1
|
Ardenghi S, Russo S, Rampoldi G, Bani M, Strepparava MG. Does Medical Curriculum Impact on Empathy? A Longitudinal Study in a Sample of Undergraduate Medical Students. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2024; 34:873-881. [PMID: 39099873 PMCID: PMC11297006 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-024-02053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Empathy in medical students is receiving increasing attention as it is fundamental to build and develop a functional patient-physician relationship. When looking at its determinants, demographic and academic factors seem to concur in shaping empathy in this population. Although data show strong gender differences and changes in empathy throughout medical school, it is not clear the direction of these changes and whether gender and curriculum features modulate them. This longitudinal study examined changes in empathy and explored gender differences throughout the medical school. Four consecutive cohorts of Italian medical students (N = 336) completed the Jefferson Scale of Empathy - Student (JSE-S) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) in their second year of study (before any clinical clerkship and communication skills courses) and fifth year of study (after a 2-year clinical clerkship and communication skills courses). Analysis of variance for repeated-measures revealed that, beyond the effect of gender, JSE-S total score and IRI Perspective Taking increased, whereas IRI Personal Distress and IRI Fantasy significantly decreased throughout medical school. No significant change in IRI Empathic Concern emerged over time. Student's t-tests showed that female students displayed significantly higher mean scores than their male counterparts for all empathy measures in both their second and fifth years of medical training. The findings suggest that the medical curriculum affects self-reported empathy dimensions among undergraduate medical students. Further research is needed to deepen the understanding of the educational factors that promote the changes in empathy levels during medical training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ardenghi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB Italy
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, MB Italy
| | - Selena Russo
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB Italy
| | - Giulia Rampoldi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB Italy
| | - Marco Bani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Strepparava
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB Italy
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, MB Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ardenghi S, Russo S, Rampoldi G, Bani M, Strepparava MG. Medical students' attitude toward patient-centeredness: A longitudinal study. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2024; 118:108003. [PMID: 37820544 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2023.108003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explored the trajectories of patient-centered orientation in a sample of Italian medical students throughout medical school. METHODS Four consecutive student cohorts were longitudinally assessed at the second (T0) and fifth year (T1) of medical school. Students completed a questionnaire including demographics and the Italian validated version of the Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale. RESULTS 352 students completed both administrations. Students became more patient-centered in terms of Sharing along the course of their clinical curriculum, whereas there were no significant changes in Caring. Groups with distinct developmental trajectory patterns of both Caring and Sharing were identified. Students high in patient-centeredness at T0 reported significantly lower scores at T1 while students with lower scores at T0 significantly increased from the first to the last measurement. Female students significantly outscored their male colleagues on Caring and Sharing in both administrations. CONCLUSIONS Findings call for innovative education strategies to sustain patient-centeredness attitudes in medical students entering hospital-based clinical medicine. Further research is needed to identify characteristics of the medical curriculum that are primarily involved in fostering students' patient-centeredness. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Including the assessment and monitoring of patient-centeredness throughout the medical school can inform tailored education aiming to foster this dimension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ardenghi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Selena Russo
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giulia Rampoldi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Bani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Strepparava
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gillani SFUHS, Khan RA, Sethi A. Impact of emotional intelligence in resolving clinical conflicts among postgraduate residents of surgery. Pak J Med Sci 2024; 40:399-404. [PMID: 38356805 PMCID: PMC10862459 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.40.3.7363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & Objective Emotional intelligence (EI) can become a vital tool for resolving clinical conflicts (CC) in surgery. The postgraduate residents focus on the technical skills and undermine the soft skills required for their better training. Our aim was to determine the EI of postgraduate resident (PGR) years one & two in General and Orthopedic Surgery. The CC in their workplace and how they use their EI to resolve these conflicts. Methods This mixed-method study was conducted from March 10, 2019 to May 28, 2020 at Departments of General and Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Hospital, Lahore. The study was conducted in two phases 1 & 2. In Phase-1, one hundred PGR years one & two were administered the Mayor-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence test (MSCEIT) to measure EI. In phase-2, semi-structured in-depth interviews of 10 PGRs five with high and five with low EI were conducted to determine the CC and use of EI to resolve the CC at the workplace. A thematic analysis was done. Results Out of 100 PGR, the mean EI score was 46.25±14.8 with a maximum score of 75.4, and a minimum score of 18.16 (p-value =0.775). Ninety-one (91%) have not improving EI, and 09 (09%) have considered developing EI. Five themes in four settings, including emergency, ward, elective operation theatre, and outpatient department (OPD) were determined. The emerged themes for the CC were nepotism, gender biases, burnout, lack of professionalism, and toxic culture. The following were CC management strategies: self-study, deceit, gender affinity, performing attention-attaining work, aggrieved reaction and being disgruntled when alone. Conclusion None of the PGR was emotionally intelligent in overall grades, as well as a particular aspect of MSCEIT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Faraz Ul Hassan Shah Gillani
- Syed Faraz Ul Hassan Shah Gillani, MS, MME Department of Orthopedic Surgery, King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital,Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Ahmed Khan
- Rehan Ahmed Khan, FCPS, FRCS, MHPE, PhD Department of Medical education, Ripah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Sethi
- Ahsan Sethi, BDS, MPH, MMEd, PhD Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
El Seifi OS, Albishi N, Albalawi GA, Alzahrani L, AlOmari LI, Albalawi DM, Alharbi SM, Albalawi NM. Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance Among Medical Students at University of Tabuk (2021). Cureus 2023; 15:e49301. [PMID: 38957196 PMCID: PMC11218607 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a strong association between emotional intelligence (EI) and academic performance in medical students. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the relationship between EI and academic performance among medical students at Tabuk University. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students in clinical years in the Faculty of Medicine, Tabuk University, Tabuk City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Each study participant received a self-administered questionnaire composed of two parts: demographic data and the Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT). RESULTS The present study included 203 of the clinical-phase medical students. The academic achievement level was not associated with the students' gender (p = 0.194) or academic level (p = 0.278). Female students had a significantly higher total SSEIT score than male students (p < 0.001). The sixth-year students had a significantly higher perception of emotion than the fourth-year students (p = 0.029). Students with excellent academic achievement had higher mean scores for managing others' emotions (p = 0.004) and utilization of emotion compared to those with fair and very good levels (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS Some components of EI correlate with academic performance, gender, and academic level. Further research should be launched to assess the correlation between EI and academic performance among all medical students in all regions of KSA. Students can benefit by attending workshops and courses in universities to develop the students' EI because of its impact on their academic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omnia S El Seifi
- Family and Community Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, SAU
- Community Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, EGY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nouf M Albalawi
- General Practice, Ministry of Health Saudi Arabia, Tabuk, SAU
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang CXY, Pavlova A, Boggiss AL, O'Callaghan A, Consedine NS. Predictors of Medical Students' Compassion and Related Constructs: A Systematic Review. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2023; 35:502-513. [PMID: 35930256 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2022.2103816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenomenon: Compassion, and related constructs such as empathy, are core values in healthcare, with known benefits for both patients and staff. Yet research on the factors that affect compassion and compassion-related constructs remains scattered. This review systematizes and synthesizes studies investigating the predictors of compassion and related constructs among medical students, allowing for a better understanding of the factors that both positively and negatively contribute to the development of compassionate future physicians. Approach: A systematic review of 12 databases for studies from database inception up until April 2020 was conducted. Non-peer-reviewed literature and studies in which >50% of the sample were non-medical students were excluded. Intervention studies were also out of the scope of this review. We assessed risk of bias and confidence in the findings using standardized tools. Data were categorized within the Transactional Model of Physician Compassion, a framework in which compassion is influenced by personal (student), environmental, patient/family, and clinical factors. Findings: Of 14,060 retrieved articles, 222 studies were included. Of these, 95% studied student factors, but only 25% studied environmental, 9% studied patient, and 6% studied clinical factors. Predictors of greater compassion included maturity; work and life experiences; personality traits of openness to experience and agreeableness; skills such as perspective taking, reflection, and mindfulness; and positive role modeling. Conversely, negative attitudes/emotions, burnout, stress, detachment, operating in cultures prioritizing knowledge and efficiency over humanistic care, negative role models, time constraints, and heavy workloads predicted lower compassion. Patient-related factors included "difficult" and "noncompliant" patients or those perceived as responsible for their illness. Overall, 60% of studies had a serious risk of bias, particularly confounding and participant selection biases. Insights: Medical student compassion is predicted by a wide range of factors relating to the student, their training environment, their patients, and the clinical situation. However, existing research has largely focused on student factors (e.g., sociodemographic and dispositional traits), many of which are not amenable to intervention. Skills such as perspective taking, reflection, and mindfulness are associated with higher compassion and may present opportunities for intervention. There is also strong evidence that environmental factors shape students' compassion. Researchers and educators should continue to explore the impact of patient and clinical factors on students' compassion. Studies remain at high risk of bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clair X Y Wang
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alina Pavlova
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna L Boggiss
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne O'Callaghan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bitar A, Amnelius L, Kristoffersson E, Boman J. Emotional intelligence among medical students in Sweden - a questionnaire study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:603. [PMID: 37620811 PMCID: PMC10464491 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional intelligence (EI), the ability to understand and regulate one's and other's emotions, has been linked to academic and clinical performance and stress management, making it an essential skill to develop during medical school. Nevertheless, uncertainty remains about the impact of medical education on EI, its association with sociodemographic factors, and the potential moderating role of gender. Therefore, this study aimed to explore levels of global EI among Swedish medical students based on their completed semesters while analyzing the potential moderator role of gender and identifying potential EI differences associated with age, gender, prior education, work experience, and previous experience working in a leadership position. METHODS The participants were medical students in semesters 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 at a Swedish University. Participants answered the self-report Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire - Short Form (TEIQue-SF) and demographic questions. For each participant, the mean global trait EI was calculated (range 1-7), and differences were compared based on semesters and sociodemographic factors. In addition, we investigated the relationship between semester and EI scores with gender as a moderator. RESULTS Of the 663 invited medical students, 429 (65%) responded, including 269 women (62.7%), 157 men (36.6%), and 3 identifying as others (0.7%). The participants had a mean global trait EI score of 5.33. Final-year students demonstrated significantly higher global trait EI scores than first-year students, and gender did not have a moderating effect across semesters. Furthermore, students in the age group 25-29 years showed higher EI scores compared to those in the age group 21-24 years, while there were no significant differences in EI scores for older students (≥ 30 years) compared to other age groups. Higher EI scores were also positively associated with previous work-and leadership experiences. Gender and previous education did not significantly impact EI scores. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that higher EI scores are associated with semesters of medical education, age, and previous work and leadership experience. Future longitudinal studies are needed to identify factors that could improve EI among medical students to design curricular activities aimed at supporting the EI of the next generation of physicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Bitar
- Department of Clinical Science, Professional Development, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, Sweden.
| | - Lava Amnelius
- Department of Clinical Science, Professional Development, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, Sweden
| | - Emelie Kristoffersson
- Department of Clinical Science, Professional Development, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, Sweden
| | - Jens Boman
- Department of Clinical Science, Professional Development, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baig KS, Hayat MK, Khan MAA, Humayun U, Ahmad Z, Khan MA. Empathy Levels in Medical Students: A Single Center Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e38487. [PMID: 37273396 PMCID: PMC10237306 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the level of empathy in medical students and to determine the difference in empathy levels between the two genders in a single center. Materials & methods This qualitative study was conducted at a medical college in Peshawar from March 2021 to July 2021. Institutional ethical committee approval was taken (RMI/RMI-REC/Approval/83) before commencing the study. All students admitted into the medical college in the current academic year 2020 to 2021 were included in the study. Any students that did not fill out the questionnaire completely were excluded. The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) was used in this study. The questionnaire was uploaded on google forms for data collection. All the resulting scores were entered into IBM SPSS version 23.0. The mean TEQ score was calculated. Box and whisker plots were made for respective years. An Independent sample t-test was used to determine the association between mean TEQ scores and gender. Results Of 367 students, 347 (94.6%) participated in this study, with a slight female predominance (53%). The mean age of the students was 21.44 (SD = 1.751) years. The participation rate was ≥70% from each class. Most participants across the years have an above-average empathy score (49.9%). Among the participants, the year I (67.6%) showed most participants with high empathy. Year IV (40.6%) has the highest proportion of below-average empathy scores. The mean empathy score of female students was 49.08 (S.D = 7.588), while the empathy score for male students was 44.59 (S.D = 7.58). Conclusion Empathy levels decline as medical education is progressed through the years. Females show a greater sense of empathy than their male counterparts. A slight increase in empathy levels is seen in the final year of medical school after a decline over the initial years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Umer Humayun
- Anesthesia, Burns and Plastic Surgery Center, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Zunnoor Ahmad
- General Surgery, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, PAK
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kasemy ZA, Kabbash I, Desouky D, El-Raouf SA, Aloshari S, El Sheikh G. Perception of educational environment with an assessment of motivational learning strategies and emotional intelligence as factors affecting medical students' academic achievement. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 11:303. [PMID: 36439015 PMCID: PMC9683452 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1772_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate how medical students perceive their educational environment, as well as the implications of motivation, learning strategies, and the factor of emotional intelligence on academic achievement. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 3384 undergraduate students were recruited from randomly selected Egyptian medical colleges. Students from second to final year, taking fundamental and clinical courses and, at a minimum, three professional exams, were enrolled and subjected to the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure scale, the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, and Emotional intelligence questionnaire. RESULTS The overall mean age of the studied students was 21.42 ± 1.61 years. Females represented 63.5%, rural residents were 52.2% and students with enough income represented 88.0%. The traditional system adopted 28.4% of the students versus 71.6% in the integrated system. Linear regression using path analysis was conducted to study the predictors of academic achievement, and it revealed that motivation was the highly significant predictor of academic achievement (β = 2.68, CI95%:2.35-3.05, P < 0.001), followed by learning (β = 1.09, CI95%:0.80-1.41, P < 0.001), emotional intelligence (β = 0.92, CI95%:0.87-0.97, P < 0.001), and the educational environment (β = 0.14, CI95%:0.13-0.15, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The study's findings have implications for medical educators trying to understand the personal factors that influence learning and performance in medical school. Students' motivation was the highly significant predictor of academic achievement followed by learning, emotional intelligence, and educational environment. Perception of the learning environment had improved because of the integrated student-centered system, which fosters motivation and emotional intelligence. To improve learners' EI, optimal learning, and educational outcomes, the EI components can be taught and fostered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Abdelaziz Kasemy
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Menoufia, Shibin el Kom, Menofia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Kabbash
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tanta, Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Dalia Desouky
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Menoufia, Shibin el Kom, Menofia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Abd El-Raouf
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Menoufia, Shibin el Kom, Menofia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Samar Aloshari
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Ghadeer El Sheikh
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Menoufia, Shibin el Kom, Menofia Governorate, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Neeraj V, Dulloo P, Sharma D, Singh P. Humanitarian approach in medicine: A study on clinical empathy among medical students and graduates using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy. THE NATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDIA 2022; 35:100-104. [PMID: 36461856 DOI: 10.25259/nmji_285_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Empathy is one of the pillars of professionalism in the medical field associated with better patient satisfaction and outcome. This study aimed to assess and compare the empathy score with other institutes within and outside India using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Student version (JSE-S). Methods We did a cross-sectional study for undergraduate medical students and interns of Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, for 4 months from October 2019. Voluntary participants completed the JSE-S, an internationally validated 20-item survey questionnaire. Results The mean empathy score of 575 voluntary participants out of 631 was 100.75, with women having higher and significant scores than men (F 102.1 [11.5]; M 98.3 [12.5]; p<0.001). The highest empathy score was observed in the first year (102 [10.8]), which increased and decreased in different years of medical education with a maximum dip in the second year (99.4 [11.5]). The choice of specialty of participants showed a lower significant difference as per the JSE-S score. A lower empathy score was identified among participants compared to medical students studying in international medical institutes. Conclusion There is a need to organize workshops with training modules to cater to the empathy aspect of professional care, as a continuous process, starting from the first year till the completion of internship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vedi Neeraj
- Department of Anatomy, Pramukhswami Medical College, Bhaikaka University, Karamsad, Anand 388325, Gujarat, India
| | - Puja Dulloo
- Department of Physiology, Pramukhswami Medical College, Bhaikaka University, Karamsad, Anand 388325, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, Pramukhswami Medical College, Bhaikaka University, Karamsad, Anand 388325, Gujarat, India
| | - Praveen Singh
- Department of Anatomy, Pramukhswami Medical College, Bhaikaka University, Karamsad, Anand 388325, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Toriello HV, Van de Ridder JMM, Brewer P, Mavis B, Allen R, Arvidson C, Kovar-Gough I, Novak E, O'Donnell J, Osuch J, Ulrich B. Emotional intelligence in undergraduate medical students: a scoping review. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2022; 27:167-187. [PMID: 34709484 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-021-10079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform a scoping review to determine what is known about emotional intelligence (EI) in undergraduate medical education (UME). Two main questions were asked: A. What medical student characteristics are associated with EI? Are there correlations with demographic or other factors? B. What research studies have been done on EI in UME? For example, is there evidence EI changes over time as a result of personal experiences? Should EI be used as an admission criterion? Can EI improve as a result of experiences or deliberate interventions? METHOD The authors searched four databases (PubMed, PsycInfo, Education Resources Information Center, and Web of Science) for all papers published up to and including December 2020. Two reviewers independently screened articles to determine if they met inclusion criteria. All authors extracted and analyzed data. RESULTS A set of 1520 papers on the topic of emotional intelligence was identified, with 119 papers meeting inclusion criteria. Most studies were done at international locations with only 17 done at US medical schools. Seventy-five were cohort or cross-sectional studies. Study populations were mixed among the studies, with year of medical study, inclusion of other healthcare students, and participation rates among the inter-study differences noted. CONCLUSIONS Numerous gaps in the literature on EI exist with several points being clear: (1) there is disagreement on the definition of EI, (2) it is undetermined whether EI is a trait or an ability, and (3) there is marked variability among the instruments used to measure EI. It is also becoming apparent that using EI determination may be helpful as a component of the admission process, higher EI is likely related to improved clinical reasoning, and higher EI contributes to more effective stress management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helga V Toriello
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids and East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - J M Monica Van de Ridder
- Spectrum Health Hospitals, Grand Rapids, MI and Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Patricia Brewer
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids and East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brian Mavis
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids and East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Renoulte Allen
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids and East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Cindy Arvidson
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids and East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Iris Kovar-Gough
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids and East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Elizabeth Novak
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids and East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John O'Donnell
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids and East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Janet Osuch
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids and East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brian Ulrich
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids and East Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rodríguez-Nogueira Ó, Leirós-Rodríguez R, Pinto-Carral A, Álvarez-Álvarez MJ, Morera-Balaguer J, Moreno-Poyato AR. Examining the Association between Evidence-Based Practice and Burnout among Spanish Physical Therapists: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11080805. [PMID: 34442449 PMCID: PMC8400199 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11080805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify the level of burnout and competence for evidence-based practice among Spanish physical therapists and to determine if there is a relationship between these and other socio-professional factors. A cross-sectional study with 472 Spanish Physiotherapists. An electronic survey was conducted that included the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire and sociodemographic data. The three subscales of the Burnout correlated with attitude and total Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire. Attitude and practice for evidence-based practice, educational level and experience were the variables that showed the greatest influence on burnout. Burnout and the degree of evidence-based practice were identified as being discretely related. Specifically, it seems that the evidence-based practice could improve the lack of personal accomplishment, meaning that through interventions perceived as more effective and advantageous, a sense of mastery and self-efficacy is experienced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Rodríguez-Nogueira
- SALBIS Research Group, Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Universidad de León, Astorga Ave. 15, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain; (Ó.R.-N.); (A.P.-C.); (M.J.Á.-Á.)
| | - Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez
- SALBIS Research Group, Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Universidad de León, Astorga Ave. 15, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain; (Ó.R.-N.); (A.P.-C.); (M.J.Á.-Á.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Arrate Pinto-Carral
- SALBIS Research Group, Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Universidad de León, Astorga Ave. 15, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain; (Ó.R.-N.); (A.P.-C.); (M.J.Á.-Á.)
| | - Mª José Álvarez-Álvarez
- SALBIS Research Group, Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Universidad de León, Astorga Ave. 15, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain; (Ó.R.-N.); (A.P.-C.); (M.J.Á.-Á.)
| | - Jaume Morera-Balaguer
- Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Plaça Reis Catòlics 19, 03204 Elche, Spain;
| | - Antonio R. Moreno-Poyato
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the Role of Empathy during COVID-19’s First Wave. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13137431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has spread throughout the world, and concerns about psychological, social, and economic consequences are growing rapidly. Individuals’ empathy-based reactions towards others may be an important resilience factor in the face of COVID-19. Self-report data from 15,375 participants across 23 countries were collected from May to August 2020 during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, this study examined different facets of empathy—Perspective-Taking, Empathic Concern, and Personal Distress, and their association with cross-cultural ratings on Individualism, Power Distance, The Human Development Index, Social Support Ranking, and the Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index, as well as the currently confirmed number of cases of COVID-19 at the time of data collection. The highest ratings on Perspective-Taking were obtained for USA, Brazil, Italy, Croatia, and Armenia (from maximum to minimum); on Empathetic Concern, for the USA, Brazil, Hungary, Italy, and Indonesia; and on Personal Distress, from Brazil, Turkey, Italy, Armenia, Indonesia. Results also present associations between demographic factors and empathy across countries. Limitations and future directions are presented.
Collapse
|
13
|
Moreno-Poyato AR, Rodríguez-Nogueira Ó, Casanova-Garrigos G, El Abidi K, Roldán-Merino JF. The impact of a participatory intervention on the therapeutic relationship in mental health nurses: A multicentre study. J Adv Nurs 2021; 77:3104-3115. [PMID: 33748977 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effects of an intervention aimed at improving the therapeutic relationship, using the participatory-action research method, in terms of improving the quality of the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship. DESIGN A single-group pre-post research design. METHODS Quantitative data were collected between January 2018 and June 2019 using an online form completed by nurses from 18 mental health units (N = 95). Data were collected before and after the intervention, which consisted of the design, implementation and evaluation of strategies to improve the therapeutic relationship through participatory-action research involving nurses. The Working Alliance Inventory-Short, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire and Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index were used. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used together with the Spearman's correlation coefficient. Two multiple linear regressions models were constructed. RESULTS Overall, the intervention improved the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship. In addition, the results revealed that, above all, the improvement in evidence-based practice along with a decrease in nurses' personal distress were the factors associated with the improvement of the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship. CONCLUSION In mental health units, the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship can be improved through participatory interventions that include the implementation of evidence-based practices. IMPACT This research examined the effects of an intervention aimed at improving the therapeutic relationship among nurses working at mental health units using participatory action research. The results show that the therapeutic relationship can be improved through participatory methods where evidence-based practice is implemented and enhanced among nurses, since a better therapeutic relationship along with reduced staff discomfort are determining factors that influence the quality of the therapeutic relationship. Institutional managers should promote participatory group interventions to enable nurses to develop evidence-based aspects of the therapeutic relationship together with expanding personal aspects and self-knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R Moreno-Poyato
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Nursing School, Universitat de Barcelona, L´Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar Rodríguez-Nogueira
- SALBIS Research Group, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | | | - Khadija El Abidi
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan F Roldán-Merino
- Campus Docent Sant Joan de Déu Fundació Privada, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Esplugues de llobregat, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lawson HJ, Yigah M, Yamson P. Emotional intelligence in medical students at the University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana. Ghana Med J 2021; 55:52-59. [PMID: 38322391 PMCID: PMC10665274 DOI: 10.4314/gmj.v55i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotional Intelligence is a form of interpersonal intelligence. There's evidence that high emotional intelligence (EQ) of a medical student is associated with better coping with the tedious medical training. We evaluated EQ in medical students in their clinical years. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the University of Ghana Medical School (UGMS), Accra. In all, 111 students completed the questionnaires. Their average age was 24±1.5 years with marginal male preponderance. There were 37, 31 and 43 students in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd clinical years respectively. For global scores, 16 (14.1%) had good EQ (>120) with a mean total score of 105.49. The mean EQ for males was 104.2±17 and 106.2±12 for females, however this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.319). Mean EQ for 1st, 2nd and 3rd clinical years were 104.4±13, 104.4±20, and 107.1±12. This rise with increasing years was however not significant (p=0.659). EQ showed a weak positive correlation with age (r=0.1) but this was not significant (p=0.29). We report low EQ among students of the UGMS with no significant difference between gender, age and clinical year. EQ should be actively taught as part of the curriculum in UGMS. A larger study involving other medical schools in Ghana is recommended. Funding None Declared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Lawson
- Family Medicine Unit, Dept of Community Health, University of Ghana
- Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, Accra, Ghana
| | - Makafui Yigah
- Department of Surgery, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Phaedra Yamson
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Altwijri S, Alotaibi A, Alsaeed M, Alsalim A, Alatiq A, Al-Sarheed S, Agha S, Omair A. Emotional Intelligence and its Association with Academic Success and Performance in Medical Students. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 9:31-37. [PMID: 33519341 PMCID: PMC7839580 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_375_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Emotional intelligence (EI) is potentially associated with higher academic performance. However, no study from the Gulf region has previously assessed if EI affects academic success and academic performance in medical students. Objectives To examine the relationship between EI and academic success and academic performance in a sample of Saudi Arabian medical students. Methods This cross-sectional, questionnaire study included all 4th-6th year medical students enrolled at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in the academic year 2017-18. Eligible students were invited to complete the self-administered Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test and the Academic Success Inventory for College Students (ASICS) along with a questionnaire eliciting demographic information between January and April 2018. Academic achievement was assessed based on each student's self-reported grade point average in the most recent examination. Results Of 377 eligible students, 296 (78%) completed the questionnaires. A significant association was identified between overall EI and ASICS scores (r = 0.197; P < 0.001). EI scores were constant in males and females and the year of study. No statistically significant association was observed between EI and academic success across gender and academic years (P > 0.05 for all values). However, in terms of external motivation and career decidedness by level of study, final-year students had higher scores compared with students in the other two study years (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively). Conclusion This study offers primary data on the impact of EI scores on academic success in medical education, and it identified several factors associated with EI and academic success. The findings of this study suggest that EI and academic success are linked, and that both are vital for increasing academic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Altwijri
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alotaibi
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsaeed
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alsalim
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alatiq
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Al-Sarheed
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajida Agha
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aamir Omair
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rodríguez-Nogueira Ó, Moreno-Poyato AR, Álvarez-Álvarez MJ, Pinto-Carral A. Significant socio-emotional learning and improvement of empathy in physiotherapy students through service learning methodology: A mixed methods research. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2020; 90:104437. [PMID: 32353642 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into service learning (SL) in education has increased since the 1990s. In higher education physiotherapy programmes, this technique is used to achieve real practical learning and to grasp how to recognize and manage emotions, to be concerned for others and to take decisions in clinical contexts. OBJECTIVES To create a community experience through SL methodology for physiotherapy university students and to analyse their perceptions of the learning experience and changes in empathy. DESIGN A mixed research method, a quasi-experimental quantitative approach with pre- and post-measurements of a single group and a qualitative approach through reflective diaries subjected to a contents analysis. PARTICIPANTS 29 students of the Faculty of Health Sciences (Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy) designed and put into practice a workshop for promoting physical activity in 277 children from the first and the sixth year of compulsory primary education. METHODS The project was divided into three phases: planning, performing and reflecting on the service. At the start, participants completed a questionnaire to determine their scale of empathy on the Interpersonal Reactive Index (IRI). One week after performing the service they handed over reflective diaries and completed a second IRI scale survey. An analysis was carried out of the contents of the reflective diaries. RESULTS Twenty-nine students agreed to participate. These learners consolidated their skills in the subject, indicating their satisfaction with the significant learning they achieved. The IRI scale showed a significant improvement in the Personal Distress dimension (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Active learning in the context of processes of a participatory and reflective type implies greater understanding of the phenomenon studied. It allows an enhance awareness of the importance of inclusivity and involvement of users in the context of clinical practice. It also provides socio-emotional learning, improving interpersonal abilities and the capacity to face up to stressful situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Rodríguez-Nogueira
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, Avda/ Astorga, s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, León, Spain.
| | - Antonio R Moreno-Poyato
- Escola d´Infermeria Departament d'Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i MaternoInfantil Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Pavelló de Govern, 3a planta, despatx 305 C Feixa Llarga, s/n 08907-L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María José Álvarez-Álvarez
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, SALBIS Research Group, Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, Avda/ Astorga, s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, León, Spain.
| | - Arrate Pinto-Carral
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, SALBIS Research Group, Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, Avda/ Astorga, s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, León, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Spatoula V, Panagopoulou E, Montgomery A. Does empathy change during undergraduate medical education? - A meta-analysis. MEDICAL TEACHER 2019; 41:895-904. [PMID: 31060405 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2019.1584275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this meta-analysis was to synthesize the existing evidence examining how empathy changes during undergraduate medical education and assess whether different types of measures produce different results. Method: Three electronic bibliographic databases were last searched on 28 November 2018. Quantitative studies including a measure of empathy in medical undergraduate students and a comparison of the results among the different years of study were included. All analyses were guided by Lipsey and Wilson and conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Results: The overall sample size for the twelve studies (n = 12) was 4906 participants. Results indicate a significant effect (g = 0.487, SE = 0.113, 95% CI = 0.265, 0.709), suggesting that there is moderate evidence that empathy scores changed. Studies using the Jefferson's Scale for Physician Empathy (JSPE) reported higher effect sizes (g = 0.834, SE = 0.219, 95% CI = 0.406, 1.263), while the effect size for studies using other scales was smaller and non-significant (g = 0.099, SE = 0.052, 95% CI = -0.003, 0.201). Conclusions: This review indicated significant evidence that self-ratings of empathy changed across the years of medical education. However, we need to be cautious because this effect was only significant when empathy was assessed using the JSPE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Spatoula
- Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | | | - Anthony Montgomery
- School of Social Science, Humanities and Arts, University of Macedonia , Thessaloniki , Greece
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Emotional intelligence of medical students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences cross sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2018; 32:26-31. [PMID: 30034800 PMCID: PMC6052194 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional intelligence is the ability of an individual to assess and control emotions in oneself and others and also use this information in ongoing coping methods. Emotional intelligence is known to have an effect on the success rate of an individual as well as job performance and satisfaction. Though contradictory, emotional intelligence is supposed to have multiple factors affecting it. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Shiraz University of Medical Sciences has an effect on the emotional intelligence of its medical students and also whether the students' emotional intelligence had a relationship with their gender, hometown, and application exam rank or cumulative grade point average. Junior and senior medical students were approached from Autumn (2016) until winter 2017 and asked if they would fill out the Persian translation of TEIQue-SF questionnaire. They were also asked to inform us about their gender, educational region, cumulative grade point average, and Konkoor rank. The data was later analyzed by SPSS ver. 22. A significant difference was found between emotional intelligence of junior and senior medical students. No significant difference was found between emotional intelligence of male and female participants and there was no relation between emotional intelligence and Konkoor rank, cumulative grade point average, and educational region. The results showed that medical education has a negative effect the emotional intelligence. Males and females in this study had the same emotional intelligence that suggests the social effects on emotional intelligence. Also, the net effect of hometown and culture was not significant enough to influence emotional intelligence. As we analyzed the relationship of emotional intelligence and cumulative grade point average, it was concluded that the academic success of the students which is based on their scores is not related to their emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence decreases in the course of medical education. Emotional intelligence has no difference between genders. Emotional intelligence is not related to grade point average or rank in the entry exam. Emotional intelligence is not related to hometown.
Collapse
|
19
|
Biswas B, Haldar A, Dasgupta A, Mallick N, Karmakar A. An Epidemiological Study on Empathy and its Correlates: A Cross-sectional Assessment among Medical Students of a Government Medical College of India. Indian J Psychol Med 2018; 40:364-369. [PMID: 30093748 PMCID: PMC6065120 DOI: 10.4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_109_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empathy is a desirable quality in every clinician. It is a crucial determinant of patient-physician communication and relation. There are very few existent Indian studies on empathy of medical students and its correlates. AIM The aim of the study was to assess empathy level of medical students and its correlates. METHODOLOGY It was a cross-sectional, hospital-based, analytical observational study conducted from July to November 2017. In total, 249 undergraduate medical students of a medical college of Kolkata were interviewed with a structured schedule. The schedule comprised of the sociodemographic questionnaire, career satisfaction, future career choice, and Jefferson Scale of Empathy. RESULTS The mean empathy score was 98.5 ± 12.5. Third-semester students had higher empathy scores (102.4 ± 12.4) compared to fifth (97.2 ± 12.9) and seventh semester (95.0 ± 10.9) students. The difference between the mean scores of different semesters was statistically significant. Female students were more empathic than male students. In the multivariable linear regression model, sex, semester, residence, career satisfaction, future career choice, and current place of living were significant predictors of empathy scores. CONCLUSION Empathy level of medical students of our study was quite low compared to other studies conducted outside India. Empathy eroded with semester, which supports earlier pieces of evidence in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijit Biswas
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anima Haldar
- Department of Community Medicine, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Aparajita Dasgupta
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nazrul Mallick
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anubrata Karmakar
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kostov CE, Rees CE, Gormley GJ, Monrouxe LV. ' I did try and point out about his dignity': a qualitative narrative study of patients and carers' experiences and expectations of junior doctors. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e017738. [PMID: 29358422 PMCID: PMC5780713 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For many years, the voice of patients has been understood as a critical element for the improvement of care quality in healthcare settings. How well medical graduates are prepared for clinical practice is an important question, but one that has rarely been considered from patient and public perspectives. We aimed to fill this gap by exploring patients and carers' experiences and expectations of junior doctors. DESIGN This comprises part of a wider study on UK medical graduates' preparedness for practice. A qualitative narrative methodology was used, comprising four individual and six group interviews. PARTICIPANTS 25 patients and carers from three UK countries. ANALYSIS Data were transcribed, anonymised and analysed using framework analysis. MAIN RESULTS We identified three themes pertinent to answering our research question: (1) sources of knowledge (sources of information contributing to patients and carers' perceptions of junior doctors' impacting on expectations); (2) desires for student/trainee learning (experiences and expectations of medical training); and (3) future doctors (experiences and expectations of junior doctors). We also highlight metaphorical talk and humour, where relevant, in the quotes presented to give deeper insights into participants' perspectives of the issues. Participants focused on personal and interpersonal aspects of being a doctor, such as respect and communication. There was a strong assertion that medical graduates needed to gain direct experience with a diverse range of patients to encourage individualised care. Participants narrated their experiences of having symptoms ignored and attributed to an existing diagnosis ('diagnostic overshadowing') and problems relating to confidentiality. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the view that patients and carers have clear expectations about junior doctors, and that patient views are important for preparing junior doctors for practice. There is a necessity for greater dialogue between patients, doctors and educators to clarify expectations and confidentiality issues around patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte E Rees
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Centre for Scholarship in Health Education (MCSHE), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerard J Gormley
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Lynn V Monrouxe
- Chang Gung Medical Education Research Centre (CG-MERC), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ibrahim NK, Algethmi WA, Binshihon SM, Almahyawi RA, Alahmadi RF, Baabdullah MY. Predictors and correlations of emotional intelligence among medical students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Pak J Med Sci 2017; 33:1080-1085. [PMID: 29142542 PMCID: PMC5673711 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.335.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the predictors of Emotional Intelligence (EI), and its relationship with academic performance, leadership capacity, self-efficacy and the perceived stress between medical students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among 540 students selected through a multi-stage stratified random sampling method during 2015/2016. A standardized, confidential data collection sheet was used. It included Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence (SSREI) scale, Authentic Leadership questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale and the short version of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were done, and a multiple linear regression model was constructed. Results: The predictors of high EI were gender (female), increasing age, and being non-smoker. EI was positively associated with better academic performance, leadership capacity and self-efficacy. It was negatively correlated to perceived-stress. Conclusion: Female gender, age, non-smoking were the predictors of high EI. Conduction of holistic training programs on EI, leadership and self-efficacy are recommended. More smoking control programs and stress management courses are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Khamis Ibrahim
- Nahla Ibrahim, Professor of Epidemiology at Family & Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Professor at Epidemiology Department at High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Wafaa Ali Algethmi
- Wafaa Algethmi, Sixth Year Medical Student, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rawan Aesh Almahyawi
- Rawan Almahyawi, Sixth Year Medical Student, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Faisal Alahmadi
- Razan Alahmadi, Sixth Year Medical Student, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Yousef Baabdullah
- Maha Baabdullah, Sixth Year Medical Student, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wijekoon CN, Amaratunge H, de Silva Y, Senanayake S, Jayawardane P, Senarath U. Emotional intelligence and academic performance of medical undergraduates: a cross-sectional study in a selected university in Sri Lanka. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 17:176. [PMID: 28946877 PMCID: PMC5613354 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-017-1018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional intelligence (EI) has been linked with academic and professional success. Such data are scarce in Sri Lanka. This study was conducted to describe the pattern of EI, to determine its predictors and to determine the effect of EI on academic performance at the final MBBS examination, in medical undergraduates of a Sri Lankan university. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study in a selected university, involving those who did final MBBS examination in 2016. Consecutive sampling was done. EI was assessed with self-administered Genos Emotional Intelligence Full Version (7 domains; 70 questions equally weighted; total score 350). Socio-demographic data were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Academic performance was assessed with final MBBS results in the first attempt. RESULTS Of 148 eligible students 130 responded (response rate-88%); 61.5% were females; mean age was 26.3 ± 1 years. Mean total EI score was 241.5 (females-245.5, males-235.1; p = 0.045).Among different domains, mean score was highest for Emotional Self-Awareness (36.8/50) and lowest for Emotional Expression (32.6/50). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that having good family support (p = 0.002), socializing well in university (p = 0.024) and being satisfied with facilities available for learning (p = 0.002), were independent predictors of EI. At the final MBBS examination 51.6% obtained classes, 31.5% passed the examination without classes and 16.9% got repeated. Females had better academic performance than males (p = 0.009). Mean EI of second-class upper division, second-class lower division, pass and repeat groups were 249.4, 246.6, 240.2 and 226.9, respectively (with one-way ANOVA p = 0.015). After adjusting for gender, ordinal regression analysis indicated that, total EI score was an independent predictor of final MBBS results [β-0.018 (95% CI 0.005-0.031); p = 0.006]. CONCLUSIONS In the study population, both EI and academic performance were higher among females. Independent of gender, academic performance was better in those who were more emotionally intelligent. Several psychosocial factors were found to be independent predictors of EI. These results suggest that emotional skills development might enhance academic performance of medical undergraduates in Sri Lanka. Further research is needed in this under-explored area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrani Nirmala Wijekoon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Heshan Amaratunge
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Yashica de Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Solith Senanayake
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Pradeepa Jayawardane
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Upul Senarath
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ranasinghe P, Wathurapatha WS, Mathangasinghe Y, Ponnamperuma G. Emotional intelligence, perceived stress and academic performance of Sri Lankan medical undergraduates. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 17:41. [PMID: 28219419 PMCID: PMC5319135 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-017-0884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has shown that higher Emotional Intelligence (EI) is associated with better academic and work performance. The present study intended to explore the relationship between EI, perceived stress and academic performance and associated factors among medical undergraduates. METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional research study was conducted among 471 medical undergraduates of 2nd, 4th and final years of University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Students were rated on self administered Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SEIT). Examination results were used as the dichotomous outcome variable in a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Females had higher mean EI scores (p = 0.014). A positive correlation was found between the EI score and the number of extracurricular activities (r = 0.121, p = 0.008). Those who were satisfied regarding their choice to study medicine, and who were planning to do postgraduate studies had significantly higher EI scores and lower PSS scores (p <0.001). Among final year undergraduates, those who passed the Clinical Sciences examination in the first attempt had a higher EI score (p <0.001) and a lower PSS score (p <0.05). Results of the binary logistic-regression analysis in the entire study population indicated that female gender (OR:1.98) and being satisfied regarding their choice of the medical undergraduate programme (OR:3.69) were significantly associated with passing the examinations. However, PSS Score and engagement in extracurricular activities were not associated with 'Examination Results'. CONCLUSIONS Higher EI was associated with better academic performance amongst final year medical students. In addition a higher EI was observed in those who had a higher level of self satisfaction. Self-perceived stress was lower in those with a higher EI. Enhancing EI might help to improve academic performance among final year medical student and also help to reduce the stress levels and cultivate better coping during professional life in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Ranasinghe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Univeristy of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - W. S. Wathurapatha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Univeristy of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Y. Mathangasinghe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - G. Ponnamperuma
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sulzer SH, Feinstein NW, Wendland C. Assessing empathy development in medical education: a systematic review. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2016; 50:300-10. [PMID: 26896015 PMCID: PMC4914035 DOI: 10.1111/medu.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Empathy in doctor-patient relationships is a familiar topic for medical scholars and a crucial goal for medical educators. Nonetheless, there are persistent disagreements in the research literature concerning how best to evaluate empathy among physicians, and whether empathy declines or increases across medical education. Some researchers have argued that the instruments used to study 'empathy' may not measure anything meaningful to clinical practice or patient satisfaction. METHODS We performed a systematic review to learn how empathy is conceptualised in medical education research. We examined how researchers define the central construct of empathy and what they choose to measure, and investigated how well definitions and operationalisations match. RESULTS Among the 109 studies that met our search criteria, 20% failed to define the central construct of empathy at all and only 13% used an operationalisation that was well matched to the definition provided. The majority of studies were characterised by internal inconsistencies and vagueness in both the conceptualisation and operationalisation of empathy, constraining the validity and usefulness of the research. The methods most commonly used to measure empathy relied heavily on self-report and cognition divorced from action, and may therefore have limited power to predict the presence or absence of empathy in clinical settings. Finally, the large majority of studies treated empathy itself as a 'black box', using global construct measurements that are unable to shed light on the underlying processes that produce an empathic response. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that future research should follow the lead of basic scientific research that conceptualises empathy as relational - an engagement between a subject and an object - rather than as a personal quality that may be modified wholesale through appropriate training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra H. Sulzer
- Corresponding Author: Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1100 Deleplaine Ct, Madison, WI, USA 53715 , +1-608-263-4550, +1-608-263-5813
| | - Noah Weeth Feinstein
- Departments of Curriculum and Instruction and Community and Environmental Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Claire Wendland
- Departments of Anthropology, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Medical History and Bioethics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Buck E, Holden M, Szauter K. A Methodological Review of the Assessment of Humanism in Medical Students. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2015; 90:S14-S23. [PMID: 26505097 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humanism is a complex construct that defies simplistic measurement. How educators measure humanism shapes understanding and implications for learners. This systematic review sought to address the following questions: How do medical educators assess humanism in medical students, and how does the measurement impact the understanding of humanism in undergraduate medical education (UME)? METHOD Using the IECARES (integrity, excellence, compassion, altruism, respect, empathy, and service) Gold Foundation framework, a search of English literature databases from 2000 to 2013 on assessment of humanism in medical students revealed more than 900 articles, of which 155 met criteria for analysis. Using descriptive statistics, articles and assessments were analyzed for construct measured, study design, assessment method, instrument type, perspective/source of assessment, student level, validity evidence, and national context. RESULTS Of 202 assessments reported in 155 articles, 162 (80%) used surveys; 164 (81%) used student self-reports. One hundred nine articles (70%) included only one humanism construct. Empathy was the most prevalent construct present in 96 (62%); 49 (51%) of those used a single instrument. One hundred fifteen (74%) used exclusively quantitative data; only 48 (31%) used a longitudinal design. Construct underrepresentation was identified as a threat to validity in half of the assessments. Articles included 34 countries; 87 (56%) were from North America. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of humanism in UME incorporates a limited scope of a complex construct, often relying on single quantitative measures from self-reported survey instruments. This highlights the need for multiple methods, perspectives, and longitudinal designs to strengthen the validity of humanism assessments.
Collapse
|
26
|
Two new scales for integrative medical education and research: confidence in providing calm, compassionate care scale (CCCS) and self-efficacy in providing non-drug therapies (SEND) to relieve common symptoms. Eur J Integr Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Kemper KJ, Lynn J, Mahan JD. What Is the Impact of Online Training in Mind–Body Skills? J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2015; 20:275-82. [DOI: 10.1177/2156587215580882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Mind–body skills (MBS) training is popular, but in-person training can be inconvenient and costly. We assessed the impact of online MBS training on clinicians’ and trainees’ stress, mindfulness, and confidence in providing calm, compassionate care. Methods. This was a prospective cohort trial. Trainees entering medical school; graduate programs in nursing, social work, and dietetics; and residencies in family medicine and pediatrics at a large Midwestern academic health center were invited to complete online surveys before and 12 weeks after enrolling in online elective integrative health courses on MBS training or not. The elective offered no course credit and had no mandated deadlines for completion. Results. At baseline, the 60 who engaged in MBS training were similar to the 43 who did not in terms of profession, gender, perceived stress levels, mindfulness, resilience, and compassion. MBS participants engaged in a median of 3 of 12 available modules with a bimodal distribution peaking at 1 to 2 and 12 modules. Twelve weeks later, those who participated in MBS showed significantly greater improvements in measures of stress, mindfulness, and confidence in providing calm, compassionate care than those who did not. Conclusions. Online elective training offers a feasible strategy to improve mindfulness, stress, and confidence in providing calm, compassionate care. Additional studies are needed to determine the impact of required versus elective courses, the optimal dosage and content of training, and the costs and benefits of online versus in-person training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathi J. Kemper
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joanne Lynn
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John D. Mahan
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kemper KJ, Mo X, Lynn J. Preaching to the choir: comparing health professionals who enroll in mind-body skills versus herbs and dietary supplements training? J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2014; 20:98-103. [PMID: 25516529 DOI: 10.1177/2156587214561328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies evaluating elective training programs may be biased if learners who enroll differ from nonenrollees. To assess self-selection bias, we compared participants who enrolled in 2 different online courses in complementary and alternative medical therapies. METHODS Participants were recruited from entering classes in medicine, nursing, social work, and dietetics, and residencies in family medicine and pediatrics. The 2 electives were (a) herbs and dietary supplements and (b) mind-body skills training. Participants completed standardized questionnaires before training. RESULTS The 218 participants had an average age of 28 years; 76% were trainees. There were no significant differences between enrollees in mind-body skills and herbs and dietary supplements with regard to age, gender, stress levels, mind-body training or practice, mindfulness, empathy, compassion, or resilience. CONCLUSIONS Those who enroll in mind-body skills are not measurably different than those who enroll in herbs and dietary supplements. There is no evidence of self-selection bias or "preaching to the choir."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joanne Lynn
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|