1
|
Zhang J. Non-coding RNAs and angiogenesis in cardiovascular diseases: a comprehensive review. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-023-04919-5. [PMID: 38306012 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have key roles in the etiology of many illnesses, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, and in physiological processes like angiogenesis. In transcriptional regulatory circuits that control heart growth, signaling, and stress response, as well as remodeling in cardiac disease, ncRNAs have become important players. Studies on ncRNAs and cardiovascular disease have made great progress recently. Here, we go through the functions of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) like circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs) as well as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in modulating cardiovascular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khalilian S, Tabari MAK, Omrani MA, Ghafouri-Fard S. Emerging functions and significance of circCDYL in human disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:7. [PMID: 38085365 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08993-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a group of non-coding transcripts in which a loop structure is shaped via a back splicing procedure. They have central roles in the regulation of gene expression. hsa_circ_0008285, alternatively named as circCDYL, is a circular RNA originated from the exon 4 of CDYL gene. It is produced by a back-splice incident and is mainly located in the cytoplasm. It has no internal ribosome entry site, open reading frame and intronic sequences. CircCDYL dysregulation has been reported in the malignant conditions including multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, Wilms tumor, bladder cancer, colon cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It also has an emerging role in the pathophysiology of non-malignant conditions including myocardial infarction, gestational diabetes mellitus, membranous nephropathy, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. In the current study, we summarize the emerging roles of circCDYL in malignant and non-malignant conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Khalilian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Khazeei Tabari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- USERN Office, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan J, Ai C, Chen Q, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Li M, Chen K, He M, Shen M, Chen L, Zhang R, Zheng C, Liao W, Bin J, Lin H, Ma S, Tan N, Liao Y. CircMap4k2 Reactivated by Aneurysm Plication Alleviates Residual Cardiac Remodeling After SVR by Enhancing Cardiomyocyte Proliferation in Post-MI Mice. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00373-9. [PMID: 38043608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surgical ventricular reconstruction (SVR) is an alternative therapeutic approach in patients with refractory heart failure (HF), but residual remodeling after SVR limits the improvement of HF. Recently, we reported that SVR may act as an environmental cue to reactivate endogenous proliferation of cardiomyocytes; however, it is unclear whether enhancing endogenous cardiomyocyte regeneration further improves HF after SVR. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore whether circular RNAs (circRNAs) would involved in SVR and their mechanisms. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to myocardial infarction (MI) or sham surgery. Four weeks later, MI mice with a large ventricular aneurysm underwent SVR or a second open-chest operation only. Echocardiography and histological analysis were used to evaluate heart function, cardiac remodeling, and myocardial regeneration. Sequencing of circular RNAs, RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pulldown, and luciferase reporter assay were used to explore the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS SVR markedly attenuated cardiac remodeling and induced cardiomyocyte regeneration, as evidenced by positive staining of Ki-67, phospho-histone H3 (pH3), and Aurora B in the plication zone, but significant residual remodeling still existed in comparison with the sham group. Sequencing results showed that SVR altered the expression profile of cardiac circRNAs, and circMap4k2 was identified as the most upregulated one. After characterizing circMap4k2, we noted that overexpression of circMap4k2 significantly promoted proliferation of cardiomyocytes in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and silencing of circMap4k2 significantly inhibited it; similar results were obtained in SVR-treated MI mice but not in MI mice without SVR treatment. Residual cardiac remodeling after SVR was further attenuated by circMap4k2 overexpression. CircMap4k2 bound with miR-106a-3p and inhibited cardiomyocyte proliferation by targeting a downstream effector of the antizyme inhibitor 1 (Azin1) gene. CONCLUSIONS CircMap4k2 acts as an environmental cue and targets the miR-106a-3p/Azin1 pathway to increase cardiac regeneration in the plication zone and attenuate residual remodeling after SVR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenzhi Ai
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuhan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingjue Li
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaitong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyuan He
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengjia Shen
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cankun Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Bin
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hairuo Lin
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yulin Liao
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Center, the Affiliated Sixth Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu CJ, Xia F, Ruan L, Hu SP, Zhu WJ, Yang K. Circ_0004771 Promotes Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Induced Cardiomyocyte Injury via Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. Int Heart J 2023; 64:1125-1132. [PMID: 37967979 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.23-333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to observe the mechanism and effect of circ_0004771 on cardiomyocyte injury in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The differences in circ_0004771 expression in the blood of AMI patients and healthy volunteers were observed by Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction. AMI cell models were constructed by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced injury in human cardiomyocytes (AC16 cells). The changes of circ_0004771 expression in AMI cells were observed. After transfection with the knockdown or overexpression of circ_0004771 vector in AMI cells, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and propidium iodide/FITC-Annexin V staining were performed to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis levels, extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Expression levels of Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway-related proteins (p-MEK1/2, MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins (GRP78 and CHOP-1) were observed in each group of cells by western blot method. The expression level of circ_0004771 was significantly reduced in both clinical samples and cells of AMI. When circ_0004771 was knocked down in AMI cells, it resulted in a decrease in cell proliferation level and significant increase in apoptosis level. The inhibition of circ_0004771 expression caused leakage of LDH in AMI cells, accumulation of intracellular MDA, and inhibition of SOD activity. In addition, the knockdown of circ_0004771 significantly increased the levels of p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, GRP78, and CHOP-1 in H/R-induced AC16 cells. However, the overexpression of circ_0004771 resulted in the opposite result as when circ_0004771 was knocked down. A low level of circ_0004771 in AMI activates the MAPK signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes as well as encourages intracellular oxidative stress and ER stress, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jun Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan Asia General Hospital
| | - Feng Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan Asia General Hospital
| | - Lin Ruan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan Asia General Hospital
| | - Sheng-Peng Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan Asia General Hospital
| | - Wen-Jie Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan Asia General Hospital
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan Asia General Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yan L, Qi H, Zhou W. Silencing of Hsa_circ_0055440 Alleviates Hypoxia-Induced Cardiomyocyte Injury by Regulating the MiR-499b-5p/ACSL1 Axis. Int Heart J 2023; 64:274-282. [PMID: 37005321 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.22-473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new type of regulatory RNAs, which are involved in various cardiac processes. However, the role of circRNA hsa_circ_0055440 (circ-USP39) in acute myocardial infarction regulation has not been studied yet.This study aims to explore the effect of circ-USP39 on hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury.The head-to-tail splicing of circ-USP39 was verified by agarose gel electrophoresis. AC16 cell viability was detected using 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays. The apoptosis of the AC16 cell was determined by flow cytometry and detection of caspase-3 activity. The levels of creatine kinase-muscle/brain and cTnl were evaluated by specific detection kits. The interactions between miR-499b-5p and circ-USP39 (or acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member-1 (ACSL1) ) were verified by luciferase reporter assays.After confirming the circular characteristics of circ-USP39, we further found that the circ-USP39 expression was upregulated in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes and the circ-USP39 knockdown facilitated the viability of hypoxia-induced AC16, while suppressing cardiomyocyte apoptosis and injury. Importantly, circ-USP39 negatively regulated miR-499b-5p expression. As a downstream target of miR-499b-5p, ACSL1 partially counteracted the protective effect of circ-USP39 depletion on cardiomyocyte injury.Silencing of circ-USP39 alleviates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury via the miR-499b-5p/ACSL1 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianhua Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Central Hospital Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Haijun Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Central Hospital Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Central Hospital Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fadaei S, Zarepour F, Parvaresh M, Motamedzadeh A, Tamehri Zadeh SS, Sheida A, Shabani M, Hamblin MR, Rezaee M, Zarei M, Mirzaei H. Epigenetic regulation in myocardial infarction: Non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1014961. [PMID: 36440025 PMCID: PMC9685618 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1014961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of deaths globally. The early diagnosis of MI lowers the rate of subsequent complications and maximizes the benefits of cardiovascular interventions. Many efforts have been made to explore new therapeutic targets for MI, and the therapeutic potential of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is one good example. NcRNAs are a group of RNAs with many different subgroups, but they are not translated into proteins. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the most studied type of ncRNAs, and have been found to regulate several pathological processes in MI, including cardiomyocyte inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. These processes can also be modulated by circular RNAs and long ncRNAs via different mechanisms. However, the regulatory role of ncRNAs and their underlying mechanisms in MI are underexplored. Exosomes play a crucial role in communication between cells, and can affect both homeostasis and disease conditions. Exosomal ncRNAs have been shown to affect many biological functions. Tissue-specific changes in exosomal ncRNAs contribute to aging, tissue dysfunction, and human diseases. Here we provide a comprehensive review of recent findings on epigenetic changes in cardiovascular diseases as well as the role of ncRNAs and exosomal ncRNAs in MI, focusing on their function, diagnostic and prognostic significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fadaei
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Shohadae Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zarepour
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Parvaresh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Motamedzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Amirhossein Sheida
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Madani Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Zarei
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Expression Profiles and Functional Analysis of Plasma Exosomal Circular RNAs in Acute Myocardial Infarction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3458227. [PMID: 36221294 PMCID: PMC9547997 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3458227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common cardiovascular disease with high rates of morbidity and mortality globally. The dysregulation of circular RNAs (circRNAs) has been shown to be closely related to various pathological aspects of AMI. However, the function of exosomal circRNAs in AMI has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression profiles of plasma exosomal circRNAs in AMI and explore their potential functionality. The expression profiles of plasma exosomal circRNAs in patients with AMI, stable coronary heart atherosclerotic disease (CAD), and healthy controls were obtained from a GEO expression dataset (GSE159657). We also analyzed bioinformatics functionality, potential pathways, and interaction networks related to the microRNAs associated with the differentially expressed circRNAs. A total of 253 exosomal circRNAs (184 up- and 69 down-regulated) and 182 exosomal circRNAs (94 up- and 88 down-regulated) were identified as being differentially expressed between the control group and the AMI and CAD patients, respectively. Compared with the CAD group, 231 different exosomal circRNAs (177 up- and 54 down-regulated) were identified in the AMI group. Functional analysis suggested that the parental genes of exosomal has_circ_0061776 were significantly enriched in the biological process of lysine degradation. Pathway interaction network analysis further indicated that exosomal has_circ_0061776 was associated with has-miR-133a, has-miR-214, has-miR-423, and has-miR-217 and may play a role in the pathogenesis of AMI through the MAPK signaling pathway. This study identified the differential expression and functionality of exosomal circRNAs in AMI and provided further understanding of the potential pathogenesis of an exosomal circRNA-related competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network in AMI.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang L, Zhang Y, Yu F, Li X, Gao H, Li P. The circRNA-miRNA/RBP regulatory network in myocardial infarction. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:941123. [PMID: 35924059 PMCID: PMC9340152 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.941123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a serious heart disease that causes high mortality rate worldwide. Noncoding RNAs are widely involved in the pathogenesis of MI. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are recently validated to be crucial modulators of MI. CircRNAs are circularized RNAs with covalently closed loops, which make them stable under various conditions. CircRNAs can function by different mechanisms, such as serving as sponges of microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), regulating mRNA transcription, and encoding peptides. Among these mechanisms, sponging miRNAs/RBPs is the main pathway. In this paper, we systematically review the current knowledge on the properties and action modes of circRNAs, elaborate on the roles of the circRNA-miRNA/RBP network in MI, and explore the value of circRNAs in MI diagnosis and clinical therapies. CircRNAs are widely involved in MI. CircRNAs have many advantages, such as stability, specificity, and wide distribution, which imply that circRNAs have a great potential to act as biomarkers for MI diagnosis and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang, ; Peifeng Li,
| | | | | | | | | | - Peifeng Li
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang, ; Peifeng Li,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Epigenetic regulation in cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:200. [PMID: 35752619 PMCID: PMC9233709 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is closely related to cardiovascular diseases. Genome-wide linkage and association analyses and candidate gene approaches illustrate the multigenic complexity of cardiovascular disease. Several epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA, which are of importance for cardiovascular disease development and regression. Targeting epigenetic key enzymes, especially the DNA methyltransferases, histone methyltransferases, histone acetylases, histone deacetylases and their regulated target genes, could represent an attractive new route for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we summarize the knowledge on epigenetic history and essential regulatory mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the preclinical studies and drugs that are targeted these epigenetic key enzymes for cardiovascular diseases therapy. Finally, we conclude the clinical trials that are going to target some of these processes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kokot KE, Kneuer JM, John D, Rebs S, Möbius-Winkler MN, Erbe S, Müller M, Andritschke M, Gaul S, Sheikh BN, Haas J, Thiele H, Müller OJ, Hille S, Leuschner F, Dimmeler S, Streckfuss-Bömeke K, Meder B, Laufs U, Boeckel JN. Reduction of A-to-I RNA editing in the failing human heart regulates formation of circular RNAs. Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:32. [PMID: 35737129 PMCID: PMC9226085 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of RNA editing that affect the secondary structure of RNAs can cause human diseases. We therefore studied RNA editing in failing human hearts. Transcriptome sequencing showed that adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing was responsible for 80% of the editing events in the myocardium. Failing human hearts were characterized by reduced RNA editing. This was primarily attributable to Alu elements in introns of protein-coding genes. In the failing left ventricle, 166 circRNAs were upregulated and 7 circRNAs were downregulated compared to non-failing controls. Most of the upregulated circRNAs were associated with reduced RNA editing in the host gene. ADAR2, which binds to RNA regions that are edited from A-to-I, was decreased in failing human hearts. In vitro, reduction of ADAR2 increased circRNA levels suggesting a causal effect of reduced ADAR2 levels on increased circRNAs in the failing human heart. To gain mechanistic insight, one of the identified upregulated circRNAs with a high reduction of editing in heart failure, AKAP13, was further characterized. ADAR2 reduced the formation of double-stranded structures in AKAP13 pre-mRNA, thereby reducing the stability of Alu elements and the circularization of the resulting circRNA. Overexpression of circAKAP13 impaired the sarcomere regularity of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. These data show that ADAR2 mediates A-to-I RNA editing in the human heart. A-to-I RNA editing represses the formation of dsRNA structures of Alu elements favoring canonical linear mRNA splicing and inhibiting the formation of circRNAs. The findings are relevant to diseases with reduced RNA editing and increased circRNA levels and provide insights into the human-specific regulation of circRNA formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline E Kokot
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jasmin M Kneuer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David John
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe-University Hospital, Theodor Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Rebs
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Versbacher-Str. 9, Würzburg, Germany
- Heartcenter - Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Erbe
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marion Müller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Heart-and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Michael Andritschke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Gaul
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bilal N Sheikh
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Haas
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver J Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Hille
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Leuschner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe-University Hospital, Theodor Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katrin Streckfuss-Bömeke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Versbacher-Str. 9, Würzburg, Germany
- Heartcenter - Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Meder
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jes-Niels Boeckel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lan Z, Wang T, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Zou X. CircSLC8A1 Exacerbates Hypoxia-Induced Myocardial Injury via Interacting with MiR-214-5p to Upregulate TEAD1 Expression. Int Heart J 2022; 63:591-601. [PMID: 35650159 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.21-547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) act as important regulators in myocardial infarction (MI). This study aimed to explore the regulatory mechanism of circRNA solute carrier family 8 member A1 antisense RNA 1 (circSLC8A1) in hypoxia-induced myocardial injury.Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation and identified by microscopic observation or protein detection. Protein levels were examined by Western blot. CircSLC8A1, microRNA-214-5p (miR-214-5p), and TEA domain transcription factor 1 (TEAD1) levels were determined via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry, respectively. Inflammatory cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Oxidative stress was assessed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity through the corresponding detection kits. Target analysis was performed by dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay, and pull-down assay.Exosomes released circSLC8A1 from hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Exosomal circSLC8A1 exacerbated hypoxia-induced repression of cell viability but promotion of cell apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Knockdown of circSLC8A1 ameliorated hypoxia-mediated cell injury. CircSLC8A1 directly targeted miR-214-5p and miR-214-5p downregulation reverted the effects of si-circSLC8A1 on hypoxia-treated cardiomyocytes. TEAD1 was a target of miR-214-5p and circSLC8A1 upregulated TEAD1 level via targeting miR-214-5p. In addition, miR-214-5p inhibited hypoxia-caused cell injury by downregulating the expression of TEAD1.These results suggested that circSLC8A1 aggravated cell damages in hypoxia-treated cardiomyocytes by the regulation of TEAD1 via sponging miR-214-5p.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Lan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University
| | - Zhizhong Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University
| | - Xiaoming Zou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou Z, Li K, Liu J, Zhang H, Fan Y, Chen Y, Han H, Yang J, Liu Y. Expression Profile Analysis to Identify Circular RNA Expression Signatures in Muscle Development of Wu'an Goat Longissimus Dorsi Tissues. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:833946. [PMID: 35518637 PMCID: PMC9062782 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.833946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and development of skeletal muscle is a physiological process regulated by a variety of genes and signaling pathways. As a posttranscriptional regulatory factor, circRNA plays a certain regulatory role in the development of animal skeletal muscle in the form of a miRNA sponge. However, the role of circRNAs in muscle development and growth in goats is still unclear. In our study, apparent differences in muscle fibers in Wu'an goats of different ages was firstly detected by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, the circRNA expression profiles of longissimus dorsi muscles from 1-month-old (mon1) and 9-month-old (mon9) goats were screened by RNA-seq and verified by RT-qPCR. The host genes of differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs were predicted, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses (KEGG) of host genes with DE circRNAs were performed to explore the functions of circRNAs. The circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks were then constructed using Cytoscape software. Ten significantly differentially expressed circRNAs were also verified in the mon1 and mon9 groups by RT-qPCR. Luciferase Reporter Assay was used to verify the binding site between circRNA and its targeted miRNA. The results showed that a total of 686 DE circRNAs were identified between the mon9 and mon1 groups, of which 357 were upregulated and 329 were downregulated. Subsequently, the 467 host genes of DE circRNAs were predicted using Find_circ and CIRI software. The circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network contained 201 circRNAs, 85 miRNAs, and 581 mRNAs; the host mRNAs were associated with "muscle fiber development" and "AMPK signaling pathway" and were enriched in the FoxO signaling pathway. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analysis showed that novel_circ_0005314, novel_circ_0005319, novel_circ_0009256, novel_circ_0009845, novel_circ_0005934 and novel_circ_0000134 may play important roles in skeletal muscle growth and development between the mon9 and mon1 groups. Luciferase Reporter Assay confirmed the combination between novel_circ_0005319 and chi-miR-199a-5p, novel_circ_0005934 and chi-miR-450-3p and novel_circ_0000134 and chi-miR-655. Our results provide specific information related to goat muscle development and a reference for the goat circRNA profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuyang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Kunyu Li
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Jiannan Liu
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Yekai Fan
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Haiyin Han
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Junqi Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Yufang Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu B, Guo K. CircRbms1 knockdown alleviates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury via regulating the miR-742-3p/FOXO1 axis. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:31. [PMID: 35346026 PMCID: PMC8962532 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circular RNA (circRNA) has been shown to play an important role in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI). However, the role of circRbms1 in MI progression remains unclear. Methods An MI mouse model was constructed in vivo, and cardiomyocytes were cultured under hypoxia condition to induce a cardiomyocyte injury model in vitro. The expression levels of circRbms1, microRNA (miR)-742-3p, and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometry. Meanwhile, western blot analysis was used to examine the protein levels of apoptosis markers and FOXO1. Additionally, dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA pull-down assay, and RIP assay were employed to verify the interactions between miR-742-3p and circRbms1 or FOXO1. Results CircRbms1 was upregulated in the heart tissues of MI mice and hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes. Hypoxia induced cardiomyocyte injury by suppressing cell viability, migration, and invasion, and promoting apoptosis. Function experiments showed that circRbms1 overexpression aggravated hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury, while its silencing relieved cardiomyocyte injury induced by hypoxia. Furthermore, circRbms1 sponged miR-742-3p. MiR-742-3p overexpression alleviated hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury, and its inhibitor reversed the suppressive effect of circRbms1 silencing on hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Further experiments showed that FOXO1 was a target of miR-742-3p, and its expression was positively regulated by circRbms1. The inhibitory effect of miR-742-3p on hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury was reversed by FOXO1 overexpression. Conclusion CircRbms1 regulated the miR-742-3p/FOXO1 axis to mediate hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury, suggesting that circRbms1 might be an effective target for MI treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11658-022-00330-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.1665 Kongjiang Road, 20092, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.1665 Kongjiang Road, 20092, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
CircTRRAP Knockdown Has Cardioprotective Function in Cardiomyocytes via the Signal Regulation of miR-370-3p/PAWR Axis. Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 2022:7125602. [PMID: 35251305 PMCID: PMC8863495 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7125602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circular RNA Transformation/Transcription Domain Associated Protein (circTRRAP, hsa_circ_0081241) was abnormally upregulated in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. However, its biological role and functional mechanism in AMI remain to be researched. Methods Human cardiomyocyte AC16 was exposed to hypoxia to induce cell injury. Cell viability was detected through Cell Counting Kit-8. CircTRRAP, microRNA-370-3p (miR-370-3p), and Pro-Apoptotic WT1 Regulator (PAWR) levels were assayed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell proliferation analysis was performed via 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity assay. The protein levels were measured through western blot. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to examine the release of inflammatory cytokines. Oxidative stress was assessed by the commercial kits. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation, and RNA pull-down assays were performed for the validation of target interaction. Results CircTRRAP was highly expressed following hypoxia treatment in AC16 cells. Downregulation of circTRRAP promoted cell growth but inhibited apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in hypoxic cells. CircTRRAP could target miR-370-3p, and the regulatory effects of circTRRAP on the hypoxic cells were associated with the sponge function of miR-370-3p. PAWR served as the target for miR-370-3p, and it was regulated by circTRRAP/miR-370-3p axis. The protective role of miR-370-3p was achieved by downregulating the PAWR expression in hypoxia-treated AC16 cells. Conclusion These findings demonstrated that silence of circTRRAP exerted the protection against the hypoxia-induced damages in cardiomyocytes through regulating the miR-370-3p and PAWR levels.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen S, Sun L, Hao M, Liu X. Circ-SWT1 Ameliorates H 2O 2-Induced Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cardiomyocytes via miR-192-5p/SOD2 Axis. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:378-389. [PMID: 35099761 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a most serious cardiovascular disease. Increasing findings have indicated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) serve as competent biomarkers in the process of AMI. Herein, our study aimed to probe the functions of circ-SWT1 in cardiomyocyte injury after AMI. H2O2-induced human cardiomyocyte cell line AC16 were used for expression and function analyses. The levels of genes and proteins were detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry and caspase3 activity analysis. The oxidative stress injury was evaluated by detecting the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of apoptosis-related markers and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) markers. Dual-luciferase reporter, RIP and pull-down assays were applied to confirm the interaction between miR-192-5p and circ-SWT1 or SOD2. H2O2 treatment significantly decreased circ-SWT1 expression in cardiomyocytes, functionally, ectopic expression of circ-SWT1 attenuated H2O2-triggered apoptosis, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cardiomyocytes in vitro. Mechanistically, circ-SWT1 competitively bound to miR-192-5p to relieve the repression of miR-192-5p on its target SOD2. Further rescue experiments showed that miR-192-5p upregulation reversed the inhibitory effects of circ-SWT1 on H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Moreover, miR-192-5p inhibition protected cardiomyocytes against H2O2-evoked apoptosis, oxidative stress and ER stress, which were abolished by SOD2 silencing. Circ-SWT1 ameliorates H2O2-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and ER stress in cardiomyocytes via miR-192-5p/SOD2 axis, suggesting the potential involvement of circ-SWT1 in AMI process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin City, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lixiu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin City, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Min Hao
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin City, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin City, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen J, Liu Z, Ma L, Gao S, Fu H, Wang C, Lu A, Wang B, Gu X. Targeting Epigenetics and Non-coding RNAs in Myocardial Infarction: From Mechanisms to Therapeutics. Front Genet 2022; 12:780649. [PMID: 34987550 PMCID: PMC8721121 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.780649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a complicated pathology triggered by numerous environmental and genetic factors. Understanding the effect of epigenetic regulation mechanisms on the cardiovascular disease would advance the field and promote prophylactic methods targeting epigenetic mechanisms. Genetic screening guides individualised MI therapies and surveillance. The present review reported the latest development on the epigenetic regulation of MI in terms of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA-dependent MI mechanisms and the novel therapies based on epigenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Chen
- Department of TCM, Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Department of TCM, Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of TCM, Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengwei Gao
- Department of TCM, Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanjie Fu
- Department of TCM, Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin, China
| | - Can Wang
- Acupuncture Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin, China
| | - Anmin Lu
- Department of TCM, Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin, China
| | - Baohe Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin, China
| | - Xufang Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun G, Shen JF, Wei XF, Qi GX. Circular RNA Foxo3 Relieves Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Suppressing Autophagy via Inhibiting HMGB1 by Repressing KAT7 in Myocardial Infarction. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6397-6407. [PMID: 34880642 PMCID: PMC8647308 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s339133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Myocardial infarction is coronary artery-related heart disease, and the leading cause of mortality globally. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new type of regulatory RNAs and participate in multiple pathological cardiac progression. Methods However, the function of circFoxo3 in MI-induced myocardial injury remains obscure. Results Significantly, we identified that circFoxo3 was downregulated in the MI rat model and the overexpression of circFoxo3 ameliorated MI-induced cardiac dysfunction and attenuated MI-induced autophagy in rat model. Meanwhile, the overexpression of circFoxo3 repressed oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, and injury of cardiomyocyte in vitro. Mechanically, we identified that the expression of KAT7 was reduced by circFoxo3 overexpression in cardiomyocytes. Meanwhile, the expression of HMGB1 was repressed by the depletion of KAT7 in cardiomyocytes. The enrichment of histone H3 lysine 14 acetylation (H3K14ac) and RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) on HMGB1 promoter was inhibited by the knockdown of KAT7. Moreover, the overexpression of circFoxo3 suppressed HMGB1 expression and KAT7 overexpression rescued the expression of HMGB1 in cardiomyocytes. The enrichment of KAT7, H3K14ac, and RNA poly II on HMGB1 promoter was decreased by circFoxo3 overexpression, while the overexpression of KAT7 could reverse the effect. The overexpression of KAT7 or HMGB1 could reverse circFoxo3-attenuated cardiomyocyte injury and autophagy in vitro. Thus, we conclude that circular RNA circFoxo3 relieved myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing autophagy via inhibiting HMGB1 by repressing KAT7 in MI. Discussion Our finding provides new insight into the mechanism by which circFoxo3 regulates MI-related cardiac dysfunction by targeting KAT7/HMGB1 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Sun
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Fen Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Fang Wei
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Xian Qi
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wen ZJ, Xin H, Wang YC, Liu HW, Gao YY, Zhang YF. Emerging roles of circRNAs in the pathological process of myocardial infarction. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:828-848. [PMID: 34729251 PMCID: PMC8536508 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as cardiomyocyte death in a clinical context consistent with ischemic insult. MI remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although there are a number of effective clinical methods for the diagnosis and treatment of MI, further investigation of novel biomarkers and molecular therapeutic targets is required. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), novel non-coding RNAs, have been reported to function mainly by acting as microRNA (miRNA) sponges or binding to RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). The circRNA-miRNA-mRNA (protein) regulatory pathway regulates gene expression and affects the pathological mechanisms of various diseases. Undoubtedly, a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between MI and circRNA will lay the foundation for the development of circRNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for MI. Therefore, this review summarizes the pathophysiological process of MI and various approaches to measure circRNA levels in MI patients, tissues, and cells; highlights the significance of circRNAs in the regulation MI pathogenesis and development; and provides potential clinical insight for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Jin Wen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Hui Xin
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong-Chen Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Hao-Wen Liu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yan-Yan Gao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yin-Feng Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
- Correspondence: Yin-Feng Zhang, Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alternative Splicing in Cardiovascular Disease-A Survey of Recent Findings. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091457. [PMID: 34573439 PMCID: PMC8469243 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing, a driver of posttranscriptional variance, differs from canonical splicing by arranging the introns and exons of an immature pre-mRNA transcript in a multitude of different ways. Although alternative splicing was discovered almost half a century ago, estimates of the proportion of genes that undergo alternative splicing have risen drastically over the last two decades. Deep sequencing methods and novel bioinformatic algorithms have led to new insights into the prevalence of spliced variants, tissue-specific splicing patterns and the significance of alternative splicing in development and disease. Thus far, the role of alternative splicing has been uncovered in areas ranging from heart development, the response to myocardial infarction to cardiac structural disease. Circular RNAs, a product of alternative back-splicing, were initially discovered in 1976, but landmark publications have only recently identified their regulatory role, tissue-specific expression, and transcriptomic abundance, spurring a renewed interest in the topic. The aim of this review is to provide a brief insight into some of the available findings on the role of alternative splicing in cardiovascular disease, with a focus on atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy and circular RNAs in myocardial infarction.
Collapse
|
20
|
Schweiger V, Hasimbegovic E, Kastner N, Spannbauer A, Traxler D, Gyöngyösi M, Mester-Tonczar J. Non-Coding RNAs in Stem Cell Regulation and Cardiac Regeneration: Current Problems and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179160. [PMID: 34502068 PMCID: PMC8431637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although advances in rapid revascularization strategies following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have led to improved short and long-term outcomes, the associated loss of cardiomyocytes and the subsequent remodeling result in an impaired ventricular function that can lead to heart failure or death. The poor regenerative capacity of the myocardium and the current lack of effective regenerative therapies have driven stem cell research in search of a possible solution. One approach involves the delivery of stem cells to the site of injury in order to stimulate repair response. Although animal studies initially delivered promising results, the application of similar techniques in humans has been hampered by poor target site retention and oncogenic considerations. In response, several alternative strategies, including the use of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), have been introduced with the aim of activating and regulating stem cells or inducing stem cell status in resident cells. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are ncRNAs with pivotal functions in cell proliferation and differentiation, whose role in stem cell regulation and potential significance for the field of cardiac regeneration is the primary focus of this review. We also address the general advantages of ncRNAs as promising drivers of cardiac regeneration and potent stem cell regulators.
Collapse
|
21
|
Yuan T, Krishnan J. Non-coding RNAs in Cardiac Regeneration. Front Physiol 2021; 12:650566. [PMID: 33841185 PMCID: PMC8024481 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.650566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult heart has a limited capacity to replace or regenerate damaged cardiac tissue following severe myocardial injury. Thus, therapies facilitating the induction of cardiac regeneration holds great promise for the treatment of end-stage heart failure, and for pathologies invoking severe cardiac dysfunction as a result of cardiomyocyte death. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated that cardiac regeneration can be achieved through modulation and/or reprogramming of cardiomyocyte proliferation, differentiation, and survival signaling. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are reported to play critical roles in regulating key aspects of cardiomyocyte physiologic and pathologic signaling, including the regulation of cardiac regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we will explore and detail the current understanding of ncRNA function in cardiac regeneration, and highlight established and novel strategies for the treatment of heart failure through modulation of ncRNAs-driven cardiac regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yuan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jaya Krishnan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tang L, Li P, Jang M, Zhu W. Circular RNAs and Cardiovascular Regeneration. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:672600. [PMID: 33928139 PMCID: PMC8076501 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.672600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNAs that are widely present in eukaryotic cells. They have the characteristics of stable structure, high abundance, and cell or tissue specific expression. circRNAs are single-stranded RNAs that are covalently back spliced to form closed circular loops. They may participate in gene expression and regulation through a variety of action modes. circRNAs can encode proteins or function by acting as miRNA sponges for protein translation. Since 2016, a growing number of research studies have shown that circRNAs play important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. With the construction of circRNA database, the differential expression of circRNAs in the heart tissue samples from different species and the gradual elucidation of its mode of action in disease may become an ideal diagnosis biomarker and an effective therapeutic target. What can be expected surely has a broader application prospect. In this review, we summarize recent publications on circRNA biogenesis, expression profiles, functions, and the most recent studies of circRNAs in the field of cardiovascular diseases with special emphasis on cardiac regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Center of Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Pengsheng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Center of Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Michelle Jang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Center of Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Wuqiang Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Center of Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao Q, Li W, Pan W, Wang Z. CircRNA 010567 plays a significant role in myocardial infarction via the regulation of the miRNA-141/DAPK1 axis. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:2447-2459. [PMID: 34012592 PMCID: PMC8107568 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Myocardial infarction (MI), caused by temporary or permanent coronary artery occlusion, poses a serious threat to patients’ lives. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a new kind of endogenous noncoding RNAs, have been widely studied recently. This study was designed to illustrate and potential molecular mechanisms of circRNA 010567 in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury in vitro, so as to provide new strategies for the therapy of MI. Methods H9c2 cells were cultured in anoxic conditions with 94% N2, 5% CO2, and 1% O2 to establish the in vitro MI model. Cell viability and apoptosis were checked using MTT and flow cytometry assay, respectively, Moreover, the levels of circRNA 010567, miR-141, and DAPK1 was determined using qRT-PCR. The putative targets of circRNA 010567 and miR-141 were confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter system and the RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. The release of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and the viability of mitochondria were detected using assay kits. Results The current study revealed that circRNA 010567 and DAPK1 were over-expressed, and miR-141 was low-expressed in hypoxia-induced MI. circRNA 010567 sponges miR-141 and DAPK1 was a direct target of miR-141. Mechanistic investigations revealed that circRNA 010567-siRNA impaired the release of CK-MB and cTnI, and promoted the viability of mitochondria in hypoxia-induced H9c2 cells, while these findings were reversed by the miR-141 inhibitor. In addition, the miR-141 mimic markedly reduced the release of CK-MB and cTnI, and promoted the viability of mitochondria, and these results were reversed by the DAPK1-plasmid. Subsequently, functional experiments revealed that hypoxia-stimulated decreases in H9c2 cell viability, as well as increases in apoptosis and caspase-3 activity, were induced by the miR-141 mimic and circRNA 010567-siRNA. However, these results were reversed by the miR-141 inhibitor and DAPK1-plasmid. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that circRNA 010567-siRNA played a protective role in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte damage via regulating the miR-141/DAPK1 axis, indicating that circRNA 010567-siRNA may be a promising target for MI therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinge Zhao
- Department of Emergency, PLA Joint Service Support Force 983rd Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weichao Li
- Department of Emergency, PLA Joint Service Support Force 983rd Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Emergency, PLA Joint Service Support Force 983rd Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziyao Wang
- Tianjin Garrison No. 3 Retirement Station, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Novel Identified Circular Transcript of RCAN2, circ-RCAN2, Shows Deviated Expression Pattern in Pig Reperfused Infarcted Myocardium and Hypoxic Porcine Cardiac Progenitor Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031390. [PMID: 33573240 PMCID: PMC7866528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are crucial in gene regulatory networks and disease development, yet circRNA expression in myocardial infarction (MI) is poorly understood. Here, we harvested myocardium samples from domestic pigs 3 days after closed-chest reperfused MI or sham surgery. Cardiac circRNAs were identified by RNA-sequencing of rRNA-depleted RNA from infarcted and healthy myocardium tissue samples. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using the CIRIfull and KNIFE algorithms, and circRNAs identified with both algorithms were subjected to differential expression (DE) analysis and validation by qPCR. Circ-RCAN2 and circ-C12orf29 expressions were significantly downregulated in infarcted tissue compared to healthy pig heart. Sanger sequencing was performed to identify the backsplice junctions of circular transcripts. Finally, we compared the expressions of circ-C12orf29 and circ-RCAN2 between porcine cardiac progenitor cells (pCPCs) that were incubated in a hypoxia chamber for different time periods versus normoxic pCPCs. Circ-C12orf29 did not show significant DE in vitro, whereas circ-RCAN2 exhibited significant ischemia-time-dependent upregulation in hypoxic pCPCs. Overall, our results revealed novel cardiac circRNAs with DE patterns in pCPCs, and in infarcted and healthy myocardium. Circ-RCAN2 exhibited differential regulation by myocardial infarction in vivo and by hypoxia in vitro. These results will improve our understanding of circRNA regulation during acute MI.
Collapse
|
25
|
Sun C, Ni M, Song B, Cao L. Circulating Circular RNAs: Novel Biomarkers for Heart Failure. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:560537. [PMID: 33281603 PMCID: PMC7691568 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.560537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a serious, chronic disease, causing significant ill health and high mortality worldwide. The current clinical strategies emphasize reducing the transition from a healthy to a failing heart despite the shift in the clinical goal from healing to disease prevention. Recent research advancements on noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are significant therapeutic targets in HF. Previous studies have highlighted the potential applicability of circRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, less is known regarding the potential benefits of circRNAs as novel diagnostic and treatment biomarkers for HF. In the present study, we summarize the current developments and achievements associated with the use of circRNAs as HF biomarkers. We also discuss future research directions regarding HF diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mester-Tonczar J, Hašimbegović E, Spannbauer A, Traxler D, Kastner N, Zlabinger K, Einzinger P, Pavo N, Goliasch G, Gyöngyösi M. Circular RNAs in Cardiac Regeneration: Cardiac Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, Survival, and Reprogramming. Front Physiol 2020; 11:580465. [PMID: 33117197 PMCID: PMC7550749 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.580465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are classified as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are characterized by a covalent closed-loop structure. This closed-loop shape is the result of a backsplicing event in which the 3' and 5' splice sites are ligated. Through the lack of 3' poly(A) tails and 5' cap structures, circRNAs are more stable than linear RNAs because these adjustments make the circular loop less susceptible to exonucleases. The majority of identified circRNAs possess cell- and tissue-specific expression patterns. In addition, high-throughput RNA-sequencing combined with novel bioinformatics algorithms revealed that circRNA sequences are often conserved across different species suggesting a positive evolutionary pressure. Implicated as regulators of protein turnover, micro RNA (miRNA) sponges, or broad effectors in cell differentiation, proliferation, and senescence, research of circRNA has increased in recent years. Particularly in cardiovascular research, circRNA-related discoveries have opened the door for the development of potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Increasing evidence links deviating circRNA expression patterns to various cardiovascular diseases including ischemic heart failure. In this mini-review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on circRNAs in cardiac regeneration with a focus on cardiac cell proliferation, differentiation, cardiomyocyte survival, and cardiac reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mester-Tonczar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ena Hašimbegović
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spannbauer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Traxler
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Kastner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Zlabinger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Einzinger
- Research Unit of Information and Software Engineering, Institute of Information Systems Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Noemi Pavo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Goliasch
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|