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Dadras O, Stanikzai MH, Jafari M, Tawfiq E. Risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Afghanistan: insights of the nationwide population-based survey in 2018. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2024; 43:129. [PMID: 39175091 PMCID: PMC11342536 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-024-00625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) account for a substantial number of deaths in Afghanistan. Understanding the prevalence and correlates of major NCD risk factors could provide a benchmark for future public health policies and programs to prevent and control NCDs. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and correlates of NCD risk factors among adults aged 18-69 years in Afghanistan. METHODS We used data from the Afghanistan STEPS Survey 2018. The study population were 3650 (1896 males and 1754 females) adults aged 18-69 years sampled from all 34 provinces through a multistage cluster sampling process. Information on behavioural and biological risk factors was collected. We used STATA (version 18.0) for data analysis. RESULTS Of the total participants, 42.8% were overweight or obese, 8.6% were current smokers, 26.9% had insufficient physical activities, 82.6% had low consumption of fruits and vegetables, and only 0.5% had ever consumed alcohol. Approximately 15% of participants had a high salt intake, while 25% and 8% had elevated blood pressure and blood glucose levels, respectively. Similarly, around 18% had elevated total cholesterol. The study revealed a lower prevalence of current smoking among females [AOR = 0.17, 95%CI (0.09-0.30)] compared with males, but a higher prevalence in those who had higher education levels [1.95 (1.13-3.36)] compared with those with no formal education. Insufficient physical activity was higher in participants aged 45-69 years [1.96 (1.39-2.76)], females [4.21 (1.98-8.84)], and urban residents [2.38 (1.46-3.88)] but lower in those with higher education levels [0.60 (0.37-0.95)]. Participants in the 25th to 75th wealth percentiles had higher odds of low fruit and vegetable consumption [2.11 (1.39-3.21)], while those in the > 75th wealth percentile had lower odds of high salt intake [0.63 (0.41-0.98)]. Being overweight/obese was more prevalent in participants aged 45-69 years [1.47 (1.03-2.11)], females [1.42 (0.99-2.01)], currently married [3.56 (2.42-5.21)] or ever married [5.28 (2.76-10.11)], and urban residents [1.39 (1.04-1.86)]. Similarly, high waist circumference was more prevalent in participants aged 45-69 years [1.86 (1.21-2.86)], females [5.91 (4.36-8.00)], those being currently married [4.82 (3.12-7.46)], and those being in 25th to 75th wealth percentile [1.76 (1.27-2.43)]. A high prevalence of elevated blood pressure was observed in participants aged 45-69 years [3.60 (2.44-5.31)] and currently married [2.31 (1.24-4.31)] or ever married [6.13 (2.71-13.8)] participants. Elevated blood glucose was more prevalent in older adults ([1.92 (1.09-3.39)] for 45-69 and [3.45 (2.44-5.31)] for 30-44 years), urban residents [2.01 (1.33-3.03)], and ever-married participants [4.89 (1.48-16.2)]. A higher prevalence of elevated cholesterol was observed in females [2.68 (1.49-4.82)] and those currently married [2.57 (1.17-5.63)] or ever married [4.24 (1.31-13.73)]. CONCLUSION This study used up-to-date available data from a nationally representative sample and identified the prevalence of NCDs and associated risk factors in Afghanistan. Our findings have the potential to inform and influence health policies by identifying people at high risk of developing NCDs and can assist policymakers, health managers, and clinicians to design and implement targeted health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Dadras
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kandahar University, District # 10, 3801, Kandahar, Afghanistan.
| | | | - Essa Tawfiq
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Khan MA, Vichayanrat T, Ngoenwiwatkul Y. The association between smoking and smokeless tobacco use with dental caries among Pakistani patients. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:723. [PMID: 38915022 PMCID: PMC11197218 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use is widely recognised as a significant risk factor for oral cancer and periodontal diseases. However, the relationship between various types of tobacco use and dental caries has been inconsistent. This study aimed to determine the association between smoking and smokeless tobacco and dental caries among patients in a tertiary care hospital in Quetta, Pakistan. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to March 2021 among patients in a tertiary care hospital in Quetta, Pakistan. Oral examinations and interviews were performed according to the WHO Oral Health Survey basic methods (5th edition) to determine dental caries status, tobacco use, and oral health behaviours. The odds ratio and binary logistic regression were analysed to assess the association between the types (smoking tobacco, smokeless tobacco, and use of both types), duration, and frequency of tobacco use and high caries level (DMFT ≥ 5). RESULTS Four hundred participants aged 18-65 were included, and 67.8% were tobacco users. Use of both smoking and smokeless tobacco (aOR = 14.7, 95%CI = 1.87-115.96, p = 0.011), smokeless tobacco only (aOR = 5.90, 95%CI = 1.89-18.37, p = 0.002), and smoking only (aOR = 2.18, 95%CI = 1.23-3.88, p = 0.008) were associated with significantly increased risk of high caries. Using tobacco for longer periods and more frequently daily also significantly increases the risk of high caries. CONCLUSION Smoking and smokeless tobacco are significantly associated with high dental caries after adjusting for other factors. Due to the high severity of dental caries and the high prevalence of tobacco use among Pakistani patients in this study, it is highly recommended to strengthen policies aimed at reducing tobacco usage, including smokeless forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azad Khan
- Master of Science in Dentistry Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothi Street, Rajthevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Community Dentistry Department, Sandeman Provincial Civil Hospital, Anscomb Road, Quetta, 87300, Pakistan
| | - Tippanart Vichayanrat
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothi Street, Rajthevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Yaowaluk Ngoenwiwatkul
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothi Street, Rajthevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Sadaf MI, Akbar UA, Nasir K, Hanif B, Virani SS, Patel KV, Khan SU. Cardiovascular Health and Disease in the Pakistani American Population. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2024; 26:205-215. [PMID: 38669004 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-024-01201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This narrative review seeks to elucidate clinical and social factors influencing cardiovascular health, explore the challenges and potential solutions for enhancing cardiovascular health, and identify areas where further research is needed to better understand cardiovascular issues in native and American Pakistani populations. RECENT FINDINGS The prevalence of cardiometabolic disease is high not only in Pakistan but also among its global diaspora. This situation is further complicated by the inadequacy of current cardiovascular risk assessment tools, which often fall short of accurately gauging the risk among Pakistani individuals, underscoring the urgent need for more tailored and effective assessment methodologies. Moreover, social determinants play a crucial role in shaping cardiovascular health. The burden of cardiovascular disease and upstream risk factors is high among American Pakistani individuals. Future research is needed to better understand the heightened risk of cardiovascular disease among Pakistani individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murrium I Sadaf
- Department of Cardiology, University of Arkansas Medical Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
- John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Usman Ali Akbar
- West Virginia University-Camden Clark Medical Center, Parkersburg, WV, USA
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bashir Hanif
- Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Salim S Virani
- The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kershaw V Patel
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Safi U Khan
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Tufail M, Wu C, Hussain MS. Dietary, addictive and habitual factors, and risk of colorectal cancer. Nutrition 2024; 120:112334. [PMID: 38271761 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Pakistan, the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has sharply increased in recent years. Although several studies have reported global risk factors for CRC, no study has been conducted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan, to investigate the risk factors associated with the increased CRC burden in this population. OBJECTIVES Therefore, we conducted a clinical survey using a case-control study design to explore the risk factors associatd with CRC. METHODS In the present study, one control was enrolled for each case. Both cases and controls were asked to complete a questionnaire to gather data. We analyzed all data using SPSS. RESULTS Our study found that certain dietary factors, such as consuming fast food (OR: 3.0; P = 0.0001) and reusing ghee (OR: 2.45; P = 0.0001) and oil (OR: 4.30; P = 0.0001), increase the risk of CRC. Additionally, use of tobacco products like smoking cigarettes (OR: 1.91; P = 0.0001) and using snuff (OR: 3.72; P = 0.0001) significantly increases the risk of CRC. Certain habitual factors, including binge eating (OR: 2.42; P = 0.0001) and spending excessive time watching TV (OR: 1.98; P = 0.0001), also increase the odds of developing CRC. However, our study also identified some protective factors against CRC, such as consuming vegetables (OR: .41; P = 0.0001), developing healthy eating habits (OR: .61; P = 0.0001), and maintaining regular sleeping patterns (OR: .45; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION Given these findings, targeted health education is necessary to prevent the increase in CRC in this area. We also recommend developing and enforcing appropriate control guidelines for cancer risk factors to curb the incidence of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tufail
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Md Sadique Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Ali MF, Hosein M, Butt S, Siddiqui R. Zinc-alpha 2 glycoprotein a diagnostic Biomarker for early stage oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pak J Med Sci 2023; 39:513-517. [PMID: 36950446 PMCID: PMC10025728 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.39.2.6488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives In this study, we investigated the expression of zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein in oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue samples. Additionally, ascertained its association to the oral cancer stage and subscale parameters (TNM). Methods This observational study was conducted at Ziauddin University from January to December 2020. Using the Open-Epi software, the sample size of 120 oral squamous cell carcinomas was calculated at 95% confidence interval and a 5% margin of error. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Ethical Review Committee. Histologically diagnosed cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma were obtained from the Histopathology Department of Ziauddin University, Karachi. Study data was analyzed through SPSS version-20 and p-value ≤0.05 considered as significant. One-way ANOVA and Multiple linear regression were applied for analysis of data. Result In the study, none of the oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue samples from the later stages were stained for ZAG. However 71% (35/49) of the early stage OSCC samples showed positive IHC results for ZAG expression in the cytoplasm. One-way ANOVA indicates that high ZAG expression was significantly associated with smaller tumor size (p<0.001), lymph node involvement (p=0.002), early stages of OSCC (p<0.001) and less differentiated tumor (p=0.001). The site of the tumor was also significantly associated with ZAG staining (p<0.001). Conclusion Zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein expressed in the early stages of oral cancer development so that effective treatment modalities can be planned as per the patient's status. This may also assist a clinician to achieve tumor-free surgical margins and monitor the post treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Feroz Ali
- Dr. Mehwish Feroz Ali, BDS, MPhil-Oral Pathology. Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mervyn Hosein
- Dr. Mervyn Hosein (BDS, FCPS) Principal Ziauddin College of Dentistry, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saima Butt
- Dr. Saima Akram Butt (BDS, MDS, Head of Oral Pathology Department, Ziauddin College of Dentistry, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Siddiqui
- Dr. Rehan Ahmed Siddiqui (PhD), Assistant Professor, Research Department, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Fawwad A, Waris N, Basit KA, Tahir B, Gregg EW, Basit A. NDSP-10: The Cardiometabolic Risk Profile with Various Degrees of Dysglycemia in Younger and Older Adults: Findings from the Second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan 2016-2017. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2022; 20:351-359. [PMID: 35617703 DOI: 10.1089/met.2021.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To assess and compare the cardiometabolic risk profile of the Pakistani population between younger (<45 years) and older adults (≥45 years). Methods: This is a substudy of a nationally representative community-based epidemiological second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016-2017. Out of 12,486 individuals approached, 10,834 participants agreed to be included (response rate 87%). Cardiovascular risk factors assessed were obesity, central obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and tobacco use. Participants were stratified into young adults (<45 years) and older adults (≥45 years) and was subcategorized into four groups that is, diagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM), undiagnosed DM, prediabetes, and without diabetes. Results: Around 14.3% were prediabetes, 8.8% were undiagnosed DM, and 24% were diagnosed diabetes. Most participants in dysglycemic (prediabetes, undiagnosed DM, and diagnosed DM) groups were females and were from rural regions. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were more noted in dysglycemic states, compared with without diabetes. Overall CVD risk profile was worse in males in both age categories, although the accumulation of four or five CVD risk factors at one point was more predominant in females in either age group. Conclusion: Overall, the preponderance of CVD risk factors, such as overweight, obesity, central obesity, tobacco use, ex-tobacco uses, and dyslipidemia, were substantially more prevalent in dysglycemia groups of young adults (<45 years) compared with older adults (≥45 years). Early and targeted intervention in young may prevent poor CVD outcomes as they age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Fawwad
- Department of Biochemistry, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.,Department of Research, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Waris
- Department of Research, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.,Clinical Biochemistry and Psychopharmacology Research Unit Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Abdul Basit
- Department of Research, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.,Acute Medicine and Ambulatory Care Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London
| | - Bilal Tahir
- Department of Research, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Edward W Gregg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Imperial College London, London
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Research, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Association of serum level of chemerin with visceral fat obesity in type 2 diabetic patient. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-022-01066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Rasool MF, Sarwar R, Arshad MS, Imran I, Saeed H, Majeed A, Akbar M, Chaudhry MO, Rehman AU, Ashraf W, Ahmad T, Badoghaish W, Alqahtani F. Assessing the Frequency and Risk Factors Associated with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:4619-4625. [PMID: 34803413 PMCID: PMC8594896 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s335142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorder with modifiable risk factors and it is associated with considerable health and economic burden. The current study was conducted to assess the frequency and risk factors related to GERD in the previously unstudied population of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted for assessing the frequency and risk factors of GERD by using a self-administered questionnaire. The gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (GerdQ) was utilized to detect the presence of the disease. Results The study included 308 participants; among them, 55.2% were female and 44.8% were male. The participants diagnosed with GERD (GerdQ score ≥8) were 26.6%. The various risk factors like higher BMI, past disease and smoking history, frequent use of NSAIDs, soft drinks, pickles, and spicy foods were significantly associated with GERD. Conclusion The present study showed that GERD is prevalent in Southern Punjab and is associated with various modifiable risk factors. The ascendance of GERD can be prevented by public health education and awareness campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fawad Rasool
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Sarwar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Subhan Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Southern Punjab Institute of Health Sciences, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Saeed
- University College of Pharmacy, Allama Iqbal Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Majeed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muqarrab Akbar
- Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | | | - Anees Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer Ahmad
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (Iab), CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Grenoble Alpes University, La Tronche, 38700, France
| | - Waleed Badoghaish
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Riaz T, Murtaza G, Arif A, Mahmood S, Sultana R, Al-Hussain F, Bashir S. Nicotine smoking is associated with impaired cognitive performance in Pakistani young people. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11470. [PMID: 34141471 PMCID: PMC8179217 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine smoking is the most common mode of tobacco smoking among young people. It affects the areas of the brain associated with memory, attention, and learning. This study has investigated the effect of nicotine smoking on cognitive performance. One hundred male volunteers (50 nicotine smokers and 50 nonsmokers) aged 18–30 years with similar socioeconomic backgrounds were recruited for this study. Clinical history of participants was obtained using a questionnaire. Their brain health and handedness were determined using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI), respectively. The dependent variables examined in the study were attention-switching tasks (AST), pattern recognition memory (PRM), and choice reaction time (CRT). These parameters were assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Automated Battery (CANTAB). The average ages of participating smokers and nonsmokers were 24.02 ± 3.41 years (mean ± standard deviation) and 22.68 ± 1.87 years, respectively. MMSE and EHI scores of smokers were 28.42 ± 1.09 and 99.75 ± 1.77, respectively; for nonsmokers, these scores were 28.54 ± 1.34 and 98 ± 1.91, respectively. The mean score for AST correct latency/delay was significantly higher (p = 0.050) in smokers (620.26 ± 142.03) than in nonsmokers (570.11 ± 108.39). The percentage of correct AST trials was significantly higher (p = 0.000) in nonsmokers (96.95 ± 2.18) than in smokers (83.75 ± 11.22). The PRM percent correct were significantly higher (p = 0.000) of nonsmokers (93.42 ± 8.34) than of smokers (79.75 ± 13.44). The mean correct latency for CRT was significantly higher (p = 0.009) in smokers (509.87 ± 129.83) than in nonsmokers (455.20 ± 65.73). From this data, it can be concluded that nicotine smoking is linked with impaired cognitive functions in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Riaz
- Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Areej Arif
- Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mahmood
- Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Razia Sultana
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fawaz Al-Hussain
- College of Medicine, Department of Neurology King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Memon SM, Kumar N, Rahman AAU, Syed BM. Evaluation of C-reactive protein and hematological parameters in smokeless tobacco users: A comparative cross-sectional study. Pak J Med Sci 2021; 37:983-987. [PMID: 34290770 PMCID: PMC8281176 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.37.4.3841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the changes in levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and hematological parameters among smokeless tobacco (SLT) users. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at the community level in the coastal districts of Sindh province namely Badin, Thatta, and Sujawal from January 2017 to December 2019. The CRP and hematological parameters were evaluated by well-established methods among SLT and non-SLT users. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between SLT users (mean CRP = 0.77) versus non-users (mean CRP = 0.18), p = <0.001. Among hematological parameters, white blood cells (SLT users median = 7.85 versus non-SLT users median = 8.50, p = 0.004), monocytes (SLT users median = 6.00 versus non-SLT users median = 6.00, p = 0.001) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (SLT users median = 15.00 versus non-SLT users median = 10.00, p = 0.006) showed statistically significant difference. Conclusions: Significantly elevated CRP was observed in SLT users similarly hematological parameters also showed changes. WBCs, monocytes and ESR were significantly deranged among SLT users. Further studies looking into long term effects of these changes would be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikander Munir Memon
- Sikander Munir Memon, BDS. Medical Research Centre, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro 76090, Pakistan
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Naresh Kumar, BDS, PhD. Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan. Medical Research Centre, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro 76090, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Atta Ur Rahman
- Aneela Atta Ur Rahman, MBBS, MPH, PhD. Shaheed Mohtarama Benazir Bhutto Medical University, Larkana 77150, Pakistan. Medical Research Centre, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro 76090, Pakistan
| | - Binafsha Manzoor Syed
- Binafsha Manzoor Syed, MBBS, PhD. Medical Research Centre, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro 76090, Pakistan
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