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Parrao D, Lizana N, Saavedra C, Larrañaga M, Lindsay CB, San Francisco IF, Bravo JC. Active Surveillance in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer, the Potential Role of Biomarkers: A Systematic Review. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:2201-2220. [PMID: 38668066 PMCID: PMC11048875 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most common cause of cancer worldwide and is the thirteenth leading cause of cancer mortality. The non-muscle invasive (NMI) variant represents 75% of cases and has a mortality rate of less than 1%; however, it has a high recurrence rate. The gold standard of management is transurethral resection in the case of new lesions. However, this is associated with significant morbidity and costs, so the reduction of these procedures would contribute to reducing complications, morbidity, and the burden to the health system associated with therapy. In this clinical scenario, strategies such as active surveillance have emerged that propose to manage low-risk BC with follow-up; however, due to the low evidence available, this is a strategy that is underutilized by clinicians. On the other hand, in the era of biomarkers, it is increasingly known how to use them as a tool in BC. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide to clinical practitioners the evidence available to date on AS and the potential role of biomarkers in this therapeutic strategy in patients with low-grade/risk NMIBC. This is the first review linking use of biomarkers and active surveillance, including 29 articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Parrao
- School of Medicine, University of O’Higgins, Rancagua 282000, Chile; (D.P.); (N.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Nemecio Lizana
- School of Medicine, University of O’Higgins, Rancagua 282000, Chile; (D.P.); (N.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Catalina Saavedra
- School of Medicine, University of O’Higgins, Rancagua 282000, Chile; (D.P.); (N.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Matías Larrañaga
- Department of Urology, Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins Regional Hospital, Rancagua 282000, Chile;
| | - Carolina B. Lindsay
- Research Department, Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins Regional Hospital, Rancagua 282000, Chile;
| | - Ignacio F. San Francisco
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Juan Cristóbal Bravo
- Department of Urology, Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins Regional Hospital, Rancagua 282000, Chile;
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2
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Zhang H, Xu Y, Wang K, Zheng C, Li Y, Gong H, Liu C, Sheng M, Xu Q, Sun Y, Chen J, Zhang X, Zhang C, Zhang H, Wang W. Large-scale Prospective Validation Study of a Multiplex RNA Urine Test for Noninvasive Detection of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol Oncol 2024:S2588-9311(24)00061-0. [PMID: 38523018 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current approaches for diagnosis and monitoring of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) are often invasive, costly, and not efficient for early-stage and low-grade tumors. OBJECTIVE To validate a noninvasive urine-based RNA test for accurate UTUC diagnosis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Urine samples were prospectively collected from 61 patients with UTUC and 99 controls without urothelial carcinomas, in five clinical centers between October 2022 and August 2023 prior to any invasive test (cystoscope or ureteroscope) or treatment. All samples were analyzed with a urine-based RNA test composed of eight genes (CA9, CCL18, ERBB2, IGF2, MMP12, PPP1R14D, SGK2, and SWINGN). The test results were presented with a risk score for each participant, which was applied to categorize patients into low- or high-risk groups. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The diagnosis of UTUC was based mainly on preoperative radiological examination criteria and confirmed by postoperative pathological results. The recursive feature elimination and support vector machine algorithms, χ2, and Student t test were used. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS The eight-gene urine test accurately detected UTUC patients and controls with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.901 in a single-center testing cohort (n = 93) and an AUC of 0.926 in a multicenter clinical validation cohort (n = 66). In the merged validation cohort, the eight-gene urine test achieved high sensitivity of 90.16%, specificity of 88.89%, and overall accuracy of 89.38%. Remarkably, excellent performance was achieved in 11 low-grade UTUC patients with accuracy of 100%. However, this study collected the urine of UTUC patients only at a single preoperative time point and did not perform continuous tests during the pathological process of UTUC in the surveillance population. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that the eight-gene urine test can differentiate accurately between UTUC and other urological diseases with high sensitivity and specificity. In clinical practice, it may be used for identifying UTUC patients effectively, leading to reduced reliance on ureteroscopy and blind surgery. PATIENT SUMMARY In this study, we investigated a multiplex RNA urine test for noninvasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) diagnosis before treatment. We found that the risk scores derived from the multiplex RNA urine test differed significantly between UTUC patients and corresponding controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyue Zheng
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Urology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huijie Gong
- Department of Urology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changming Liu
- The Department of Urology, Mindong Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuan, Fujian, China
| | - Mingxiong Sheng
- The Department of Urology, Mindong Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuan, Fujian, China
| | - Qinghua Xu
- The Canhelp Genomics Research Center, Canhelp Genomics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Sun
- The Canhelp Genomics Research Center, Canhelp Genomics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China; Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinying Chen
- The Canhelp Genomics Research Center, Canhelp Genomics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China; Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changwen Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Hongxian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Wu S, Li R, Jiang Y, Yu J, Zheng J, Li Z, Li M, Xin K, Wang Y, Xu Z, Li S, Chen X. Liquid biopsy in urothelial carcinoma: Detection techniques and clinical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115027. [PMID: 37354812 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The types of urothelial carcinoma (UC) include urothelial bladder cancer and upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Current diagnostic techniques cannot meet the needs of patients. Liquid biopsy is an accurate method of determining the molecular profile of UC and is a cutting-edge and popular technique that is expected to complement existing detection techniques and benefit patients with UC. Circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA, cell-free RNA, extracellular vesicles, proteins, and metabolites can be found in the blood, urine, or other bodily fluids and are examined during liquid biopsies. This article focuses on the components of liquid biopsies and their clinical applications in UC. Liquid biopsies have tremendous potential in multiple aspects of precision oncology, from early diagnosis and treatment monitoring to predicting prognoses. They may therefore play an important role in the management of UC and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Yuanhong Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Jiazheng Yu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Jianyi Zheng
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Kerong Xin
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, China.
| | - Zhenqun Xu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
| | - Shijie Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
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Malinaric R, Mantica G, Lo Monaco L, Mariano F, Leonardi R, Simonato A, Van der Merwe A, Terrone C. The Role of Novel Bladder Cancer Diagnostic and Surveillance Biomarkers-What Should a Urologist Really Know? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159648. [PMID: 35955004 PMCID: PMC9368399 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to analyze and describe the current landscape of bladder cancer diagnostic and surveillance biomarkers. We researched the literature from 2016 to November 2021 to find the most promising new molecules and divided them into seven different subgroups based on their function and location in the cell. Although cystoscopy and cytology are still the gold standard for diagnosis and surveillance when it comes to bladder cancer (BCa), their cost is quite a burden for national health systems worldwide. Currently, the research is focused on finding a biomarker that has high negative predictive value (NPV) and can exclude with a certainty the presence of the tumor, considering missing it could be disastrous for the patient. Every subgroup has its own advantages and disadvantages; for example, protein biomarkers cost less than genomic ones, but on the other hand, they seem to be less precise. We tried to simplify this complicated topic as much as possible in order to make it comprehensible to doctors and urologists that are not as familiar with it, as well as encourage them to actively participate in ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Malinaric
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Guglielmo Mantica
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Monaco
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Mariano
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosario Leonardi
- Department of Urology, Casa di Cura Musumeci GECAS, 95030 Gravina di Catania, Italy
| | - Alchiede Simonato
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - André Van der Merwe
- Department of Urology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7600, South Africa
| | - Carlo Terrone
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Hon KW, Zainal Abidin SA, Othman I, Naidu R. The Crosstalk Between Signaling Pathways and Cancer Metabolism in Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:768861. [PMID: 34887764 PMCID: PMC8650587 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.768861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Metabolic reprogramming represents an important cancer hallmark in CRC. Reprogramming core metabolic pathways in cancer cells, such as glycolysis, glutaminolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipid metabolism, is essential to increase energy production and biosynthesis of precursors required to support tumor initiation and progression. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that activation of oncogenes and loss of tumor suppressor genes regulate metabolic reprogramming through the downstream signaling pathways. Protein kinases, such as AKT and c-MYC, are the integral components that facilitate the crosstalk between signaling pathways and metabolic pathways in CRC. This review provides an insight into the crosstalk between signaling pathways and metabolic reprogramming in CRC. Targeting CRC metabolism could open a new avenue for developing CRC therapy by discovering metabolic inhibitors and repurposing protein kinase inhibitors/monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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6
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Ariafar A, Habibagahi M, Jaberipour M, Khezri A, Hadi Khezri M, Bozorgi H, Hosseini A, Razmkhah M. Upregulation of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 and Forkhead Box P3 Transcripts in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Bladder Cancer. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 46:339-346. [PMID: 34539008 PMCID: PMC8438340 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2020.84462.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in the progression of tumors. These cells express forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), which are the potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. The present study aimed to evaluate FOXP3 and CTLA4 transcripts in patients with bladder cancer (BC) compared with healthy individuals. Methods Transcripts of CTLA4 and FOXP3 genes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 50 patients with histologically confirmed BC and 50 healthy individuals were assessed at the Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Shiraz, Iran) during 2014-2016. RNA was extracted from PBMCs, then cDNA was synthesized and subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using appropriate primers. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 21.0). Results Significantly higher amounts of CTLA4 and FOXP3 gene transcripts were found in the peripheral blood of BC patients compared with healthy individuals. The expression of both genes was significantly higher in patients with non-invasive and grade I/II BC. The median of CTLA4 and FOXP3 transcript expressions was 3.74 and 5.39, respectively, in non-invasive BC patients, which was significant compared with the control group (P=0.0016 and P=0.009, respectively). The median of target gene mRNA expression in grade I/II BC patients was 2.9 for CTLA4 and 6.61 for FOXP3, which was significant compared with the controls (P=0.013 and P=0.0037, respectively). Conclusion This study highlights the functional activity of Tregs in early stages of bladder cancer and showed the importance of CTLA4 and FOXP3, when it comes to screening BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ariafar
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Habibagahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mansooreh Jaberipour
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdolaziz Khezri
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Khezri
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hale Bozorgi
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hosseini
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Razmkhah
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Bratu O, Marcu D, Anghel R, Spinu D, Iorga L, Balescu I, Bacalbasa N, Diaconu C, Savu C, Savu C, Cherciu A. Tumoral markers in bladder cancer (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:773. [PMID: 34055072 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder tumors are frequently diagnosed urologic malignant diseases with an extremely high recurrence rate compared to other neoplastic tumors. Urothelial bladder carcinomas are mostly identified in their incipient form, as non-muscle invasive, but despite that, a third of them develop into aggressive recurrent disease. The diagnosis of bladder carcinoma at this moment is established using cytology and cystoscopy and is a great challenge for clinicians due to the lack of sensitivity. Urinary biomarkers could improve and enhance the diagnosis and screening techniques and determine a more accurate recurrence rate. However, bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease and the existence of a single marker test with reduced cost is unlikely; thus, until then, the use of a panel of markers to obtain valuable information is inevitable even though suboptimal for use. To improve this deadlock, new biomarker panels should be identified and prepared to equalize the cost-efficiency balance. The present paper is a literature review concerning the most commonly used tumor markers in urinary bladder cancer as well as the most commonly encountered genetic modifications in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Bratu
- Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, Academy of Romanian Scientists, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Marcu
- Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Anghel
- Department of Urology, University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Spinu
- Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucian Iorga
- Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Balescu
- Department of Visceral Surgery, 'Ponderas' Academic Hospital, 021188 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Bacalbasa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 023991 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Visceral Surgery, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, 'Fundeni' Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'I. Cantacuzino' Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia Diaconu
- Department of Internal Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cornel Savu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 'Marius Nasta' National Institute of Pneumophtisiology, 050159 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Savu
- Department of Anesthesiology, 'Fundeni' Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Cherciu
- Department of Urology, University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
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Fu D, Liu B, Jiang H, Li Z, Fan C, Zang L. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomal microRNA-19b-1-5p reduces proliferation and raises apoptosis of bladder cancer cells via targeting ABL2. Genomics 2021; 113:1338-1348. [PMID: 33722655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are involved in intercellular communication via specialized molecular cargo, such as microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the mechanisms underlying exosomal miR-19b-1-5p in bladder cancer remain largely unknown, thus, we aim to investigate the effect of exosomal miR-19b-1-5p on bladder cancer with the involvement of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase Arg (ABL2). METHODS miR-19b-1-5p and ABL2 expression were tested in bladder cancer. miR-19b-1-5p inhibition/elevation assays were conducted to determine its role in bladder cancer. Exosomes were extracted from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Exosomes and T24 cells were co-cultured to verify their function in biological characteristics of bladder cancer cells. RESULTS miR-19b-1-5p was down-regulated while ABL2 was upregulated in bladder cancer. Exosomal miR-19b-1-5p suppressed malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells, and also inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Up-regulated ABL2 mitigated the effects of miR-19b-1-5p up-regulation on bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSION BMSCs-derived exosomal miR-19b-1-5p suppresses bladder cancer growth via decreasing ABL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewang Fu
- The Department of Urology Sugery, The First Affiliate Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Ben Liu
- The Department of Urology Sugery, The First Affiliate Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Huamao Jiang
- The Department of Urology Sugery, The First Affiliate Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhaowei Li
- The Department of Urology Sugery, The First Affiliate Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenghui Fan
- The Department of Urology Sugery, The First Affiliate Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Li'e Zang
- The Department of Neurology, The First Affiliate Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning, China.
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Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Gevaert T, Blanca A, Cimadamore A, Santoni M, Massari F, Scarpelli M, Raspollini MR, Montironi R. Current and emerging bladder cancer biomarkers with an emphasis on urine biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 20:231-243. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1699791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba University, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Gevaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, AZ Klina, Brasschaat, Belgium
| | - Ana Blanca
- Unit of Experimental Urology, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, United Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, United Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria R. Raspollini
- Histopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, United Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
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10
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Xian-li T, Hong L, Hong Z, Yuan L, Jun-yong D, Peng X, Yan-ping S, Fang Y, Nan L. Higher Expression of Linc00152 Promotes Bladder Cancer Proliferation and Metastasis by Activating the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:3221-3230. [PMID: 31042695 PMCID: PMC6507494 DOI: 10.12659/msm.913944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that Linc00152 is highly expressed in multiple cancer types and its genes show tumor-promoting characteristics. However, the efficacy and biological mechanism of Linc00152 in bladder cancer remains unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS We study investigated the relative expression and promoter methylation of Linc00152 in 126 cases of bladder cancer tissues by qRT-PCR and Bisulfite sequencing PCR. qRT-PCR was used to assess the relative expression of Linc00152 in 4 human bladder cancer cell lines. To explore the biological properties of Linc00152, we performed cell growth and soft-agar colony-formation assays, flow cytometry analyses, wound-healing assay, and Transwell assay. Western blot analysis was used to detect the underlying mechanisms of Linc00152 in bladder cancer. RESULTS We found that Linc00152 was highly expressed in 126 cases of bladder carcinoma tissues (p<0.001) and 4 cell lines (p<0.01), and Linc00152 is more commonly expressed in patients with advanced-stage cancer (p=0.021). Knockdown of Linc00152 by using siRNAs in bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and HT-1197) suppressed cell viability and growth by causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (p<0.001), as well as inhibiting cell migration and invasion (p<0.001). In addition, the quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot results suggest that knockdown of Linc00152 reduced Wnt/ß-Catenin signaling (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This research shows that Linc00152 is highly expressed in patients with bladder cancer and the possible carcinogenic effect of Linc00152 in bladder cancer occurs through activating the Wnt/ß-Catenin signaling pathway, and could be a new biomarker for diagnosis and prevention of this cancer.
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Upregulation of NDRG1 predicts poor outcome and facilitates disease progression by influencing the EMT process in bladder cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5166. [PMID: 30914736 PMCID: PMC6435802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41660-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is an intracellular protein involved in cell differentiation and was recently reported to exert various effects in several cancers. However, its expression and role in bladder cancer remain unclear. Our study enrolled 100 bladder cancer patients to detect NDRG1 expression in tumour tissues by immunohistochemistry. Correlations between NDRG1 expression and clinical factors were analysed. An NDRG1 overexpression plasmid and NDRG1 siRNAs were transfected into bladder cancer cell lines. Cell biological behaviours were assessed by CCK-8, flow cytometry, wound healing and Transwell assays. Additionally, the influence of NDRG1 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was investigated by western blotting and real-time PCR. NDRG1 expression in urine from bladder cancer patients was examined by ELISA. NDRG1 protein levels were significantly increased in bladder cancer patients and correlated with tumour stage (p = 0.025), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.034) and overall survival (p = 0.016). Patients with high NDRG1 expression had poorer outcomes than those with low NDRG1 expression. NDRG1 overexpression was associated with increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and decreased apoptotic cell numbers; NDRG1 knockdown resulted in the inverse effects. Moreover, upregulated NDRG1 expression was associated with downregulated Cytokeratin 7 and Claudin-1 expression and upregulated N-cad, β-catenin and slug expression. Downregulated NDRG1 expression was associated with the inverse effects. Urine protein levels could distinguish bladder cancer patients from healthy controls, with an area under the curve of 0.909. NDRG1 promoted EMT in bladder cancer and could be an effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in bladder cancer patients.
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New Insights in Bladder Cancer Diagnosis: Urinary miRNAs and Proteins. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6040113. [PMID: 30544619 PMCID: PMC6318758 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the 10th-most common cancer worldwide. The diagnosis and follow-up of patients require costly invasive methods and due to these expenses, bladder cancer continues to be one of the expensive malignancies. Early diagnosis is crucial in bladder cancer as it is in other cancers; therefore, non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis are very important. In this review, we aimed to focus on the most recent investigations on potential urinary micro RNA (miRNA) and protein biomarkers for bladder cancer diagnosis and their associated pathways. Studies performed by different groups were compiled and the biomarker properties of various proteins and miRNAs in the urine of bladder cancer patients were evaluated. Key studies were obtained by searching keywords “bladder cancer, urinary miRNA, urinary protein, urinary biomarker”. Targets and the pathways of the miRNAs and proteins were analyzed according to mirBase Catalogue and Panther Database. The major pathways that are targeted by aberrantly expressed miRNAs are Cholecystokinin receptor (CCKR), p53, Wnt signaling pathway, and feedback loops. We hereby conclude that urinary micro RNAs and proteins are promising candidates for bladder cancer diagnosis. It should be noted that urine collection, storage conditions, choice of fraction, and normalization strategies should be standardized.
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Yang J, Wang B, Chen H, Chen X, Li J, Chen Y, Yuan D, Zheng S. Thyrotroph embryonic factor is downregulated in bladder cancer and suppresses proliferation and tumorigenesis via the AKT/FOXOs signalling pathway. Cell Prolif 2018; 52:e12560. [PMID: 30515906 PMCID: PMC6496933 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Thyrotroph embryonic factor (TEF) plays an important role in several different processes in normal human cells; however, its function in malignant cells has not been fully elucidated. Materials and methods The mRNA levels of TEF in 408 bladder cancer (BC) samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were analysed in depth. Next, the expression of TEF in 7 BC cell lines was compared to that in normal bladder epithelial cells. The cell count, colony formation and anchorage‐independent growth assays as well as a nude mouse xenograft model were utilized to examine the effects of TEF on proliferation and tumorigenesis. Immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry analysis and treatment with an AKT inhibitor were performed to explore the molecular regulation mechanisms of TEF in BC. Results Analysis of TCGA data indicated that TEF mRNA was decreased in BC samples compared to that in normal bladder epithelial cells and correlated with the poor survival of BC patients. Additional experiments verified that the mRNA and protein expression of TEF were significantly decreased in BC cells compared to that in normal bladder epithelial cells. Upregulation of TEF expression significantly retarded BC cell growth by inhibiting the G1/S transition via regulating AKT/FOXOs signalling. Conclusion Our results suggest that TEF might play an important role in suppressing BC cells proliferation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Yang
- Department of Urologic Oncosurgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Urologic Oncosurgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Urologic Oncosurgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, the Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuhong Chen
- Department of Urologic Oncosurgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, the Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Urologic Oncosurgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- Department of Urologic Oncosurgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daozhang Yuan
- Department of Urologic Oncosurgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunsheng Zheng
- Department of Urologic Oncosurgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Santoni G, Morelli MB, Amantini C, Battelli N. Urinary Markers in Bladder Cancer: An Update. Front Oncol 2018; 8:362. [PMID: 30245975 PMCID: PMC6137202 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is ones of the most common cancer worldwide. It is classified in muscle invasive (MIBC) and muscle non-invasive (NMIBC) BC. NMIBCs frequently recur and progress to MIBCs with a reduced survival rate and frequent distant metastasis. BC detection require unpleasant and expensive cystoscopy and biopsy, which are often accompanied by several adverse effects. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel diagnostic methods for initial detection and surveillance in both MIBCs and NMIBCs. Multiple urine-based tests approved by FDA for BC detection and surveillance are commercially available. However, at present, sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of these urine-based assays are still suboptimal and, in the attend to improve them, novel molecular markers as well as multiple-assays must to be translated in clinic. Now there are growing evidence toward the use of minimally invasive “liquid biopsy” to identify biomarkers in urologic malignancy. DNA- and RNA-based markers in body fluids such as blood and urine are promising potential markers in diagnostic, prognostic, predictive and monitoring urological malignancies. Thus, circulating cell-free DNA, DNA methylation and mutations, circulating tumor cells, miRNA, IncRNA and mRNAs, cell-free proteins and peptides, and exosomes have been assessed in urine specimens. However, proteomic and genomic data must to be validated in well-designed multicenter clinical studies, before to be employed in clinic oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Santoni
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria B Morelli
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Consuelo Amantini
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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15
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Liu Y, Wang H, Zhong J, Wu C, Yang G, Zhong Y, Zhang J, Tang A. Decreased expression of SRY-box containing gene 30 is related to malignant phenotypes of human bladder cancer and correlates with poor prognosis. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:642. [PMID: 29880037 PMCID: PMC5992861 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In human pulmonary malignancies, the SRY-box containing gene 30 (SOX30) is a known cancer-suppressing gene. Nevertheless, its molecular role and clinical effects remains unknown in bladder cancer. Methods SOX30 mRNA expression was quantified in bladder cancer tissue, paired adjacent normal tissue, and cell lines with qRT-PCR. SOX30 protein expression in BC tissue and cell lines was evaluated via western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In addition, the clinical and prognostic significance of SOX30 in BC were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Furthermore, we measured cell migration and invasion, cell proliferation and cell apoptosis by means of a Transwell assay, cell counting kit-8 along with flow cytometry, respectively. Results Expression levels of SOX30 were markedly lower in BC cells and tumor tissues than in adjacent noncancerous tissues. Moreover, clinicopathological analyses showed that low SOX30 expression was positively related to an advanced tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) stage. Furthermore, low SOX30 expression conferred reduced survival rates (P < 0.05). Functional analyses revealed that SOX30 overexpression attenuated cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, while promoting apoptosis in BC cells. Conclusions SOX30 displays tumor suppressive behavior, warranting future investigations into its therapeutic potential in the treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- The Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Graduate School of Guangzhou Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Urinary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhua Zhong
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenglong Wu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuantang Zhong
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aifa Tang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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