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Dy ABC, Tanchanco LBS, Sy JCY, Levantino MD, Hagerman RJ. Screening for Fragile X Syndrome Among Filipino Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:4465-4473. [PMID: 35972625 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder present with difficulties in social communication, restricted interests or behaviors and other co-morbidities. About 2 to 10% of cases of autism have a genetic cause, and Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is reported in 0 to 6.5% of individuals with autism. However, the FXS and premutation prevalence among Filipino children has never been reported. The aim of the study was to establish the presence of FXS or premutation carriers among Filipino children with autism and to describe the phenotypic characteristic of cases identified. Blood was collected from 235 children aged 2-6 years old and diagnosed with autism. Samples were analyzed using PCR methods to amplify CGG repeats in the FMRI gene. The diagnosis of autism was confirmed through the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2. Additional characteristics were documented from a physical examination, Griffiths Scales of Child Development assessment and a parent-answered questionnaire using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale. Fragile X testing through PCR methods in 235 children with diagnosed autism showed 220 (93.6%) were negative, no full mutations, 1 (0.436%) premutation carrier and 14 (5.95%) cases contained intermediate alleles. The FXS testing was limited to confirmed cases of autism, which is considered a high-risk group and does not provide prevalence for the general Filipino population. Subjects were self-referred or referred by clinicians, which may not represent the Filipino autism population with a bias towards those with means for clinical consultations and ability to travel to the place of testing. Samples were not measured for mosaicism, DNA methylation or AGG interspersion patterns. These may have effects on the CGG repeat expansion and overall presentation of FXS. Findings from a single premutation carrier cannot characterize features distinctly present in Filipinos with the mutation. Nevertheless, these results support the data that the prevalence of FXS in Asian populations may be lower than non-Asian populations. This can contribute to a better understanding of FXS and genetic causes of autism in the Philippines and other Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Belle C Dy
- Ateneo de Manila University School of Medicine and Public Health, Don Eugenio Lopez Sr. Medical Complex, Pasig City, NCR, Philippines.
| | - Lourdes Bernadette S Tanchanco
- Ateneo de Manila University School of Medicine and Public Health, Don Eugenio Lopez Sr. Medical Complex, Pasig City, NCR, Philippines
| | - Jenica Clarisse Y Sy
- Ateneo de Manila University School of Medicine and Public Health, Don Eugenio Lopez Sr. Medical Complex, Pasig City, NCR, Philippines
| | - Myla Dominicina Levantino
- Ateneo de Manila University School of Medicine and Public Health, Don Eugenio Lopez Sr. Medical Complex, Pasig City, NCR, Philippines
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- University of California Davis, MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Tang R, Yu Q. The significance of FMR1 CGG repeats in Chinese women with premature ovarian insufficiency and diminished ovarian reserve. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:82. [PMID: 32787884 PMCID: PMC7422563 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that there is an association between FMR1 CGG repeats and ovarian dysfunction. The aim of this study is to assess the association between the number of CGG repeats in FMR1 in Chinese patients with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). METHODS This is a cross-sectional, case-control study, which enrolled 124 patients with POI, 57 patients with DOR and 111 normal menopausal controls. The demographic details along with other clinical data were recorded. The FMR1 CGG repeats were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and microfluidic capillary electrophoresis. RESULTS We could detect two premutation carriers in the POI group (1.6%) and one in the control group (0.9%). No premutation carriers were identified in the DOR group. The frequency of FMR1 premutations was not different between POI or DOR and controls. The most common CGG repeat was 29 and 30, and the repeat length for allele 2 had a secondary peak around 36-39 repeats. The CGG repeats were divided into groups of five consecutive values, and the distribution of allele 1 in the POI group was different from that in the control group (P < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were found for allele 1 between DOR group vs. controls, and for allele 2 between three groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study shows that the frequency of FMR1 premutations is relatively low (1.6%) in Chinese women with POI. The distribution of allele 1 CGG repeat in patients with POI showed difference from that in healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, No 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730, DongCheng District, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, No 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730, DongCheng District, China.
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Tang R, Chen R, Luo M, Lin S, Yu Q. Chinese women with 29-30 FMR1 CGG repeats have an earlier menopause. Climacteric 2020; 23:298-305. [PMID: 32107944 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2020.1727877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: A strong, well-established non-linear relationship exists between fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) premutation and menopausal age. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether this relationship continues into the normal CGG repeat range.Methods: FMR1 CGG repeats of 111 Chinese postmenopausal women from a prospective cohort and the relationship with age at menopause were analyzed. Associations of FMR1 genotypes with annually measured estradiol and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were also assessed.Results: One premutation and two intermediate carriers were identified, with a prevalence of 0.90% and 1.80%, respectively. The age at menopause differed with statistical significance (p = 0.007) between women carrying bi-allelic 29-30 repeats (49.66 ± 3.26 years) and those carrying a different number of repeats (51.26 ± 2.74 years). Age at menopause among subgroups (≤28, 29-30, and ≥31 repeats) of alleles 1 and 2 were also different (p = 0.014, p = 0.044). FSH trajectories to final menstrual period differed between women with the bi-allelic 29-30 repeats and others (p = 0.019).Conclusions: Women with 29-30 FMR1 CGG repeats may experience menopause approximately 2 years earlier than those carrying ≤28 or ≥31 CGG repeats, and have a longer FSH fluctuant period.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - R Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - M Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - S Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Q Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
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Huang J, Zhang W, Liu Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Jiang H. Association between the FMR1 CGG repeat lengths and the severity of idiopathic primary ovarian insufficiency: a meta analysis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:3116-3122. [PMID: 31352801 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1645153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Reports on the association of the CGG repeat length in the FMR1 gene with the severity of idiopathic POI are inconclusive. Therefore, a meta analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the expansion of repeat CGG and idiopathic POI risk. Methods: Up to January 2019, 18 case-control or cohort studies involving 3394 idiopathic POI patients and 8461 controls were included for meta analysis. Results: Thirteen studies, including 2047 cases and 6912 controls, met our criteria for the assessment of the premutation and intermediate repeat length in patients with overt POI. Compared with controls, FMR1 gene premutation is significantly associated with overt POI (OR = 8.13; 95% CI: 4.35-15.19; p < .00001), whereas there was no significant correlation between intermediate repeat length and overt POI (OR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.62-1.18; p = .34). Seven studies, representing 1347 patients and 1948 controls, were eligible for evaluation of the premutation and intermediate repeat length in occult POI. The association between premutation and occult POI was significant (p < .00001), with a pooled fixed effects OR of 11.32 (4.45-28.80), and no significant correlation of intermediate size to occult POI was found in the case-control comparison (OR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.68-1.47; p = .98). Conclusion: There is a close association between premutation of the FMR1 gene and increased susceptibility to idiopathic POI of each stage and no correlation between intermediate repeat length of the FMR1 gene and the severity of idiopathic POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- a Reproductive Medicine Center, Clinical College of People's Liberation Army, Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China.,b Reproductive Medicine Center, the 901th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of People's Liberation Army , Hefei , China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- c Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- b Reproductive Medicine Center, the 901th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of People's Liberation Army , Hefei , China
| | - Ying Liu
- b Reproductive Medicine Center, the 901th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of People's Liberation Army , Hefei , China
| | - Jing Wang
- b Reproductive Medicine Center, the 901th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of People's Liberation Army , Hefei , China
| | - Hong Jiang
- a Reproductive Medicine Center, Clinical College of People's Liberation Army, Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China.,b Reproductive Medicine Center, the 901th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of People's Liberation Army , Hefei , China
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Pastore LM, Christianson MS, McGuinness B, Vaught KC, Maher JY, Kearns WG. Does theFMR1 gene affect IVF success? Reprod Biomed Online 2018; 38:560-569. [PMID: 30711457 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
FMR1 CGG trinucleotide repeat expansions are associated with Fragile X syndrome (full mutations) and primary ovarian insufficiency (premutation range); the effect of FMR1 on the success of fertility treatment is unclear. The effect of FMR1 CGG repeat lengths on IVF outcomes after ovarian stimulation was reviewed. PubMed was searched for studies on IVF-related outcomes reported by FMR1 trinucleotide repeat length published between 2002 and December 2017. For women with CGG repeats in the normal (<45 CGG), intermediate range (45-54 CGG), or both, research supports a minimal effect on IVF outcomes, including pregnancy rates; although one study reported lower oocyte yields after IVF stimulation in women with lower CGG repeat lengths and normal ovarian reserve. Meta-analysis revealed no association within subcategories of normal repeat length (<45 CGG) and IVF pregnancy rates (summary OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.15). Premutation carriers (CGG 55-200) may have reduced success with IVF treatment (lower oocyte yield) than women with a normal CGG repeat length or a full mutation, although findings are inconsistent. Direct implications of the repeat length on inheritance and the risk of Fragile X syndrome have been observed. Patients may require clinical and psychological counselling, and further preimplantation genetic testing options should be considered. Thus, there are clinical and psychological counseling implications for patients and potential further patient decisions regarding preimplantation genetic testing options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Pastore
- OB/GYN and Reproductive Medicine Department, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA
| | - Mindy S Christianson
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | | | - Kamaria Cayton Vaught
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline Y Maher
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
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Owens KM, Dohany L, Holland C, DaRe J, Mann T, Settler C, Longman RE. FMR1 premutation frequency in a large, ethnically diverse population referred for carrier testing. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1304-1308. [PMID: 29603880 PMCID: PMC6001625 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and is caused by an expansion of cytosine‐guanine‐guanine (CGG) repeats in the FMR1 gene. Female premutation allele carriers (55–200 CGG repeats) are at risk to have an affected child. Currently, specific population‐based carrier screening for FXS is not recommended. Previous studies exploring female premutation carrier frequency have been limited by size or ethnicity. This retrospective study provides a pan‐ethnic estimate of the Fragile X premutation carrier frequency in a large, ethnically diverse population of women referred for routine carrier screening during a specified time period at Progenity, Inc. Patient ethnicity was self‐reported and categorized as: African American, Ashkenazi Jewish, Asian, Caucasian, Hispanic, Native American, Other/Mixed/Unknown, or Sephardic Jewish. FXS test results were stratified by ethnicity and repeat allele category. Total premutation carrier frequency was calculated and compared against each ethnic group. A total of 134,933 samples were included. The pan‐ethnic premutation carrier frequency was 1 in 201. Only the Asian group differed significantly from this frequency. Using the carrier frequency of 1 in 201, a conservative pan‐ethnic risk estimate for a male fetus to have FXS can be calculated as 1 in 2,412. This risk is similar to the highest ethnic‐based fetal risks for cystic fibrosis and spinal muscular atrophy, for which population‐wide screening is currently recommended. This study adds to the literature and supports further evaluation into specific population‐wide screening recommendations for FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryan E Longman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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O'Byrne JJ, Sweeney M, Donnelly DE, Lambert DM, Beattie ED, Gervin CM, Barton DE, Lynch SA. Incidence of Fragile X syndrome in Ireland. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:678-683. [PMID: 28157260 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Described as the commonest single gene cause of learning disability internationally, the incidence of Fragile X syndrome (FXS) has never previously been determined in Ireland. The aim of this work was to determine the observed incidence of FXS in the island of Ireland; the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and Northern Ireland (NI) separately and combined. Ascertainment was achieved for a cross-sectional study by a retrospective, clinical and laboratory database review of positive FXS cases, born in either ROI or NI, between years 2000-2009 inclusive. The observed incidence of FXS per 10,000 live births in the island of Ireland in males was 0.94 (95%CI: 0.75-1.13) or ∼1:10,600 and in females was 0.23 (95%CI: 0.14-0.32) or ∼1:43,000. Comparable testing rates for FXS are present in ROI and NI, with on average 1.48% (1.30% in ROI, 1.96% in NI) of live male births and 0.4% (0.35% in ROI, 0.55% in NI) of live female births undergoing analysis which is comparable to other centres internationally. This study demonstrates the observed incidence of FXS in the island of Ireland is (i) approximately half the estimated worldwide incidence in males and is not explained by low levels of testing, and (ii) approximately one quarter the estimated worldwide incidence in females which may be explained by low levels of testing. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J O'Byrne
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Sweeney
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deirdre E Donnelly
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust/City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Deborah M Lambert
- National Rare Diseases Office, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eleanor D Beattie
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust/City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Celine M Gervin
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust/City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - David E Barton
- Department of Clinical Genetics and University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sally A Lynch
- National Rare Diseases Office, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Study of the Genetic Etiology of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency: FMR1 Gene. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7120123. [PMID: 27983607 PMCID: PMC5192499 DOI: 10.3390/genes7120123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Menopause is a period of women’s life characterized by the cessation of menses in a definitive way. The mean age for menopause is approximately 51 years. Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) refers to ovarian dysfunction defined as irregular menses and elevated gonadotrophin levels before or at the age of 40 years. The etiology of POI is unknown but several genes have been reported as being of significance. The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) is one of the most important genes associated with POI. The FMR1 gene contains a highly polymorphic CGG repeat in the 5′ untranslated region of exon 1. Four allelic forms have been defined with respect to CGG repeat length and instability during transmission. Normal (5–44 CGG) alleles are usually transmitted from parent to offspring in a stable manner. The full mutation form consists of over 200 repeats, which induces hypermethylation of the FMR1 gene promoter and the subsequent silencing of the gene, associated with Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). Finally, FMR1 intermediate (45–54 CGG) and premutation (55–200 CGG) alleles have been principally associated with two phenotypes, fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and fragile X primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI).
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Pastore LM, Young SL, Manichaikul A, Baker VL, Wang XQ, Finkelstein JS. Distribution of the FMR1 gene in females by race/ethnicity: women with diminished ovarian reserve versus women with normal fertility (SWAN study). Fertil Steril 2016; 107:205-211.e1. [PMID: 27816231 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study whether reported, but inconsistent, associations between the FMR1 CGG repeat lengths in the intermediate, high normal, or low normal range differentiate women diagnosed with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) from population controls and whether associations vary by race/ethnic group. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Academic and private fertility clinics. PATIENT(S) DOR cases (n = 129; 95 Whites, 22 Asian, 12 other) from five U.S. fertility clinics were clinically diagnosed, with regular menses and no fragile X syndrome family history. Normal fertility controls (n = 803; 386 Whites, 219 African-Americans, 102 Japanese, 96 Chinese) from the United States-based SWAN Study had one or more menstrual period in the 3 months pre-enrollment, one or more pregnancy, no history of infertility or hormone therapy, and menopause ≥46 years. Previously, the SWAN Chinese and Japanese groups had similar FMR1 CGG repeat lengths, thus they were combined. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) FMR1 CGG repeat lengths. RESULT(S) Median CGG repeats were nearly identical by case/control group. DOR cases had fewer CGG repeats in the shorter FMR1 allele than controls among Whites, but this was not significant among Asians. White cases had fewer CGG repeats in the shorter allele than Asian cases. No significant differences were found in the high normal/intermediate range between cases and controls or by race/ethnic group within cases in the longer allele. CONCLUSION(S) This study refutes prior reports of an association between DOR and high normal/intermediate repeats and confirms an association between DOR and low normal repeats in Whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Pastore
- OB/GYN and Reproductive Medicine Department, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York.
| | - Steven L Young
- UNC Fertility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Valerie L Baker
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Xin Q Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Joel S Finkelstein
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Pastore LM, Manichaikul A, Wang XQ, Finkelstein JS. FMR1 CGG Repeats: Reference Levels and Race-Ethnic Variation in Women With Normal Fertility (Study of Women's Health Across the Nation). Reprod Sci 2016; 23:1225-33. [PMID: 26905421 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116632927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
FMR1 premutation carriers (55-199 CGG repeats), and potentially women with high normal (35-44) or low normal (<28) CGG repeats, are at risk of premature ovarian aging. The scarcity of population data on CGG repeats <45 CGG, and variation in race-ethnicity, makes it difficult to determine true associations. DNA was analyzed for FMR1 CGG repeat lengths from 803 women (386 caucasians, 219 African Americans, 102 Japanese, and 96 Chinese) from the US-based Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Participants had ≥1 menses in the 3 months before enrollment, ≥1 pregnancy, no history of infertility or hormonal therapy, and menopause ≥46 years. Statistical analyses used Fisher exact tests. Among these women with normal reproductive histories, significant FMR1 repeat length differences were found across race-ethnicity for both the longer (P = .0002) and the shorter (P < .0001) alleles. The trinucleotide length variance was greater for non-Asian than Asian women (P < .0001), despite identical median values. Our data indicate that short allele lengths <25 CGG on one or both alleles are more common in non-Asian than Asian women. We confirm the minor allele in the 35 to 39 CGG range among Asians as reported previously. Only 2 (0.3%) premutation carriers were identified. These data demonstrate that FMR1 distributions do vary by race-ethnicity, even within the "normal" range. This study indicates the need to control for race-ethnicity in FMR1 ovarian aging research and provides race-ethnic population data for females separated by allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Pastore
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xin Q Wang
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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