1
|
Zhao X, Sha X, Qi L. Effects of comprehensive exercise training on frailty, negative emotions and physical functions of elderly patients with diabetes. Pak J Med Sci 2024; 40:1225-1230. [PMID: 38952514 PMCID: PMC11190414 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.40.6.7955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effects of comprehensive exercise training on frailty, negative emotions and physical functions of elderly patients with diabetes. Methods This is a retrospective study. A total of 140 elderly patients with T2DM in The No.2 Hospital of Baoding were selected from December, 2021 to June, 2023 and randomly divided into two groups, with 70 patients in each group. The control group was given routine nursing and routine exercise education, and the study group was additionally given comprehensive exercise training. Tilburg frailty indicator (TFI), emotional status, physical functions, grip strength, fasting blood glucose and patient satisfaction were compared and analyzed between the two groups. Results Before the intervention, TFI showed no significant differences between the two groups (p>0.05). After the intervention, physical, psychological and social frailty in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (p= 0.00). SAS and SDS scores reduced significantly in the study group compared with those in the control group after the intervention, with statistically significant differences (p=0.00). After the intervention, the grip strength was significantly larger while the fasting blood glucose was significantly lower in the study group compared with those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (p=0.00). Patient satisfaction in the study group was higher than in the control group, with a statistically significant difference(p=0.03). Conclusion Comprehensive exercise training for elderly patients with diabetes is beneficial to improving their frail state, negative emotions, blood glucose levels and physical functions. It has significant clinical application value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Xiaoxiao Zhao Department of Geriatrics, The No.2 Hospital of Baoding, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Xu Sha
- Xu Sha Department of Geriatrics, The No.2 Hospital of Baoding, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Lanfeng Qi
- Lanfeng Qi Department of Endocrinology, The No.2 Hospital of Baoding, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Limbachia J, Ajmeri M, Keating BJ, de Souza RJ, Anand SS. Effects of lifestyle interventions on cardiovascular risk factors in South Asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059666. [PMID: 36600330 PMCID: PMC9743295 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden among South Asians is high. Lifestyle interventions have been effective in the primary prevention of CVD, but this has not been replicated, through a synthesis of randomised trials, in South Asians. METHODS Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL and CINAHL), two clinical trial registries and references of included articles were searched through June 2022 (featuring ≥90% South Asian participants). Random-effects pairwise meta-analyses were performed, and heterogeneity was quantified with the I2 statistic. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used to report on the quality of evidence (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews registration (PROSPERO). RESULTS Thirty-five studies were included. Twelve tested diet and physical activity interventions; 18 tested diet alone; and 5 tested physical activity alone. All reported effects of the intervention(s) on at least one established risk factor for CVD, including blood pressure (systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and blood lipids (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) or triglycerides). No trials reported clinical CVD. There is moderate-quality evidence that diet and physical activity interventions improve SBP (mean difference (MD) -2.72 mm Hg, 95% CI -4.11 to -1.33) and DBP (MD -1.53 mm Hg, 95% CI -2.57 to -0.48); high-quality to moderate-quality evidence that diet-only interventions improve DBP (MD -2.05 mm Hg, 95% CI -2.93 to -1.16) and blood lipids (triglycerides (MD -0.10 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.14 to -0.06) and LDLc (MD -0.19 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.32 to -0.06)); and moderate-quality evidence that physical activity-only interventions improve SBP (MD -9.7 mm Hg, 95% CI -11.05 to -8.35), DBP (MD -7.29 mm Hg, 95% CI -8.42 to -6.16) and HDLc (MD 0.08 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.11) compared with usual care. CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle interventions improve blood pressure and blood lipid profiles in adult South Asians at risk of CVD. Tailored interventions should be used to modify cardiovascular risk factors in this at-risk group. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018090419.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayneel Limbachia
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohitkumar Ajmeri
- Family and Community Medicine, SIU School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Benjamin J Keating
- McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wood G, Taylor E, Ng V, Murrell A, Patil A, van der Touw T, Sigal R, Wolden M, Smart N. Determining the effect size of aerobic exercise training on the standard lipid profile in sedentary adults with three or more metabolic syndrome factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 2021; 56:bjsports-2021-103999. [PMID: 34193471 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-103999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the change in the standard lipid profile (SLP) of adults diagnosed with ≥3 metabolic syndrome (MetS) factors following aerobic exercise training (AET); and to investigate whether study/intervention covariates are associated with this change. DESIGN Systematic review with univariate meta-analysis and meta-regression. DATA SOURCES English language searches of online databases from inception until July 2020. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: (1) Published randomised controlled human trials with study population ≥10 per group; (2) sedentary adults with ≥3 MetS factors but otherwise free of chronic disease, not pregnant/lactating; (3) AET-only intervention with duration ≥12 weeks; and (4) reporting pre-post intervention SLP outcomes. RESULTS Various univariate meta-analyses pooled 48 data sets of 2990 participants. Aerobic exercise training significantly (P<.001) improved all lipids (mmol/L mean difference ranges, 95% CIs): total cholesterol, -0.19 (-0.26 to -0.12) to -0.29 (-0.36 to -0.21); triglycerides, -0.17 (-0.19 to -0.14) to -0.18 (-0.24 to -0.13); high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), 0.05 (0.03 to 0.07) to 0.10 (0.05 to 0.15); and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), -0.12 (-0.16 to -0.9) to -0.20 (-0.25 to -0.14). Meta-regression showed that intensity may explain change in triglycerides and volume may explain change in HDL-C and LDL-C. CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise training positively changes the SLP of sedentary and otherwise healthy adults with ≥3 MetS factors. Adjusting AET intervention training variables may increase the effects of AET on triglycerides and HDL-C. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020151925.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Wood
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University Faculty of Health Sciences, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England School of Science and Technology, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily Taylor
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England School of Science and Technology, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vanessa Ng
- School of Rural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anna Murrell
- School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aditya Patil
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England School of Science and Technology, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tom van der Touw
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England School of Science and Technology, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronald Sigal
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mitch Wolden
- Physical Therapy, University of Jamestown, Jamestown, North Dakota, USA
| | - Neil Smart
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England School of Science and Technology, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Luo J, Tang C, Chen X, Ren Z, Qu H, Chen R, Tong Z. Impacts of Aerobic Exercise on Depression-Like Behaviors in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Mice and Related Factors in the AMPK/PGC-1α Pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062042. [PMID: 32204452 PMCID: PMC7142893 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was to study the impact of aerobic exercises on the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in mice, and to discuss the possible mechanism from the skeletal muscle AMPK/PGC-1α energy metabolism signaling pathway. The healthy male mice were randomly divided into Control Group (CG), Model Group (MG), and Model Exercise Group (ME).Twelve stress methods were adopted for four weeks (28 days) to establish the depression model. ME was subject to aerobic training plan after the model was established. The weight of the mice was recorded weekly. After the experimental intervention, the three groups of mice were subjected to behavioral assessment tests. Western blotting, RT-PCR, and ELISA were performed to test AMPK, p-AMPK, PGC-1α, and ATP in skeletal muscle. There were no significant difference in body weight between the three groups. CUMS leaded to significant decline in behavioral scores. and the p-AMPK and PGC-1α decreased significantly. But boosted ATP content. Aerobic exercise enhanced the expressions of p-AMPK and PGC-1α, increased the ratio of p-AMPK/AMPK, boosted ATP content. And improved behavioral scores significantly. Chronic stress-induced depression-like behavior was improved significantly by Aerobic exercise. The mechanism of aerobic exercise for improving depressive symptoms in mice with chronic stress depression may be related to influence AMPK/PGC-1α pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiology Evaluation and Recovery of General Administration of Sport of China, Sports Science institute of Hunan, Changsha 410012, China;
- Department of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China; (C.T.); (R.C.); (Z.T.)
| | - Changfa Tang
- Department of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China; (C.T.); (R.C.); (Z.T.)
| | - Xiaobin Chen
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China;
| | - Zhanbing Ren
- Department of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0755-2653-4772
| | - Honglin Qu
- Department of Physical Education, Yichun College, Yichun 336000, China;
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China; (C.T.); (R.C.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zhen Tong
- Department of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China; (C.T.); (R.C.); (Z.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Amanat S, Ghahri S, Dianatinasab A, Fararouei M, Dianatinasab M. Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1228:91-105. [PMID: 32342452 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The epidemic of diabetes mellitus has already become a serious global health threat. In the past three decades, the number of people with diabetes mellitus has quadrupled globally, and diabetes mellitus is known as the ninth major cause of death in the world nowadays. The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is in coincidence with the augmentation of obesity in most developed countries as well as in developing countries. A sedentary lifestyle is well-known as one of the major reasons for the rising epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus besides the other reasons such as adopting energy-dense diets relative to the actual need for energy and population aging. Exercise as a regular physical activity at a medium to vigorous intensity is found to be an efficient influencer that would switch back most of the known type 2 diabetes mellitus factors toward healthier positions. Exercise is proven to have clinical benefits, such as improved insulin sensitivity, reductions in glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) and increased peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) which are definitely preventive toward diabetes. Exercise training can favorably affect glycemic parameters, the lipid profile, blood pressure, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Exercise improves blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes, reduces cardiovascular risk factors, and regulates body weight by reducing body fat percentage and enhancing lean mass. In this chapter, the effect of regular exercise on the prevention of diabetes and short-term glucose and energy metabolism will be discussed. In addition, the effect of exercise on most common complications of type 2 diabetes including cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Amanat
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Simin Ghahri
- Department of Sport Physiology, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Aria Dianatinasab
- Department of Biochemistry, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fararouei
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Dianatinasab
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Yang J, Ye J, Guo Q, Wang W, Sun Y, Zeng Q. Separate and combined associations of physical activity and obesity with lipid-related indices in non-diabetic and diabetic patients. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:49. [PMID: 30755212 PMCID: PMC6371482 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-0987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the separate and combined associations of physical activity and obesity with blood lipids in Chinese adults with and without diabetes. METHODS Data of 17,535 participants aged 18 to 78 years old were collected. Physical activity was categorized as inactive (low) or active (moderate or high) according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the associations of physical activity and obesity with lipid-related indices. RESULTS Compared with physically active participants, inactive participants had higher triglyceride (TG) level, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level, and higher odds ratios for abnormal TG and HDL-C. Compared with non-obese participants, obese participants had higher levels of total cholesterol (TC), TG and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), lower HDL-C level, and higher odds ratios for the four abnormal lipid indices. Inactive obese participants had highest levels of TC, TG and LDL-C, lowest HDL-C level, and highest odds ratios compared to the other groups. No significant associations were found between obesity and TC, LDL-C in patients with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of diabetes, physical inactivity and obesity were associated with the presences of abnormal TG and HDL-C. Moreover, there were additive effects on blood lipids when physical inactivity and obesity co-occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhang
- Institute of Health Management, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for Information Technology of Sports and Health, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- Research Center for Information Technology of Sports and Health, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ye
- Research Center for Information Technology of Sports and Health, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Guo
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Institute of Health Management, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Sun
- Research Center for Information Technology of Sports and Health, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Institute of Health Management, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shakil-ur-Rehman S, Karimi H, Gillani SA, Amjad I, Ahmad S, Yaseen A. Response to a Supervised Structured Aerobic Exercise Training Program in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus – Does Gender Make a Difference? A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Natl Med Assoc 2018; 110:431-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Miele EM, Headley SAE. The Effects of Chronic Aerobic Exercise on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Persons with Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2017; 17:97. [PMID: 28900818 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aerobic exercise training is a component of diabetes mellitus (DM) care guidelines due to its favorable effects on glycemic control and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. The purpose of this review is to outline the recent evidence regarding the clinical effects of chronic aerobic exercise on CVD risk factors in persons with DM and to compare the effects of varying intensities and types of exercise. RECENT FINDINGS Among individuals with DM, all types of aerobic exercise training can impact positively on some traditional and non-traditional risk factors for CVD. Training programs with a higher volume or intensity induce greater improvements in vascular function, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and lipid profiles. The beneficial outcomes of aerobic training include improvements in glycemic control, endothelial function, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, myocardial function, adiposity, and CRF. Findings regarding markers of inflammation are discrepant and further research should focus on the role of exercise to impact upon the chronic inflammation associated with DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Miele
- Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Springfield College, 263 Alden St, Springfield, MA, 01119, USA
| | - Samuel A E Headley
- Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Springfield College, 263 Alden St, Springfield, MA, 01119, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chung N, Park HY, Park MY, Hwang YY, Lee CH, Han JS, So J, Kim J, Park J, Lim K. Association of daily physical activity level with health-related factors by gender and age-specific differences among Korean adults based on the sixth (2014-2015) Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2017; 21:30-38. [PMID: 28715884 PMCID: PMC5545202 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2017.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study examined the effects of daily physical activity level on health-related factors according to gender and identified age-specific differences among Korean adults. [Methods] Using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI (2014-2015), we selected adults aged 19-64 years who participated in both a health examination and health interview survey. The study included 6,457 participants 19-64 years of age (2,611 men, 3,846 women). [Results] Assessment of the differences in health-related factors according to age and physical activity in men and women by repeated two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant interaction effects on total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in male participants, but there were no significant interaction effects for any health-related factors in female participants. The group of female participants aged 40-64 years with daily physical activity levels over 200 kcal showed a significantly increased prevalence of 46% for dyslipidemia compared to that in female participants with daily physical activity levels below 200 kcal. Physical activity was positively correlated with weight and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in men 19-39 years of age, compared to weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and DBP in men 40-64 years of age, and weight, WC, BMI, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and triglyceride (TG) levels in women 19-39 years of age. In women 40- 64 years of age, physical activity was especially significantly positively correlated with weight, BMI, HDL-C and negatively correlated with fasting glucose and TG levels. [Conclusion] In male and female participants, the 40-64-year age group showed negative results for health-related factors compared to those in the 19-39-year age group. The higher the weight, WC, BMI, the higher is the physical activity level. Physical activity levels were significantly positively correlated with health-related variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Chung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Hwang
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Han
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemoo So
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|