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Xu H, Li Y, Gao Y. The role of immune cells settled in the bone marrow on adult hematopoietic stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:420. [PMID: 39367881 PMCID: PMC11456083 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
Certain immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, Breg cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and Treg cells, establish enduring residency within the bone marrow. Their distinctive interactions with hematopoiesis and the bone marrow microenvironment are becoming increasingly recognized alongside their multifaceted immune functions. These cells play a dual role in shaping hematopoiesis. They directly influence the quiescence, self-renewal, and multi-lineage differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells through either direct cell-to-cell interactions or the secretion of various factors known for their immunological functions. Additionally, they actively engage with the cellular constituents of the bone marrow niche, particularly mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, to promote their survival and contribute to tissue repair, thereby fostering a supportive environment for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Importantly, these bone marrow immune cells function synergistically, both locally and functionally, rather than in isolation. In summary, immune cells residing in the bone marrow are pivotal components of a sophisticated network of regulating hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, China.
| | - Yingdai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, China.
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2
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Gayen S, Mukherjee S, Dasgupta S, Roy S. Emerging druggable targets for immune checkpoint modulation in cancer immunotherapy: the iceberg lies beneath the surface. Apoptosis 2024:10.1007/s10495-024-02022-8. [PMID: 39354213 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-024-02022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
The immune system serves as a fundamental defender against the initiation and progression of cancer. Failure of the immune system augments immunosuppressive action that leading to cancer manifestation. This immunosuppressive effect causes from significant alterations in immune checkpoint expression associated with tumoral progression. The tumor microenvironment promotes immune escape mechanisms that further amplifying immunosuppressive actions. Notably, substantial targeting of immune checkpoints has been pragmatic in the advancement of cancer research. This study highlights a comprehensive review of emerging druggable targets aimed at modulating immune checkpoint co-inhibitory as well as co-stimulatory molecules in response to immune system activation. This modulation has prompted to the development of newer therapeutic insights, eventually inducing immunogenic cell death through immunomodulatory actions. The study emphasizes the role of immune checkpoints in immunogenic regulation of cancer pathogenesis and explores potential therapeutic avenues in cancer immunotherapy.Modulation of Immunosuppressive and Immunostimulatory pathways of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakuntala Gayen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, 124, B. L. Saha Road, Tara Park, Behala, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700053, India
| | - Swarupananda Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, 124, B. L. Saha Road, Tara Park, Behala, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700053, India
| | - Sandipan Dasgupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, 741249, India
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, 124, B. L. Saha Road, Tara Park, Behala, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700053, India.
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3
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Ahsan NF, Lourenço S, Psyllou D, Long A, Shankar S, Bashford-Rogers R. The current understanding of the phenotypic and functional properties of human regulatory B cells (Bregs). OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 5:iqae012. [PMID: 39346706 PMCID: PMC11427547 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
B cells can have a wide range of pro- and anti- inflammatory functions. A subset of B cells called regulatory B cells (Bregs) can potently suppress immune responses. Bregs have been shown to maintain immune homeostasis and modulate inflammatory responses. Bregs are an exciting cellular target across a range of diseases, including Breg induction in autoimmunity, allergy and transplantation, and Breg suppression in cancers and infection. Bregs exhibit a remarkable phenotypic heterogeneity, rendering their unequivocal identification a challenging task. The lack of a universally accepted and exclusive surface marker set for Bregs across various studies contributes to inconsistencies in their categorization. This review paper presents a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the phenotypic and functional properties of human Bregs while addressing the persisting ambiguities and discrepancies in their characterization. Finally, the paper examines the promising therapeutic opportunities presented by Bregs as their immunomodulatory capacities have gained attention in the context of autoimmune diseases, allergic conditions, and cancer. We explore the exciting potential in harnessing Bregs as potential therapeutic agents and the avenues that remain open for the development of Breg-based treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawara Faiza Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Lourenço
- Keizo Asami Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-520, Brazil
| | - Dimitra Psyllou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Long
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Sushma Shankar
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Bashford-Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Oxford Cancer Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LH, United Kingdom
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4
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Peng X, Yu J, Tang F, Li Y, Bai J, Li L, Zhang L. Clinical efficacy and immune response of BCL-2 inhibitors combined with hypomethylating agents in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:451. [PMID: 39287751 PMCID: PMC11408437 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant clonal proliferative disease with a high mortality rate. The combination therapy of BCL-2 inhibitor Venetoclax (VEN) and hypomethylating agents (HMAs) has significant anti-leukemia activity. METHODS We analyzed the efficacy, safety and immune response characteristics of AML patients who were unfit for high-dose chemotherapy and accepted the medication of VEN + HMAs. RESULTS After VEN + HMAs treatment, 31 newly diagnosed AML patients had the morphologic leukemia-free state rate (MLFS%) of 80.6% (25/31), complete response rate (CR%) of 54.8% (17/31), the minimal residual disease negative rate (MRD-%) of 51.6% (16/31), and the median progression-free survival (PFS) of 14 months. After treatment, the proportion of bone marrow primitive cells, the MRD level, white blood cell (WBC) count, fibrinogen (FIB) level and the proportion of B cells were significantly decreased. The red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (HGB) level, platelet count (PLT) count, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), the proportion of total T cells, CD8 + T cells and the IFN-γ level were significantly increased. After VEN + HMAs treatment, 12 relapsed AML patients had a MLFS% of 50% (6/12), CR% of 33.3% (4/12), MRD-% of 25% (3/12), and a median PFS of 7 months. After treatment, the proportion of bone marrow primitive cells and MRD level were slightly decreased, the proportions of CD8 + T cells and NK cells were significantly increased, the proportion of B cells and IL-10 level were significantly decreased. 12 AML patients who receive microtransplantation (MST) treatment using VEN + HMAs as a pretreatment regimen had a PFS of 20.5 months, which was much greater than VEN + HMAs group alone. Hematological recovery was better in the MST group with significantly increased RBC count, HGB level and PLT count. The most common adverse events were myelosuppression, agranulocytosis, infection and cardiovascular toxicity. No fatal adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION The combination of BCL-2 inhibitors and HMAs had good efficacy and safety in AML patients who were unfit for high-dose chemotherapy, which may improve the immune microenvironment and enhance anti-leukemia immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Peng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianing Yu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Futian Tang
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive Tumor of Gansu Province, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Liansheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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5
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Bashi MA, Ad'hiah AH. Molecular landscape of the interleukin-40 encoding gene, C17orf99, in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Gene 2024; 904:148214. [PMID: 38286266 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant hematological disorder in which aberrant cytokine signaling and inflammation play a role in disease initiation and progression. Interleukin-40 (IL-40) is a novel cytokine encoded by the chromosome 17 open reading frame 99 (C17orf99) gene. This cytokine is involved in mediating inflammation but its biological significance in the pathogenesis of AML has not been investigated. In this case-control and observational study, mRNA expression and DNA methylation of the C17orf99 gene were evaluated in the peripheral blood of AML patients. In addition, the polymorphism of two novel intergenic variants of the C17orf99 gene, rs2004339 A/G and rs2310998 G/A, were explored using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. The study was conducted on 131 patients with AML and 106 controls and gene expression and DNA methylation were expressed as fold-change (2-ΔΔCt). Results revealed that mRNA expression of the C17orf99 gene was down-regulated in AML patients, particularly in females, while up-regulated expression was found in patients with hypoalbuminemia. For DNA methylation, it was up-regulated in AML patients, particularly in females, AML M5 subtype, and CD4-negative and CD14-positive peripheral blood cells. The mutant A allele and the corresponding homozygous AA genotype of rs2004339 was significantly associated with an increased risk of AML. The AA genotype was also associated with significantly up-regulated C17orf99 mRNA expression and DNA methylation of compared to the wild-type GG genotype. In conclusions, C17orf99 mRNA expression showed down-regulated levels in the peripheral blood of AML patients, while DNA methylation was up-regulated. The intergenic variant rs2004339 was associated with susceptibility to AML and had an effect on mRNA expression and DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A Bashi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali H Ad'hiah
- Tropical-Biological Research Unit, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
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6
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Liu W, Zhu M, Li G, Xi Y. The KIR2DL family serves as prognostic biomarkers and correlates with immune infiltrates in acute myeloid leukaemia. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18256. [PMID: 38527290 PMCID: PMC10963068 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a prevalent haematological malignancy in which various immune and stromal cells in the bone marrow microenvironment have instrumental roles and substantially influence its progression. KIR2DL is a member of the immunoglobulin-like receptor family and a natural killer (NK) cell surface-specific receptor. However, its impact on immune infiltration regarding AML has not been addressed. We aimed to explore molecular markers associated with the immune microenvironment and prognosis of AML with a particular focus on KIR2DL family members. Analysis of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression databases revealed that KIR2DL1, KIR2DL3 and KIR2DL4 expression were significantly upregulated in AML and associated with decreased overall survival (OS). Moreover, univariate Cox analysis implicated KIR2DL genes as independent prognostic markers of OS. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that KIR2DL genes were associated with immune cells, the immune microenvironment and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Additionally, immune infiltration analyses revealed that KIR2DL upregulation was associated with stronger immune infiltration. Finally, we performed drug sensitivity profiling of KIR2DL genes using the Cellminer database. Collectively, our findings suggest that KIR2DL1, KIR2DL3 and KIR2DL4 have critical roles in AML and may represent novel biomarker genes for disease prognosis and immune infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Mingming Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai UniversityXiningChina
| | - Ganggang Li
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Qinghai ProvinceXiningChina
| | - Yaming Xi
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Department of HematologyThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
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7
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Cui J, Zhao M, Liu W, Hong M, Qian S, Sun Q. Effect of low skeletal muscle mass on NK cells in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and its correlation with prognosis. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:771-780. [PMID: 38294533 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-024-05645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation between skeletal muscle mass and the distribution of peripheral blood lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as their impact on prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A retrospective analysis was conducted on 211 newly diagnosed AML patients, evaluating skeletal muscle index (SMI), NK cell proportion, and absolute value, along with relevant clinical data. Linear regression and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used to assess the relationship between various indicators and SMI, followed by multiple linear regression for further modeling. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to identify independent predictors for overall survival (OS). Among the 211 AML patients, 38 cases (18.0%) were diagnosed with sarcopenia. Multiple linear regression analysis included weight, fat mass, ECOG score, body mass index, and peripheral blood NK cell proportion, constructing a correlation model for SMI (R2 = 0.745). Univariate analysis identified higher NK cell count (> 9.53 × 106/L) as a poor predictor for OS. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model indicated that age ≥ 60 years, PLT < 100 × 109/L, ELN high risk, sarcopenia, and B cell count > 94.6 × 106/L were independent adverse prognostic factors for AML patients. Low skeletal muscle mass may negatively impact the count and function of NK cells, thereby affecting the prognosis of AML. However, further basic and clinical research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms underlying the relationship between NK cells and SMI in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Cui
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Hong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Sixuan Qian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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8
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Veh J, Ludwig C, Schrezenmeier H, Jahrsdörfer B. Regulatory B Cells-Immunopathological and Prognostic Potential in Humans. Cells 2024; 13:357. [PMID: 38391970 PMCID: PMC10886933 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the following review is to shed light on the putative role of regulatory B cells (Bregs) in various human diseases and highlight their potential prognostic and therapeutic relevance in humans. Regulatory B cells are a heterogeneous group of B lymphocytes capable of suppressing inflammatory immune reactions. In this way, Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance and immune homeostasis by limiting ongoing immune reactions temporally and spatially. Bregs play an important role in attenuating pathological inflammatory reactions that can be associated with transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune diseases and allergies but also with infectious, neoplastic and metabolic diseases. Early studies of Bregs identified IL-10 as an important functional molecule, so the IL-10-secreting murine B10 cell is still considered a prototype Breg, and IL-10 has long been central to the search for human Breg equivalents. However, over the past two decades, other molecules that may contribute to the immunosuppressive function of Bregs have been discovered, some of which are only present in human Bregs. This expanded arsenal includes several anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-35 and TGF-β, but also enzymes such as CD39/CD73, granzyme B and IDO as well as cell surface proteins including PD-L1, CD1d and CD25. In summary, the present review illustrates in a concise and comprehensive manner that although human Bregs share common functional immunosuppressive features leading to a prominent role in various human immunpathologies, they are composed of a pool of different B cell types with rather heterogeneous phenotypic and transcriptional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Veh
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Carolin Ludwig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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9
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Dang M, Yu J, Galant-Swafford J, Karam SD. The dichotomy of regulatory B cells in cancer versus allergic disease. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:11-21. [PMID: 37712547 PMCID: PMC10994235 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are an immunosuppressive cell phenotype that affects the immune system by limiting the inflammatory cascade. Dysregulation of Bregs can interestingly play a dichotomous role in the pathophysiology of many diseases and is especially highlighted when examining cancer pathology compared to allergic disease. This study reviews the existing literature on Bregs and compares their role in allergic disease in contrast to cancer development. Upregulation of Bregs in cancer states has been associated with poor prognostic outcomes across various cancer types, and Breg proliferation was associated with chronic interferon signaling, activation of the BCR-BTK (B cell receptor-Bruton's tyrosine kinase) pathway, and release of C-X-C motif ligand 13. In contrast, Breg dysfunction has been identified as a key mechanism in many allergic diseases, such as allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and contact dermatitis. Development of Breg-targeted immunotherapies is currently at the preclinical level, but strategies differentially focus on Breg depletion in cancer versus Breg stimulation in allergy. Our review highlights the divergent functions that Bregs play in cancer compared to allergy. We conclude that natural homeostasis hinges on a fine balance between the dichotomous role of Bregs-over or underactivation can result in a pathological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Dang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sky Ridge Medical Center, Lone Tree, Colorado, USA
| | - Justin Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Sana D. Karam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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10
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Bao J, Betzler AC, Hess J, Brunner C. Exploring the dual role of B cells in solid tumors: implications for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233085. [PMID: 37868967 PMCID: PMC10586314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the tumor milieu of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), distinct B cell subpopulations are present, which exert either pro- or anti-tumor activities. Multiple factors, including hypoxia, cytokines, interactions with tumor cells, and other immune infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), alter the equilibrium between the dual roles of B cells leading to cancerogenesis. Certain B cell subsets in the tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibit immunosuppressive function. These cells are known as regulatory B (Breg) cells. Breg cells suppress immune responses by secreting a series of immunosuppressive cytokines, including IL-10, IL-35, TGF-β, granzyme B, and adenosine or dampen effector TILs by intercellular contacts. Multiple Breg phenotypes have been discovered in human and mouse cancer models. However, when compartmentalized within a tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS), B cells predominantly play anti-tumor effects. A mature TLS contains a CD20+ B cell zone with several important types of B cells, including germinal-center like B cells, antibody-secreting plasma cells, and memory B cells. They kill tumor cells via antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, and local complement activation effects. TLSs are also privileged sites for local T and B cell coordination and activation. Nonetheless, in some cases, TLSs may serve as a niche for hidden tumor cells and indicate a bad prognosis. Thus, TIL-B cells exhibit bidirectional immune-modulatory activity and are responsive to a variety of immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss the functional distinctions between immunosuppressive Breg cells and immunogenic effector B cells that mature within TLSs with the focus on tumors of HNSCC patients. Additionally, we review contemporary immunotherapies that aim to target TIL-B cells. For the development of innovative therapeutic approaches to complement T-cell-based immunotherapy, a full understanding of either effector B cells or Breg cells is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantong Bao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Annika C. Betzler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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11
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Mukherjee S, Dhar R, Jonnalagadda S, Gorai S, Nag S, Kar R, Mukerjee N, Mukherjee D, Vatsa R, Arikketh D, Krishnan A, Gundamaraju R, Jha SK, Alexiou A, Papadakis M. Exosomal miRNAs and breast cancer: a complex theranostics interlink with clinical significance. Biomarkers 2023; 28:502-518. [PMID: 37352015 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2023.2229537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) remains the most challenging global health crisis of the current decade, impacting a large population of females annually. In the field of cancer research, the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs), specifically exosomes (a subpopulation of EVs), has marked a significant milestone. In general, exosomes are released from all active cells but tumour cell-derived exosomes (TDXs) have a great impact (TDXs miRNAs, proteins, lipid molecules) on cancer development and progression. TDXs regulate multiple events in breast cancer such as tumour microenvironment remodelling, immune cell suppression, angiogenesis, metastasis (EMT-epithelial mesenchymal transition, organ-specific metastasis), and therapeutic resistance. In BC, early detection is the most challenging event, exosome-based BC screening solved the problem. Exosome-based BC treatment is a sign of the transforming era of liquid biopsy, it is also a promising therapeutic tool for breast cancer. Exosome research goes to closer precision oncology via a single exosome profiling approach. Our hope is that this review will serve as motivation for researchers to explore the field of exosomes and develop an efficient, and affordable theranostics approach for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantanee Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Rajib Dhar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | | | - Sukhamoy Gorai
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Rishav Kar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Belur Math,India
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | | | - Rishabh Vatsa
- Department of Microbiology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, India
| | - Devi Arikketh
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- ER Stress and Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
- AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
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12
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Gao X. Identification of DUSP7 as an RNA Marker for Prognostic Stratification in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Evidence from Large Population Cohorts. Genet Res (Camb) 2023; 2023:4348290. [PMID: 37538139 PMCID: PMC10396553 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4348290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The problem of prognostic stratification in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients still has limitations. Methods The expression profile data and clinical features of AML patients were obtained from multiple publicly available sources, including GSE71014, TCGA-LAML, and TARGET-AML. Single-cell analysis was performed using the TISCH project. All the analysis was conducted in the R software. Results In our study, three public AML cohorts, GSE71014, TARGET-AML, and TCGA-AML, were selected. Then, we identified the prognosis-related molecules through bioinformatic analysis. Finally, the DUSP7 was noticed as a risk factor for AML patients, which has not been reported previously. Biological enrichment analysis and immune-related analysis were performed to illustrate the role of DUSP7 in AML. Single-cell analysis indicated that the DUSP7 was widely distributed in various cells, especially in monocyte/macrophages and malignant. Following this, a prognosis model based on DUSP7-derived genes was constructed, which showed a good prognosis prediction ability in all cohorts. Conclusions Our results preliminarily reveal the role and potential mechanism of DUSP7 in AML, providing direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Anhui Medical College, Hefei, China
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13
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Aru B, Pehlivanoğlu C, Dal Z, Dereli-Çalışkan NN, Gürlü E, Yanıkkaya-Demirel G. A potential area of use for immune checkpoint inhibitors: Targeting bone marrow microenvironment in acute myeloid leukemia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1108200. [PMID: 36742324 PMCID: PMC9895857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) arises from the cells of myeloid lineage and is the most frequent leukemia type in adulthood accounting for about 80% of all cases. The most common treatment strategy for the treatment of AML includes chemotherapy, in rare cases radiotherapy and stem cell and bone marrow transplantation are considered. Immune checkpoint proteins involve in the negative regulation of immune cells, leading to an escape from immune surveillance, in turn, causing failure of tumor cell elimination. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) target the negative regulation of the immune cells and support the immune system in terms of anti-tumor immunity. Bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) bears various blood cell lineages and the interactions between these lineages and the noncellular components of BMM are considered important for AML development and progression. Administration of ICIs for the AML treatment may be a promising option by regulating BMM. In this review, we summarize the current treatment options in AML treatment and discuss the possible application of ICIs in AML treatment from the perspective of the regulation of BMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başak Aru
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Cemil Pehlivanoğlu
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Dal
- School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Ege Gürlü
- School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Gülderen Yanıkkaya-Demirel
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye,*Correspondence: Gülderen Yanıkkaya-Demirel,
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14
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Shi Y, Liu Z, Wang H. Expression of PD-L1 on regulatory B cells in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia and its effect on prognosis. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3506-3512. [PMID: 35610758 PMCID: PMC9189343 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) is involved in immunosuppression in variety of tumours. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are critical immune regulatory cells, and it has been demonstrated that the number of regulatory B cells in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is much higher than that in healthy donors (HDs), which is linked to a poor prognosis. This study aimed to determine whether increased expression of PD‐L1, including in Bregs, is associated with a worse prognosis in individuals with AML. The proportion of Bregs, PD‐L1 expression in Bregs and PD‐1 expression in T cells were determined using flow cytometry using patient samples from 21 newly diagnosed AML patients at different stages of treatment and 25 HDs. We confirmed PD‐L1 expression in Bregs, and PD‐1 expression in CD3+CD4+T cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood samples from AML patients was higher than that in samples from HDs. The complete remission (CR) and progression‐free survival (PFS) of Bregs with high PD‐L1 expression were significantly decreased following induction chemotherapy. PD‐L1 expression is indeed increased in Bregs from individuals with AML, and high PD‐L1 expression is related to a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqing Shi
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuogang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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15
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B-Cell-Based Immunotherapy: A Promising New Alternative. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060879. [PMID: 35746487 PMCID: PMC9227543 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of immunotherapy has undergone radical conceptual changes over the last decade. There are various examples of immunotherapy, including the use of monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, tumor-infecting viruses, cytokines, adjuvants, and autologous T cells carrying chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that can bind cancer-specific antigens known as adoptive immunotherapy. While a lot has been achieved in the field of T-cell immunotherapy, only a fraction of patients (20%) see lasting benefits from this mode of treatment, which is why there is a critical need to turn our attention to other immune cells. B cells have been shown to play both anti- and pro-tumorigenic roles in tumor tissue. In this review, we shed light on the dual nature of B cells in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we discussed the different factors affecting the biology and function of B cells in tumors. In the third section, we described B-cell-based immunotherapies and their clinical applications and challenges. These current studies provide a springboard for carrying out future mechanistic studies to help us unleash the full potential of B cells in immunotherapy.
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16
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Flores-Borja F, Blair P. "Mechanisms of induction of regulatory B cells in the tumour microenvironment and their contribution to immunosuppression and pro-tumour responses". Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:33-45. [PMID: 35350071 PMCID: PMC9307227 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of tumour-infiltrating immune cells was originally associated with the induction of anti-tumour responses and good a prognosis. A more refined characterization of the tumour microenvironment has challenged this original idea and evidence now exists pointing to a critical role for immune cells in the modulation of anti-tumour responses and the induction of a tolerant pro-tumour environment. The coordinated action of diverse immunosuppressive populations, both innate and adaptive, shapes a variety of pro-tumour responses leading to tumour progression and metastasis. Regulatory B cells have emerged as critical modulators and suppressors of anti-tumour responses. As reported in autoimmunity and infection studies, Bregs are a heterogeneous population with diverse phenotypes and different mechanisms of action. Here we review recent studies on Bregs from animal models and patients, covering a variety of types of cancer. We describe the heterogeneity of Bregs, the cellular interactions they make with other immune cells and the tumour itself, and their mechanism of suppression that enables tumour escape. We also discuss the potential therapeutic tools that may inhibit Bregs function and promote anti-tumour responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Flores-Borja
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, London
| | - Paul Blair
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity, and Transplantation, University College London, London
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17
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Qin M, Wang D, Fang Y, Zheng Z, Liu X, Wu F, Wang L, Li X, Hui B, Ma S, Tang W, Pan X. Current Perspectives on B Lymphocytes in the Immunobiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:647854. [PMID: 34235074 PMCID: PMC8256159 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.647854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells infiltrating tumors are capable of significantly impacting carcinogenesis through cancer promotion and anticancer responses. There are many aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) related T lymphocytes that are undergoing extensive studies, whereas the effect exerted by B lymphocytes remains a less researched area. In this study, the latest research on the effect of B lymphocytes as they infiltrate tumors in relation to HCC is presented. Their prognosis-related importance is analyzed, along with their function in the tumor microenvironment (TME), as well as the way that B cell biology can be employed to help create a B cell therapy strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danping Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijiao Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiying Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingqing Hui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shijie Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiongxiong Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Metabolic Modulation of Immunity: A New Concept in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107848. [PMID: 32640218 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy shifted the paradigm of cancer treatment. The clinical approval of immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell transfer led to considerable success in several tumor types. However, for a significant number of patients, these therapies have proven ineffective. Growing evidence shows that the metabolic requirements of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) greatly influence the success of immunotherapy. It is well established that the TME influences energy consumption and metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, often inducing them to become tolerogenic and inefficient in cancer cell eradication. Increasing nutrient availability using pharmacological modulators of metabolism or antibodies targeting specific immune receptors are strategies that support energetic rewiring of immune cells and boost their anti-tumor capacity. In this review, we describe the metabolic features of the diverse immune cell types in the context of the TME and discuss how these immunomodulatory strategies could synergize with immunotherapy to circumvent its current limitations.
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19
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Michaud D, Steward CR, Mirlekar B, Pylayeva-Gupta Y. Regulatory B cells in cancer. Immunol Rev 2021; 299:74-92. [PMID: 33368346 PMCID: PMC7965344 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis proceeds through discrete steps where acquisition of genetic lesions and changes in the surrounding microenvironment combine to drive unrestricted neoplastic proliferation and metastasis. The ability of tumor-infiltrating immune cells to promote tumor growth via the provision of signals that enable tumor cell survival and proliferation as well as contribute to immune suppression is an active area of research. Recent efforts have provided us with mechanistic insights into how B cells can positively and negatively regulate immune responses. Negative regulation of immune responses in cancer can be mediated by regulatory B cells and is often a result of increased production of cytokines that can directly and indirectly affect anti-tumor immune function and cancer cell growth. Signals that lead to the expansion of regulatory B cells and the spectrum of their functional roles are not well understood and are the subject of active research by many groups. Here, we elaborate broadly on the history of regulatory B cells in cancer and summarize recent studies that have established genetic models for the study of regulatory B cell function and their potential for therapeutic intervention in the setting of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Michaud
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Colleen R Steward
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bhalchandra Mirlekar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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20
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Shang J, Zha H, Sun Y. Phenotypes, Functions, and Clinical Relevance of Regulatory B Cells in Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582657. [PMID: 33193391 PMCID: PMC7649814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In immune system, B cells are classically positive modulators that regulate inflammation and immune responses. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a subset of B cells which play crucial roles in various conditions, including infection, allergies, autoimmune diseases, transplantation, and tumors. Until now, unequivocal surface markers for Bregs still lack consensus, although numerous Breg subsets have been identified. Generally, Bregs exert their immunoregulatory functions mainly through cytokine secretion and intercellular contact. In the tumor microenvironment, Bregs suppress effector T cells, induce regulatory T cells and target other tumor-infiltrating immune cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, natural killer cells and macrophages, to hamper anti-tumor immunity. Meanwhile, the cross-regulations between Bregs and tumor cells often result in tumor escape from immunosurveillance. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that Bregs are closely associated with many clinicopathological factors of cancer patients and might be potential biomarkers for accessing patient survival. Thus, Bregs are potential therapeutic targets for future immunotherapy in cancer patients. In this review, we will discuss the phenotypes, functions, and clinical relevance of Bregs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Shang
- Department of Health Service, Guard Bureau of the Joint Staff Department, Central Military Commission of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Zha
- Department of Oncology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yufa Sun
- Department of Health Service, Guard Bureau of the Joint Staff Department, Central Military Commission of PLA, Beijing, China
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21
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Knox MC, Ni J, Bece A, Bucci J, Chin Y, Graham PH, Li Y. A Clinician's Guide to Cancer-Derived Exosomes: Immune Interactions and Therapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1612. [PMID: 32793238 PMCID: PMC7387430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the role of immunity in the regulation of cancer growth continues to rapidly increase. This is fuelled by the impressive results yielded in recent years by immune checkpoint inhibitors, which block regulatory pathways to increase immune-mediated cancer destruction. Exosomes are cell-secreted membranous nanoscale vesicles that play important roles in regulating physiological and pathophysiological processes. Cancer-derived exosomes (CDEXs) and their biologically-active cargos have been proven to have varied effects in malignant progression, including the promotion of angiogenesis, metastasis, and favorable microenvironment modification. More recently, there is an increasing appreciation of their role in immune evasion. In addition to CDEXs, there are immune-derived exosomes that facilitate communication between immune cells in the non-malignant setting. Investigation of cancer-mediated mechanisms behind interruption or modification of these normal exosomal pathways may provide further understanding of how malignant immune evasion is accomplished. Accumulating evidence indicates that immune-active CDEXs also have the potential to impact clinical oncological management. Whilst immune checkpoint inhibitors have well-established pharmacologically-targeted pathways involving the immune system, other widely used treatments such as radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapies do not. Thus, investigating exosomes in immunotherapy is important for the development of next-generation combination therapies. In this article, we review the ways in which CDEXs impact individual immune cell types and how this contributes to the development of immune evasion. We discuss the relevance of lymphocytes and myeloid-lineage cells in the control of malignancy. In addition, we highlight the ways that CDEXs and their immune effects can impact current cancer therapies and the resulting clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Knox
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jie Ni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrej Bece
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph Bucci
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Yaw Chin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter H Graham
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
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22
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Liu M, Zhou P, Li J, Jiang Y. Nicotinamide Inhibits Glycolysis of HL-60 Cells by Modulating Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Coactivator 1α (PGC-1α)/Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α (HIF2α) Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920810. [PMID: 32469848 PMCID: PMC7282349 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nicotinamide can affect differentiation and proliferation of leukemia cells. This research aimed to explore the regulatory effect of nicotinamide on glycolysis metabolism of leukemia cells and to clarify the associated mechanisms. Material/Methods HL-60 cells were treated with nicotinamide and divided into 0.1, 1, and 10 μmol/l groups. HL-60 cells without any administration were assigned as negative control (CT group). Glucolytic activity was evaluated by detecting lactic acid production, and glucose level was measured using glucose consumption assay. Apoptosis of HL-60 was examined using flow cytometry assay, when cells were cultured for 24 h. Expressions of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF2α) were evaluated using a reverse transcription PCR assay and Western blotting assay, respectively. Results Nicotinamide remarkably decreased lactic acid production and glucose levels in leukemia cells compared with that of the CT group (p<0.05). Nicotinamide significantly induced the apoptosis of HL-60 cells compared to that of the negative control group (p<0.05). Nicotinamide significantly inhibited the SIRT1/PGC-1α/HIF2α signaling pathway mRNAs compared to that of the CT group (p<0.05). Nicotinamide remarkably reduced mitochondrial regulatory factors SIRT1/PGC-1α expression compared to that in the CT group (p<0.05). Nicotinamide obviously downregulated HIF2α compared with that of the CT group (p<0.05). Moreover, all of the above nicotinamide-induced effects, including glycolytic activity, apoptosis, and expression of SIRT1/PGC-1α/HIF2α, were changed in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions Nicotinamide can inhibit glycolysis of HL-60 cells by inhibiting the mitochondrial regulatory factor SIRT1/PGC-1α and suppressing transcription factor HIF2α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Pan Zhou
- Hubei Medical Devices, Quality Supervision and Test Institute, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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23
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Wnt Signaling in the Regulation of Immune Cell and Cancer Therapeutics. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111380. [PMID: 31684152 PMCID: PMC6912555 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is one of the important pathways to play a major role in various biological processes, such as embryonic stem-cell development, tissue regeneration, cell differentiation, and immune cell regulation. Recent studies suggest that Wnt signaling performs an essential function in immune cell modulation and counteracts various disorders. Nonetheless, the emerging role and mechanism of action of this signaling cascade in immune cell regulation, as well as its involvement in various cancers, remain debatable. The Wnt signaling in immune cells is very diverse, e.g., the tolerogenic role of dendritic cells, the development of natural killer cells, thymopoiesis of T cells, B-cell-driven initiation of T-cells, and macrophage actions in tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the current therapeutic targets in (and the prospects of) Wnt signaling, as well as the potential suitability of available modulators for the development of cancer immunotherapies. Although there are several Wnt inhibitors relevant to cancer, it would be worthwhile to extend this approach to immune cells.
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24
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Largeot A, Pagano G, Gonder S, Moussay E, Paggetti J. The B-side of Cancer Immunity: The Underrated Tune. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050449. [PMID: 31086070 PMCID: PMC6562515 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are known to be critical in controlling tumor progression. While the role of T lymphocytes has been extensively studied, the function of B cells in this context is still ill-defined. In this review, we propose to explore the role of B cells in tumor immunity. First of all we define their dual role in promoting and inhibiting cancer progression depending on their phenotype. To continue, we describe the influence of different tumor microenvironment factors such as hypoxia on B cells functions and differentiation. Finally, the role of B cells in response to therapy and as potential target is examined. In accordance with the importance of B cells in immuno-oncology, we conclude that more studies are required to throw light on the precise role of B cells in the tumor microenvironment in order to have a better understanding of their functions, and to design new strategies that efficiently target these cells by immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Largeot
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxenbourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Giulia Pagano
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxenbourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Susanne Gonder
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxenbourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Etienne Moussay
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxenbourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Jerome Paggetti
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxenbourg, Luxembourg.
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