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Hollmann B, Perkins M, Chauhan VM, Aylott JW, Hardie KR. Fluorescent nanosensors reveal dynamic pH gradients during biofilm formation. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:50. [PMID: 34140515 PMCID: PMC8211749 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamic environmental microniches of biofilms will permit us to detect, manage and exploit these communities. The components and architecture of biofilms have been interrogated in depth; however, little is known about the environmental microniches present. This is primarily because of the absence of tools with the required measurement sensitivity and resolution to detect these changes. We describe the application of ratiometric fluorescent pH-sensitive nanosensors, as a tool, to observe physiological pH changes in biofilms in real time. Nanosensors comprised two pH-sensitive fluorophores covalently encapsulated with a reference pH-insensitive fluorophore in an inert polyacrylamide nanoparticle matrix. The nanosensors were used to analyse the real-time three-dimensional pH variation for two model biofilm formers: (i) opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and (ii) oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans. The detection of sugar metabolism in real time by nanosensors provides a potential application to identify therapeutic solutions to improve oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Hollmann
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Advanced Materials & Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark Perkins
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Advanced Materials & Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Veeren M Chauhan
- Advanced Materials & Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan W Aylott
- Advanced Materials & Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kim R Hardie
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Chatterjee P, Sass G, Swietnicki W, Stevens DA. Review of Potential Pseudomonas Weaponry, Relevant to the Pseudomonas-Aspergillus Interplay, for the Mycology Community. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020081. [PMID: 32517271 PMCID: PMC7345761 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most prominent opportunistic bacteria in airways of cystic fibrosis patients and in immunocompromised patients. These bacteria share the same polymicrobial niche with other microbes, such as the opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Their inter-kingdom interactions and diverse exchange of secreted metabolites are responsible for how they both fare in competition for ecological niches. The outcomes of their contests likely determine persistent damage and degeneration of lung function. With a myriad of virulence factors and metabolites of promising antifungal activity, P. aeruginosa products or their derivatives may prove useful in prophylaxis and therapy against A. fumigatus. Quorum sensing underlies the primary virulence strategy of P. aeruginosa, which serves as cell–cell communication and ultimately leads to the production of multiple virulence factors. Understanding the quorum-sensing-related pathogenic mechanisms of P. aeruginosa is a first step for understanding intermicrobial competition. In this review, we provide a basic overview of some of the central virulence factors of P. aeruginosa that are regulated by quorum-sensing response pathways and briefly discuss the hitherto known antifungal properties of these virulence factors. This review also addresses the role of the bacterial secretion machinery regarding virulence factor secretion and maintenance of cell–cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulami Chatterjee
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA; (P.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriele Sass
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA; (P.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Wieslaw Swietnicki
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 50-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - David A. Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA; (P.C.); (G.S.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-408-998-4554
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Sapi E, Kasliwala RS, Ismail H, Torres JP, Oldakowski M, Markland S, Gaur G, Melillo A, Eisendle K, Liegner KB, Libien J, Goldman JE. The Long-Term Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi Antigens and DNA in the Tissues of a Patient with Lyme Disease. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040183. [PMID: 31614557 PMCID: PMC6963883 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, can persist for long periods in the human body has been a controversial question. The objective of this study was to see if we could find B. burgdorferi in a Lyme disease patient after a long clinical course and after long-term antibiotic treatment. Therefore, we investigated the potential presence of B. burgdorferi antigens and DNA in human autopsy tissues from a well-documented serum-, PCR-, and culture-positive Lyme disease patient, a 53-year-old female from northern Westchester County in the lower Hudson Valley Region of New York State, who had received extensive antibiotic treatments during extensive antibiotic treatments over the course of her 16-year-long illness. We also asked what form the organism might take, with special interest in the recently found antibiotic-resistant aggregate form, biofilm. We also examined the host tissues for the presence of inflammatory markers such as CD3+ T lymphocytes. Autopsy tissue sections of the brain, heart, kidney, and liver were analyzed by histological and immunohistochemical methods (IHC), confocal microscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and whole-genome sequencing (WGS)/metagenomics. We found significant pathological changes, including borrelial spirochetal clusters, in all of the organs using IHC combined with confocal microscopy. The aggregates contained a well-established biofilm marker, alginate, on their surfaces, suggesting they are true biofilm. We found B. burgdorferi DNA by FISH, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and an independent verification by WGS/metagenomics, which resulted in the detection of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto specific DNA sequences. IHC analyses showed significant numbers of infiltrating CD3+ T lymphocytes present next to B. burgdorferi biofilms. In summary, we provide several lines of evidence that suggest that B. burgdorferi can persist in the human body, not only in the spirochetal but also in the antibiotic-resistant biofilm form, even after long-term antibiotic treatment. The presence of infiltrating lymphocytes in the vicinity of B. burgdorferi biofilms suggests that the organism in biofilm form might trigger chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sapi
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Rumanah S Kasliwala
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Hebo Ismail
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Jason P Torres
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Michael Oldakowski
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Sarah Markland
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Gauri Gaur
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Anthony Melillo
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Klaus Eisendle
- Central Teaching Hospital Bolzano L Böhlerstr, 539100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Kenneth B Liegner
- Private practice, 592 Route 22, Suite 1B, Pawling, NY 12564, USA.
- Northwell System, Northern Westchester Hospital, Mount Kisco, NY 10549, USA.
- Health Quest System, Sharon Hospital, Sharon, CT 06069, USA.
| | - Jenny Libien
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
| | - James E Goldman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10031, USA.
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She P, Luo Z, Chen L, Wu Y. Efficacy of levofloxacin against biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with respiratory tract infections in vitro. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00720. [PMID: 30183143 PMCID: PMC6528602 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are formed in a variety of clinical situations and increase antibiotic resistance of the pathogen by almost ~1,000 times. The effect of levofloxacin (OFLX) on the biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 and the clinical isolates was investigated by crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscope. The transcriptional alteration in the PAO1 biofilms upon OFLX treatment was also analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq). We found that while OFLX significantly inhibited P. aeruginosa biofilm formation in a dose‐dependent manner, it could not completely eradicate preformed biofilms even at higher concentrations. RNA‐seq revealed that PAO1 genes related to metabolism, formation of secondary metabolites, and quorum sensing biosynthesis were differentially expressed in the biofilms treated with OFLX. Our data might be useful in determining the optimum OFLX concentration needed for P. aeruginosa biofilm inhibition and eradication in patients with respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei She
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Faezi S, Bahrmand AR, Mahdavi M, Siadat SD, Sardari S, Nikokar I, Khanaki K, Mirzajani E, Goudarzi G. Preparation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate-flagellin immunoconjugate. Biologicals 2017; 47:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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