cardiac function (P<0.01). Conclusion: This study shows that viable probiotics have a cardioprotective effect on infarct-like myocardial injury through suppressing TNF-α and oxidative stress damage in a rat model. Probiotic supplements may be used as a new option for prophylaxis in patients at the risk of ischemic heart disease in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Sadeghzadeh
- Students' Research Center, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abedin Vakili
- Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sameni
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shadnoush
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad-Reza Bandegi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Zahedi Khorasani
- Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Zhan Q, Zeng Q, Song R, Zhai Y, Xu D, Fullerton DA, Dinarello CA, Meng X. IL-37 suppresses MyD88-mediated inflammatory responses in human aortic valve interstitial cells. Mol Med 2017; 23:83-91. [PMID: 28362018 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2017.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is common among the elderly, and aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) exhibit unique inflammatory and osteogenic responses to pro-inflammatory stimulation which play an important role in valvular fibrosis and calcification. Thus, suppression of AVIC pro-inflammatory response may have therapeutic utility for prevention of CAVD progression. Interleukin (IL)-37, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, reduces tissue inflammation. OBJECTIVE This study was to test the hypothesis that IL-37 suppresses human AVIC inflammatory responses to Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. METHODS AND RESULTS Human AVICs were exposed to Pam3CSK4, poly(I:C) and lipopolysaccharide, respectively, in the presence and absence of recombinant human IL-37. Stimulation of TLR4 increased the production of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, IL-6, IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Knockdown of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) or TIR-domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF) differentially affected inflammatory mediator production following TLR4 stimulation. IL-37 reduced the production of these inflammatory mediators induced by TLR4. Moreover, knockdown of IL-37 enhanced the induction of these mediators by TLR4. IL-37 also suppressed inflammatory mediator production induced by the MyD88-dependent TLR2, but had no effect on the inflammatory responses to the TRIF-dependent TLR3. Furthermore, IL-37 inhibited NF-κB activation induced by TLR2 or TLR4 through a mechanism dependent of IL-18 receptor α-chain. CONCLUSION Activation of TLR2, TLR3 or TLR4 up-regulates the production of inflammatory mediators in human AVICs. IL-37 suppresses MyD88-mediated responses to reduce inflammatory mediator production following stimulation of TLR2 and TLR4. This anti-inflammatory cytokine may be useful for suppression of aortic valve inflammation elicited by MyD88-dependent TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhan
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Cardiology, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Cardiology, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Yufeng Zhai
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Dingli Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - David A Fullerton
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | | | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
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Xu Q, Li QG, Fan GR, Liu QH, Mi FL, Liu B. Protective effects of fentanyl preconditioning on cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e5286. [PMID: 28225864 PMCID: PMC5343559 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to study the effect of fentanyl (Fen) preconditioning on cardiomyocyte
apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats. A total of 120 Sprague
Dawley male rats (age: 3 months) were randomly divided into: sham operation group (S
group), I/R group, normal saline I/R group (NS group), and fentanyl low, middle, and
high dose groups (Fen1: 2 μg/kg; Fen2: 4 μg/kg; Fen3: 6 μg/kg). Heart rate (HR), mean
arterial pressure (MAP), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), ±dp/dtmax,
malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, creatine phosphokinase-MB
(CK-MB), and cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) were measured. Myocardial ischemic (MI) area,
total apoptotic myocardial cells, and protein and mRNA expressions of B-cell lymphoma
2 (Bcl-2) and Bax were detected. HR and MAP were higher, while LVDP and ±dp/dtmax
were close to the base value in the Fen groups compared to those in the I/R group.
Decreased MDA concentration and CK-MB value and increased SOD activity were found in
the Fen groups compared to the I/R group, while cTnI concentration was significantly
lower in the Fen1 and Fen2 groups (all P<0.05). Myocardial damage
was less in the Fen groups compared to the I/R group and the MI areas and apoptotic
indexes were significantly lower in the Fen1 and Fen2 groups (all
P<0.05). Furthermore, significantly increased protein and mRNA
expressions of Bcl-2, and decreased protein and mRNA expressions of Bax were found in
the Fen groups compared to the I/R group (all P<0.05). Fentanyl preconditioning
may suppress cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by I/R in rats by regulating Bcl-2 and
Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Q-G Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - G-R Fan
- Operation Room, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Q-H Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - F-L Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - B Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
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15
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Wang YH, Chen KM, Chiu PS, Lai SC, Su HH, Jan MS, Lin CW, Lu DY, Fu YT, Liao JM, Chang JT, Huang SS. Lumbrokinase attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting TLR4 signaling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 99:113-122. [PMID: 27503317 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lumbrokinase, a novel antithrombotic agent, purified from the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, has been clinically used to treat stroke and cardiovascular diseases. However, inflammatory responses associated with the cardioprotective effect of lumbrokinase remain unknown. In this study, the signaling pathways involved in lumbrokinase-inhibited expressions of inflammation mediators were investigated in rats subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury. The left main coronary artery of anesthetized rats was subjected to 1h occlusion and 3h reperfusion. The animals were treated with/without lumbrokinase and the severities of I-R-induced arrhythmias and infarction were compared. Lumbrokinase inhibited I-R-induced arrhythmias and reduced mortality, as well as decreased the lactate dehydrogenase levels in carotid blood. Lumbrokinase also inhibited the enhancement of I-R induced expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. Moreover, our results demonstrated that stimulation with lumbrokinase decreases the phosphorylation of JNK, IκB, and NF-κB. These findings suggested that lumbrokinase is a potent cardioprotective drug in rats with I-R injury. The cardioprotective effects of lumbrokinase may be correlated with its inhibitory effect on the I-R-induced expressions of COX-2, iNOS and MMP-9, mediated by TLR4 signaling through JNK and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Min Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Sung Chiu
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chan Lai
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hui Su
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming, University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiou Jan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Immunology Research Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsung Fu
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi, Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiuan-Miaw Liao
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jinghua Tsai Chang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shiang-Suo Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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16
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Nduhirabandi F, Lamont K, Albertyn Z, Opie LH, Lecour S. Role of toll-like receptor 4 in melatonin-induced cardioprotection. J Pineal Res 2016; 60:39-47. [PMID: 26465095 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin protects the heart against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via the activation of the survivor activating factor enhancement (SAFE) pathway which involves tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a crucial role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and activates TNFα. In this study, we investigated whether melatonin may target TLR4 to activate the SAFE pathway. Isolated hearts from rats or mice were subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Melatonin (75 ng/L) and/or TAK242 (a specific inhibitor of TLR4 signaling, 500 nm) were administered to the rat hearts before the induction of ischemia. Pre-ischemic myocardial STAT3 was evaluated by Western blotting. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a stimulator of TLR4) was administered to wild type, TNFα receptor 2 knockout or cardiomyocyte-specific STAT3-deficient mice (2.8 mg/kg, i.p) 45 min before the heart isolation. Myocardial infarct size was measured as an endpoint. Compared to the control, administration of melatonin reduced myocardial infarct size (34.7 ± 2.8% versus 62.6 ± 2.7%, P < 0.01). This protective effect was abolished in the presence of TAK242 (49.2 ± 6.5%). Melatonin administered alone increased the pre-ischemic activation of mitochondrial STAT3, and this effect was attenuated with TAK242. Furthermore, stimulation of TLR4 with LPS pretreatment to mice reduced myocardial infarct size of the hearts isolated from wild-type animals but failed to protect the hearts isolated from TNFα receptor 2-knockout mice or cardiomyocyte-specific STAT3-deficient mice (P < 0.001). Taken together, these data suggest that cardioprotection induced by melatonin is mediated by TLR4 to activate the SAFE pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Nduhirabandi
- Cardioprotection Group, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and South African Medical Research Council Inter-University Cape Heart Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kim Lamont
- Cardioprotection Group, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and South African Medical Research Council Inter-University Cape Heart Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zulfah Albertyn
- Cardioprotection Group, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and South African Medical Research Council Inter-University Cape Heart Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lionel H Opie
- Cardioprotection Group, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and South African Medical Research Council Inter-University Cape Heart Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Cardioprotection Group, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and South African Medical Research Council Inter-University Cape Heart Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are a family of receptors that are used to detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns or damage-associated molecular patterns, which initiate immune responses to resolve infections and repair damaged tissues. Abnormalities in PRR activation will unavoidably lead to excessive inflammation. RECENT ADVANCES Although multiple pathophysiological processes are involved in cardiovascular disease, recent studies have highlighted the importance of innate PRRs, in particular, Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, in mediating inflammatory responses and cardiovascular function. CRITICAL ISSUES The functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of PRRs in cardiovascular diseases are still largely unknown. In particular, controversies exist on the certainty of these detrimental or beneficial effects of some PRRs in different diseased states or different experimental animal models. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Considering that the molecular mechanisms for individual PRR to regulate cellular function are complex and multiple PRRs are activated simultaneously or synergistically, a better understanding of the function of individual PRRs and the interplay of PRRs will provide unexpected opportunities to develop new therapies for cardiovascular disease by modulation of an innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan, China
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18
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Resveratrol inhibits Staphylococcus aureus-induced TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB-dependent VCAM-1 expression in human lung epithelial cells. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:375-90. [PMID: 24617573 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most commonly found Gram-positive bacterium in patients admitted to intensive-care units, causing septicaemia or pneumonia. S. aureus is considered to play an important role in the induction of cell adhesion molecules. Resveratrol, a compound found in the skins of red fruits, may inhibit the inflammatory signalling pathways involved in lung diseases. In the present paper, we have shown that resveratrol reduced S. aureus-mediated VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) expression in HPAEpiCs (human lung epithelial cells) and lungs of mice. In an in vivo study, we have shown that resveratrol inhibited S. aureus-induced pulmonary haematoma and leucocyte count in BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) fluid in mice. In an in vitro study, we observed that resveratrol attenuated S. aureus-induced TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2), MyD88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88) and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) complex formation. S. aureus stimulated Akt, JNK1/2 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2) and p42/p44 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) phosphorylation, which were inhibited by resveratrol. In addition, S. aureus induced IκB (inhibitor of nuclear factor κB) α and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) p65 phosphorylation and NF-κB p65 translocation, which were reduced by resveratrol. Finally, we found that S. aureus induced NF-κB and p300 complex formation and p300 phosphorylation, which were inhibited by resveratrol. Thus resveratrol functions as a suppressor of S. aureus-induced inflammatory signalling not only by inhibiting VCAM-1 expression, but also by reducing TLR2-MyD88-PI3K complex formation and Akt, JNK1/2, p42/p44 MAPK, p300 and NF-κB activation in HPAEpiCs.
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Dvoriantchikova G, Santos ARC, Danek D, Dvoriantchikova X, Ivanov D. The TIR-domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β-dependent signaling cascade plays a crucial role in ischemia-reperfusion-induced retinal injury, whereas the contribution of the myeloid differentiation primary response 88-dependent signaling cascade is not as pivotal. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2502-12. [PMID: 24754835 PMCID: PMC4122625 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) plays an important role in ischemia–reperfusion (IR)-induced retinal inflammation and damage. However, the role of two Tlr4-dependent signaling cascades, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88) and TIR-domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β (Trif), in retinal IR injury is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the contribution of the Myd88-dependent and Trif-dependent signaling cascades in retinal damage and inflammation triggered by IR, by using Myd88 knockout (Myd88KO) and Trif knockout (TrifKO) mice. Retinal IR injury was induced by unilateral elevation of intraocular pressure for 45 min by direct corneal cannulation. To study IR-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in vitro, we used an oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) model. Our data suggested that Myd88 was present in many retinal layers of sham-operated and ischemic mice, whereas Trif was mainly present in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). The level of Myd88 was increased in the retina after IR. We found that retinas of TrifKO mice had a significantly reduced neurotoxic pro-inflammatory response and significantly increased survival of the GCL neurons after IR. Although Myd88KO mice had relatively low levels of inflammation in ischemic retinas, their levels of IR-induced retinal damage were notably higher than those of TrifKO mice. We also found that Trif-deficient RGCs were more resistant to death induced by OGD than were RGCs isolated from Myd88KO mice. These data suggested that, as compared with the Myd88-dependent signaling cascade, Trif signaling contributes significantly to retinal damage after IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Dvoriantchikova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1638 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
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Nair J, Ghatge M, Kakkar VV, Shanker J. Network analysis of inflammatory genes and their transcriptional regulators in coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94328. [PMID: 24736319 PMCID: PMC3988072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Network analysis is a novel method to understand the complex pathogenesis of inflammation-driven atherosclerosis. Using this approach, we attempted to identify key inflammatory genes and their core transcriptional regulators in coronary artery disease (CAD). Initially, we obtained 124 candidate genes associated with inflammation and CAD using Polysearch and CADgene database for which protein-protein interaction network was generated using STRING 9.0 (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes) and visualized using Cytoscape v 2.8.3. Based on betweenness centrality (BC) and node degree as key topological parameters, we identified interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) as hub nodes. The backbone network constructed with these five hub genes showed 111 nodes connected via 348 edges, with IL-6 having the largest degree and highest BC. Nuclear factor kappa B1 (NFKB1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and JUN were identified as the three core transcription factors from the regulatory network derived using MatInspector. For the purpose of validation of the hub genes, 97 test networks were constructed, which revealed the accuracy of the backbone network to be 0.7763 while the frequency of the hub nodes remained largely unaltered. Pathway enrichment analysis with ClueGO, KEGG and REACTOME showed significant enrichment of six validated CAD pathways - smooth muscle cell proliferation, acute-phase response, calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity, toll-like receptor signaling, NOD-like receptor signaling and adipocytokine signaling pathways. Experimental verification of the above findings in 64 cases and 64 controls showed increased expression of the five candidate genes and the three transcription factors in the cases relative to the controls (p<0.05). Thus, analysis of complex networks aid in the prioritization of genes and their transcriptional regulators in complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiny Nair
- Mary and Garry Weston Functional Genomics Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Madankumar Ghatge
- Tata Proteomics and Coagulation Unit, Thrombosis Research Unit, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijay V. Kakkar
- Thrombosis Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jayashree Shanker
- Mary and Garry Weston Functional Genomics Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
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Abnormal expression of Toll-like receptor 4 is associated with susceptibility to ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in mice. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:2826-39. [PMID: 23744365 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) contributes to ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury. This study aimed to determine its precise role in this pathogenic state and the related signaling pathway. METHODS Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury models were generated in TLR4(-/-) mice (C3H/HeJ: point mutation; C57BL/10ScNJ: gene deletion), their respective TLR4(+/+) wild-type counterparts, and heterozygous TLR4(+/-) mice. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) was injected intraperitoneally 1 h or 30 min before ethanol administration. At 1 h post-ethanol treatment, gastric or serum specimens were evaluated. RESULTS Ethanol intra-gastric administration induced significant gastric mucosal injury in all mice, but the damaged area was larger in TLR4(-/-) mice. LPS preconditioning and up-regulated TLR4 expression led to significantly larger areas of gastric mucosal damage. Upon ethanol administration, TLR4(+/+), and not TLR4(-/-), mice showed significant increases in TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), cytoplasmic high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65). PDTC pretreatment significantly attenuated the ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damaged areas, inhibited nuclear NF-κB p65 expression, and suppressed HMGB1 translocation out of the nucleus. In addition, PDTC pretreatment reduced ethanol-stimulated expression of the inflammatory modulators, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in serum. CONCLUSIONS Both deficient and excessive expression of TLR4 promotes ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury. The underlying mechanism involves the MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and the HMGB1, TLR4 activator ligand. The increased expression of HMGB1 may lead to increased secretion and binding to TLR4, further stimulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and aggravating the ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury.
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Moghimpour Bijani F, Vallejo JG, Rezaei N. Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in cardiovascular diseases: challenges and opportunities. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 31:379-95. [PMID: 23083347 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.706761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of surface molecules, are involved in innate immune responses. Recent studies indicated that TLRs play a critical role in inflammatory responses to exogenous and endogenous triggers. This article focuses on probable effects of TLRs in the morbidity of cardiovascular events, e.g., ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury and atherosclerosis. TLR2 and TLR4 have been shown to have the most fundamental role in promoting cytokine production and subsequent inflammatory damages in these states. Blockade of these receptors may be beneficial in both preventing the occurrence and decreasing the complications in cardiovascular events. However, controversies exist on the certainty of this beneficial effect; therefore, additional studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Moghimpour Bijani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mantione KJ. Neuroimmune-vascular cells and their pathological disorders. Arch Med Sci 2011; 7:741-3. [PMID: 22291815 PMCID: PMC3258799 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2011.25545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk J Mantione
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, USA
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