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Xiao T, Wu A, Wang X, Guo Z, Huang F, Cheng X, Shen X, Tao L. Anti-hypertensive and composition as well as pharmacokinetics and tissues distribution of active ingredients from Alpinia zerumbet. Fitoterapia 2024; 172:105753. [PMID: 37992780 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Alpinia zerumbet is a food flavor additive and a traditional medicine herb around the world. Several studies have reported that A. zerumbet has excellent effects on a variety of cardiovascular diseases, but its potential hypertensive applications, and pharmacokinetic features of main active substances have not been fully investigated. The mechanism of anti-hypertension with ethyl acetate extracts of A. zerumbet fruits (AZEAE) was evaluated by L-NNA-induced hypertensive rats and L-NAME-injured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Blood pressure, echocardiographic cardiac index and H&E staining were used to preliminary evaluate the antihypertensive effect of AZEAE, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were evaluated by ELISA, and the proteins expression of IL-1β, IL-18, AGTR1, VCAM, iNOS, EDN1 and eNOS were also evaluated. In addition, isolation, identification, and activity screening of bioactive compounds were carried ou. Next, pharmacokinetics and tissues distribution of dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain (DDK) in vivo were measured, and preliminary absorption mechanism was conducted with Caco-2 cell monolayers. AZEAE remarkably enhanced the state of hypertensive rats. Twelve compounds were isolated and identified, and five compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time. The isolated compounds also exhibited good resistance against injury of HUVECs. Moreover, pharmacokinetics and Caco-2 cell monolayers demonstrated AZEAE had better absorption capacity than DDK, and DDK exhibited differences in tissues distribution and gender difference. This study was the first to assess the potential hypertensive applications of A. zerumbet in vivo and vitro, and the first direct and concise study of the in vivo behavior of DDK and AZEAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China; The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China.
| | - Ai Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China; The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China; The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhenghong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Feilong Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China; The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China
| | - Xingyan Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China; The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China; The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China.
| | - Ling Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China; The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, NO. 6 Ankang avenue, Guian New District, 561113, Guizhou, China.
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Xu J, Jiang Z, Peng J, Sun R, Zhang L, Chen Y, Pan D, Huang J, Gong Z, Chen Y, Shen X. Fabrication of a protein-dextran conjugates formed oral nanoemulsion and its application to deliver the essential oil from Alpinia zerumbet Fructus. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:125918. [PMID: 37495002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The injury of vascular endothelial cells caused by high glucose (HG) is one of the driving factors of vascular complications of diabetes. Oral administration is the most common route of administration for the treatment of diabetes and its vascular complications. Essential oil extracts from Chinese medicine possess potential therapeutic effects on vascular endothelial injury. However, low solubility and volatility of essential oils generally result in poor oral absorption. Development of nanocarriers for essential oils is a promising strategy to overcome the physiological barriers of oral absorption. In this study, a nanoemulsion composed of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-dextran sulfate (DS) conjugate and sodium deoxycholate (SD) was constructed. The nanoemulsions were verified with promoted oral absorption and prolonged circulation time. After the primary evaluation of the nanoemulsion, essential oil from Alpinia zerumbet Fructus (EOFAZ)-loaded nanoemulsion (denoted as EOFAZ@BD5/S) was prepared and characterized. Compared to the free EOFAZ, EOFAZ@BD5/S increased the protective effects on HG-induced HUVEC injury in vitro and ameliorative effects on the vascular endothelium disorder and tunica media fibroelastosis in a T2DM mouse model. Collectively, this study provides a nanoemulsion for the oral delivery of essential oils, which holds strong promise in the treatment of diabetes-induced vascular endothelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhuan Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhaohui Jiang
- The First People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Jianqing Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Runbin Sun
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Di Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jing Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zipeng Gong
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Yi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Dabravolski SA, Sukhorukov VN, Melnichenko AA, Khotina VA, Orekhov AN. Potential Application of the Plant-Derived Essential Oils for Atherosclerosis Treatment: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Molecules 2023; 28:5673. [PMID: 37570643 PMCID: PMC10420188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are complex secondary metabolites identified in many plant species. Plant-derived EOs have been widely used in traditional medicine for centuries for their health-beneficial effects. Some EOs and their active ingredients have been reported to improve the cardiovascular system, in particular to provide an anti-atherosclerotic effect. The objective of this review is to highlight the recent research investigating the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and lipid-lowering properties of plant-derived EOs and discuss their mechanisms of action. Also, recent clinical trials exploring anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of EOs are discussed. Future research on EOs has the potential to identify new bioactive compounds and invent new effective agents for treatment of atherosclerosis and related diseases such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei A. Dabravolski
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Braude Academic College of Engineering, Snunit 51, P.O. Box 78, Karmiel 2161002, Israel
| | - Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.N.S.); (A.A.M.); (V.A.K.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Alexandra A. Melnichenko
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.N.S.); (A.A.M.); (V.A.K.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Victoria A. Khotina
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.N.S.); (A.A.M.); (V.A.K.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.N.S.); (A.A.M.); (V.A.K.); (A.N.O.)
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Yuandani, Jantan I, Haque MA, Rohani AS, Nugraha SE, Salim E, Septama AW, Juwita NA, Khairunnisa NA, Nasution HR, Utami DS, Ibrahim S. Immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of the extracts and secondary compounds of Zingiber and Alpinia species: a review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1222195. [PMID: 37533631 PMCID: PMC10391552 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1222195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zingiber and Alpinia species (family: Zingiberaceae) are popularly used in food as spices and flavoring agents and in ethnomedicine to heal numerous diseases, including immune-related disorders. However, their ethnomedicinal uses have not been sufficiently supported by scientific investigations. Numerous studies on the modulating effects of plants and their bioactive compounds on the different steps of the immune system have been documented. This review aimed to highlight up-to-date research findings and critically analyze the modulatory effects and mechanisms of the extracts and secondary compounds of several Zingiber and Alpinia species, namely, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Z. cassumunar Roxb., Z. zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm., Alpinia galanga Linn., A. conchigera Griff, A. katsumadai Hayata, A. oxyphylla Miq., A. officinarum Hance, A. zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith, and A. purpurata (Viell.) K. Schum. on the immune system, particularly via the inflammation-related signaling pathways. The immunomodulating activities of the crude extracts of the plants have been reported, but the constituents contributing to the activities have mostly not been identified. Among the extracts, Z. officinale extracts were the most investigated for their in vitro, in vivo, and clinical effects on the immune system. Among the bioactive metabolites, 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols, 6-shogaol, and zerumbone from Zingiber species and cardamomin, 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate, yakuchinone, rutin, 1,8-cineole, and lectin from Alpinia species have demonstrated strong immunomodulating effects. More experimental studies using cell and animal models of immune-related disorders are necessary to further understand the underlying mechanisms, together with elaborate preclinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, bioavailability, and toxicity studies. Many of these extracts and secondary metabolites are potential candidates for clinical development in immunomodulating agents or functional foods to prevent and treat chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuandani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Centre of Excellence for Chitosan and Advanced Materials, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md. Areeful Haque
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ade Sri Rohani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Sony Eka Nugraha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Emil Salim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Kawasan PUSPIPTEK Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Nur Aira Juwita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Dinda Sari Utami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Sarah Ibrahim
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Schiavone V, Romasco T, Di Pietrantonio N, Garzoli S, Palmerini C, Di Tomo P, Pipino C, Mandatori D, Fioravanti R, Butturini E, Sabatino M, Baldassarre MPA, Ragno R, Pandolfi A, Di Pietro N. Essential Oils from Mediterranean Plants Inhibit In Vitro Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelial Cells from Umbilical Cords of Females with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087225. [PMID: 37108387 PMCID: PMC10138528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are mixtures of volatile compounds belonging to several chemical classes derived from aromatic plants using different distillation techniques. Recent studies suggest that the consumption of Mediterranean plants, such as anise and laurel, contributes to improving the lipid and glycemic profile of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effect of anise and laurel EOs (AEO and LEO) on endothelial cells isolated from the umbilical cord vein of females with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM-HUVEC), which is a suitable in vitro model to reproduce the pro-inflammatory phenotype of a diabetic endothelium. For this purpose, the Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) chemical profiles of AEO and LEO were first analyzed. Thus, GDM-HUVEC and related controls (C-HUVEC) were pre-treated for 24 h with AEO and LEO at 0.025% v/v, a concentration chosen among others (cell viability by MTT assay), and then stimulated with TNF-α (1 ng/mL). From the GC-MS analysis, trans-anethole (88.5%) and 1,8-cineole (53.9%) resulted as the major components of AEO and LEO, respectively. The results in C- and GDM-HUVEC showed that the treatment with both EOs significantly reduced: (i) the adhesion of the U937 monocyte to HUVEC; (ii) vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) protein and gene expression; (iii) Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 nuclear translocation. Taken together, these data suggest the anti-inflammatory efficacy of AEO and LEO in our in vitro model and lay the groundwork for further preclinical and clinical studies to study their potential use as supplements to mitigate vascular endothelial dysfunction associated with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Schiavone
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Tea Romasco
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Nadia Di Pietrantonio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Carola Palmerini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Pamela Di Tomo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Caterina Pipino
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Domitilla Mandatori
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Rossella Fioravanti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Elena Butturini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Manuela Sabatino
- Rome Center for Molecular Design-RCMD, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Pompea Antonia Baldassarre
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Rino Ragno
- Rome Center for Molecular Design-RCMD, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Assunta Pandolfi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Natalia Di Pietro
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Inhibitory Effect of Essential Oil From Fructus of Alpinia zerumbet on Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transformation Induced by TGF-β1 and Downregulation of KLF4. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 80:82-94. [PMID: 35794074 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Essential oil from fructus of Alpinia zerumbet (EOFAZ) protects vascular endothelial cell (VEC) injury. Stimulation and injury factors can induce phenotypic changes in VECs and the occurrence of endothelial-mesenchymal transformation (EndMT), accelerating the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the role of EOFAZ in EndMT induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). All experiments were performed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were preincubated with EOFAZ for 2 hours and then coincubated with TGF-β1 for 72 hours. Krüpple-like factor 4 (KLF4) was inhibited by small interfering RNA or overexpressed by adenovirus infection. Wound healing, transwell, and angiogenesis assays were used to evaluate the migration ability of HUVECs. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting were used for mRNA and protein expression analyses, respectively. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect expression of related markers. A coimmunoprecipitation assay verified the interaction between KLF4 and acetylated histone H3. TGF-β1 contributed to EndMT in HUVECs in a time-dependent manner, mainly manifested as an increase in cell migration ability and changes in the expression of EndMT-related mRNAs and proteins. EOFAZ could inhibit EndMT induced by TGF-β1. The results after transfection with siKLF4 were similar to those of EOFAZ treatment. After EOFAZ treatment, the expression of KLF4 and acetylated histone H3 decreased, and protein interactions between them decreased, while expression of the Notch/Snail signal axis decreased. EOFAZ can attenuate endothelial injuries and suppress EndMT in HUVECs under TGF-β1 stimulation conditions because it may downregulate KLF4, decrease histone H3 acetylation, and inhibit the transduction of the Notch/Snail signaling axis.
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Xiao T, Huang J, Wang X, Wu L, Zhou X, Jiang F, He Z, Guo Q, Tao L, Shen X. Alpinia zerumbet and Its Potential Use as an Herbal Medication for Atherosclerosis: Mechanistic Insights from Cell and Rodent Studies. Lifestyle Genom 2020; 13:138-145. [PMID: 32882697 DOI: 10.1159/000508818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith has been used as a flavor additive in food and a traditional medicine for centuries, especially in Guizhou Province, China, and it prolongs people's lives with multiple beneficial effects. Thus, one of the aims of this review was to expound the chemical constituents of this plant, especially its fruits. Since cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, pose a health threat to humans, another aim was to expound the possible mechanisms of its potential use as an herbal medication for atherosclerosis. METHODS In this study, 10 reports are cited to expound the potential bioactive compounds. Moreover, 33 reports explain the antihypertensive and antiatherosclerotic effects of the plant by ameliorating inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, increasing vasodilation, improving hyperlipidemia, downgrading the glucose status, and working as an antioxidant. RESULTS A. zerumbetis rich in terpenes, essential oils, flavonoids, polyphenolics, and sterols. Pharmacological experiments showed that A. zerumbet has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on the NF-κB signaling pathway and can ameliorate oxidative stress in the NOS-NO signaling pathway. Moreover, A. zerumbet demonstrates antihypertensive effects by accelerating vasorelaxant response and increasing 3T3-L1 intracellular cAMP, which has promising antiobesity properties, as well as hypolipidemic and anti-diabetic complication effects. CONCLUSIONS A. zerumbet has potential functions and applications in the prevention of atherosclerosis, but further studies are required before clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutic Preparation of Chinese Medicine, the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiaoyan Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutic Preparation of Chinese Medicine, the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutic Preparation of Chinese Medicine, the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Linjing Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutic Preparation of Chinese Medicine, the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutic Preparation of Chinese Medicine, the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutic Preparation of Chinese Medicine, the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhiyong He
- Department of Pharmaceutic Preparation of Chinese Medicine, the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutic Preparation of Chinese Medicine, the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Pharmaceutic Preparation of Chinese Medicine, the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China, .,The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica, the High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China,
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8
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Zhang Y, Li C, Huang Y, Zhao S, Xu Y, Chen Y, Jiang F, Tao L, Shen X. EOFAZ inhibits endothelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition through downregulation of KLF4. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:300-310. [PMID: 32319539 PMCID: PMC7255478 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oil from Alpinia zerumbet rhizome (EOFAZ), which is termed Yan shanjiang in China, is extensively used as an herbal medicine in the Guizhou area and has been shown to protect against the damaging effects of cardiovascular injury in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, it was hypothesized that the protective effects of EOFAZ on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were mediated by inhibition of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). Cell motility was assessed using wound healing and Transwell assays. The expression of endothelial markers and mesenchymal markers were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence staining and western blotting, and additionally, phosphorylated NF-κB p65 expression was determined by western blotting. Furthermore, the involvement of KLF4 in EndMT was determined using RNA interference to knockdown the expression of KLF4. TGF-β1 treatment significantly promoted EndMT, as evidenced by downregu-lation of vascular endothelial-cadherin and upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin in HUVECs, and by enhancing cell migration. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of KLF4 reversed TGF-β1-induced EndMT. Additionally, treatment with EOFAZ inhibited TGF-β1-induced EndMT in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that TGF-β1 may induce EndMT through upregulation of KLF4, and this may be reversed by EOFAZ. Therefore, EOFAZ was shown to inhibit TGF-β1-induced EndMT through regulation of KLF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yongpan Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yini Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
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9
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Kim MJ, Jung SK. Nutraceuticals for prevention of atherosclerosis: Targeting monocyte infiltration to the vascular endothelium. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13200. [PMID: 32189369 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death, globally, and is a serious problem in developing countries. Preventing atherosclerosis is key to reducing the risk of developing CVD. Similar to carcinogenesis, atherogenesis can be divided into four stages: initiation, promotion, progression, and acute events. The current study focuses on the promotion stage, which is characterized by circular monocyte penetration into vascular endothelial cells, monocyte differentiation into macrophages, and the formation of foam cells. This early stage of atherogenesis is a major target for nutraceuticals. We discuss nutraceuticals that can potentially inhibit monocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium, thereby preventing the promotional stage of atherosclerosis. The mechanisms through which these nutraceuticals prevent monocyte adhesion are classified according to the following targets: NF-κB, ROS, MAPKs, and AP-1. Additionally, we discuss promising targets for nutraceuticals that can regulate monocyte adhesion to the endothelium. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Introduction of atherogenesis with initiation, promotion, progression, and acute events provide specific information and factors for each step in the development of atherosclerosis. Functional food or pharmaceutical researchers can set target stages and use them to develop materials that control atherosclerosis. In particular, because it focuses on vascular inflammation via interaction between monocytes and vascular endothelial cells, it provides specific information to researchers developing functional foods that regulate this process. Therefore, this manuscript, unlike previous papers, will provide material information and potential mechanisms of action to researchers who want to develop functional foods that control vascular inflammation rather than vascular lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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10
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Yang H, Gan S, Jiang Z, Song X, Chen T, Xu Y, Fu L, Zhang Y, Tao L, Shen X. Protective effects of essential oil from Fructus Alpiniae zerumbet on retinal Müller gliosis via the PPAR-γ-p-CREB signaling pathway. Chin Med 2020; 15:4. [PMID: 31938037 PMCID: PMC6954544 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) involves extensive retinal damage and is one of the most common and serious complications of diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia is the major pathological trigger for diabetic complications. Müller cell gliosis, a key pathophysiological process in DR, could finally lead to vision loss. Our previous finding revealed that the essential oil of Fructus Alpiniae zerumbet (EOFAZ) protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) against high glucose (HG)-induced injury via the PPAR-γ signal. However, Whether EOFAZ could prevent HG-induced Müller cell gliosis through the PPAR signaling remains unclear. Methods The neuroprotective effects of EOFAZ were evaluated in HG-treated rat retinal Müller cells (RMCs) and DR rat model. Result GFAP and VEGF upregulation is the biomarker of Müller glial reactivity gliosis. Results suggested that EOFAZ could remarkably ameliorate retinal reactive gliosis by suppressing p-CREB and GFAP and VEGF downstream effectors. Its effects on PPAR-γ, a major target for currently available anti-diabetes drugs, were also investigated. EOFAZ treatment remarkably attenuated the reduction of PPAR-γ and high level of p-CaMK II and p-CREB in HG-treated RMCs and diabetic rats. Furthermore, the activation and ectopic expression of PPAR-γ downregulated p-CREB and p-CaMK II in HG-treated RMCs. By contrast, CaMK II inhibitor KN93 and CREB gene silencing did not significantly affect the PPAR-γ expression. Conclusions A novel PPAR-γ-p-CREB signaling pathway accounts for the inhibitory effect of EOFAZ on RMCs gliosis. These findings provide scientific evidence for the potential use of EOFAZ as a complementary and alternative medicine for DR prevention and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- 1The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025 China.,2The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province (the Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, China
| | - Shiquan Gan
- 1The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025 China.,2The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province (the Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Jiang
- 1The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025 China.,2The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province (the Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Song
- 1The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025 China.,2The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province (the Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- 1The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025 China.,2The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province (the Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, China.,3The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, China
| | - Yini Xu
- 1The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025 China.,2The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province (the Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, China
| | - Lingyun Fu
- 2The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province (the Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, China.,3The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- 1The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025 China.,2The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province (the Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling Tao
- 3The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- 1The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025 China.,2The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province (the Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, China.,3The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, China
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