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Guney Eskiler G, Deveci Ozkan A, Acikel Elmas M, Ozturk M, Arbak S. The recovery from taxane mediated apoptosis in PC-3 castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 100:105894. [PMID: 38996827 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Here, we revealed the reversibility of cabazitaxel (CBZ)-induced apoptosis in PC-3 castration resistant metastatic prostate cancer cells (mCRPC) through the hallmarks of apoptosis. The recovery of PC-3 cells from apoptosis upon removal of CBZ at different recovery periods was evaluated by Annexin V, DNA damage, oxidative damage, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and caspase activation. Our results showed that the administration of CBZ caused apoptosis for 72 h in PC-3 cells. However, recovered cells exhibited decreased nuclear damage, plasma membrane disruption, ROS level, release cytochrome c level and caspase-3 activation with upregulation of Bcl-2 expression upon removal of especially 1 nM CBZ for 24 h recovery period in PC-3 cells. Our study indicates that CBZ treated PC-3 cells can recover after apoptotic cell death. However, advanced molecular analysis should elucidate the relationship between the molecular mechanisms of recovery and taxane response or resistance in PC-3 mCRPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Guney Eskiler
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Asuman Deveci Ozkan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Merve Acikel Elmas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melek Ozturk
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul-Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Arbak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ergün S, Aslan S, Demir D, Kayaoğlu S, Saydam M, Keleş Y, Kolcuoğlu D, Taşkurt Hekim N, Güneş S. Beyond Death: Unmasking the Intricacies of Apoptosis Escape. Mol Diagn Ther 2024; 28:403-423. [PMID: 38890247 PMCID: PMC11211167 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-024-00718-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, maintains tissue homeostasis by eliminating damaged or unnecessary cells. However, cells can evade this process, contributing to conditions such as cancer. Escape mechanisms include anoikis, mitochondrial DNA depletion, cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT), mitotic slippage, anastasis, and blebbishield formation. Anoikis, triggered by cell detachment from the extracellular matrix, is pivotal in cancer research due to its role in cellular survival and metastasis. Mitochondrial DNA depletion, associated with cellular dysfunction and diseases such as breast and prostate cancer, links to apoptosis resistance. The c-FLIP protein family, notably CFLAR, regulates cell death processes as a truncated caspase-8 form. The ESCRT complex aids apoptosis evasion by repairing intracellular damage through increased Ca2+ levels. Antimitotic agents induce mitotic arrest in cancer treatment but can lead to mitotic slippage and tetraploid cell formation. Anastasis allows cells to resist apoptosis induced by various triggers. Blebbishield formation suppresses apoptosis indirectly in cancer stem cells by transforming apoptotic cells into blebbishields. In conclusion, the future of apoptosis research offers exciting possibilities for innovative therapeutic approaches, enhanced diagnostic tools, and a deeper understanding of the complex biological processes that govern cell fate. Collaborative efforts across disciplines, including molecular biology, genetics, immunology, and bioinformatics, will be essential to realize these prospects and improve patient outcomes in diverse disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sercan Ergün
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
- Department of Multidisciplinary Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Senanur Aslan
- Department of Multidisciplinary Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Dilbeste Demir
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sümeyye Kayaoğlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mevsim Saydam
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Yeda Keleş
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Damla Kolcuoğlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Taşkurt Hekim
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
- Department of Multidisciplinary Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Güneş
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
- Department of Multidisciplinary Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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3
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Mirzayans R. Changing the Landscape of Solid Tumor Therapy from Apoptosis-Promoting to Apoptosis-Inhibiting Strategies. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5379-5396. [PMID: 38920994 PMCID: PMC11202608 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The many limitations of implementing anticancer strategies under the term "precision oncology" have been extensively discussed. While some authors propose promising future directions, others are less optimistic and use phrases such as illusion, hype, and false hypotheses. The reality is revealed by practicing clinicians and cancer patients in various online publications, one of which has stated that "in the quest for the next cancer cure, few researchers bother to look back at the graveyard of failed medicines to figure out what went wrong". The message is clear: Novel therapeutic strategies with catchy names (e.g., synthetic "lethality") have not fulfilled their promises despite decades of extensive research and clinical trials. The main purpose of this review is to discuss key challenges in solid tumor therapy that surprisingly continue to be overlooked by the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) and numerous other authors. These challenges include: The impact of chemotherapy-induced genome chaos (e.g., multinucleation) on resistance and relapse, oncogenic function of caspase 3, cancer cell anastasis (recovery from late stages of apoptosis), and pitfalls of ubiquitously used preclinical chemosensitivity assays (e.g., cell "viability" and tumor growth delay studies in live animals) that score such pro-survival responses as "lethal" events. The studies outlined herein underscore the need for new directions in the management of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razmik Mirzayans
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
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4
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Colon Plaza S, Su TT. Ionizing radiation induces cells with past caspase activity that contribute to the adult organ in Drosophila and show reduced Loss of Heterozygosity. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:6. [PMID: 38182576 PMCID: PMC10770159 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
There is increasing recognition that cells may activate apoptotic caspases but not die, instead displaying various physiologically relevant consequences. Mechanisms that underlie the life-or-death decision in a cell that has activated apoptotic caspases, however, are incompletely understood. By optimizing a published reporter for past caspase activity, we were able to visualize cells that survived caspase activation specifically after exposure to ionizing radiation in Drosophila larval wing discs. We found that cells with X-ray-induced past active caspases (XPAC) did not arise at random but were born at specific locations within the developing wing imaginal discs of Drosophila larvae. Inhibiting key components of the apoptotic pathway decreased XPAC number, suggesting that apoptotic signaling is needed to induce XPAC cells. Yet, XPAC cells appeared in stereotypical patterns that did not follow the pattern of IR-induced apoptosis, suggesting additional controls at play. Functional testing identified the contribution of wingless (Drosophila Wnt1) and Ras signaling to the prevalence of XPAC cells. Furthermore, by following irradiated larvae into adulthood, we found that XPAC cells contribute to the adult wing. To address the relationship between XPAC and genome stability, we combined a reporter for past caspase activity with mwh, an adult marker for Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH). We found a lower incidence of LOH among XPAC compared to cells that did not activate the reporter for past caspase activity. In addition, at time points when wing disc cells are finishing DNA repair, XPAC cells show an anti-correlation with cells with unrepaired IR-induced double-stranded breaks. Our data suggest that non-lethal caspase activity safeguards the genome by facilitating DNA repair and reducing LOH after transient exposure to X-rays. These results identify a physiological role for non-lethal caspase activity during recovery from radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Colon Plaza
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0347, USA
| | - Tin Tin Su
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0347, USA.
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5
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Mirzayans R, Andrais B, Murray D. Single-Cell MTT: A Simple and Sensitive Assay for Determining the Viability and Metabolic Activity of Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells (PGCCs). Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2825:293-308. [PMID: 38913317 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3946-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Solid tumors and tumor-derived cell lines commonly contain highly enlarged (giant) cancer cells that enter a state of transient dormancy (active sleep) after they are formed, but retain viability, secrete growth promoting factors, and exhibit the ability to generate rapidly proliferating progeny with stem cell-like properties. Giant cells with a highly enlarged nucleus or multiple nuclei are often called polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs). Although PGCCs constitute only a subset of cells within a solid tumor/tumor-derived cell line, their frequency can increase markedly following exposure to ionizing radiation or chemotherapeutic drugs. In this chapter we outline a simple and yet highly sensitive cell-based assay, called single-cell MTT, that we have optimized for determining the viability and metabolic activity of PGCCs before and after exposure to anticancer agents. The assay measures the ability of individual PGCCs to convert the MTT tetrazolium salt to its water insoluble formazan metabolite. In addition to evaluating PGCCs, this assay is also a powerful tool for determining the viability and metabolic activity of cancer cells undergoing premature senescence following treatment with anticancer agents, as well as for distinguishing dead cancer cells and dying cells (e.g., exhibiting features of apoptosis, ferroptosis, etc.) that have the potential to resume proliferation through a process called anastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razmik Mirzayans
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Bonnie Andrais
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David Murray
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Wang R, Wang Y, Liu X, Liu M, Sun L, Pan X, Hu H, Jiang B, Zou Y, Liu Q, Gong Y, Wang M, Sun G. Anastasis enhances metastasis and chemoresistance of colorectal cancer cells through upregulating cIAP2/NFκB signaling. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:388. [PMID: 37391410 PMCID: PMC10313691 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05916-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a common strategy to treat cancer. However, acquired resistance and metastasis are the major obstacles to successful treatment. Anastasis is a process by which cells survive executioner caspase activation when facing apoptotic stress. Here we demonstrate that colorectal cancer cells can undergo anastasis after transient exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs. Using a lineage tracing system to label and isolate cells that have experienced executioner caspase activation in response to drug treatment, we show that anastasis grants colorectal cancer cells enhanced migration, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Mechanistically, treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs induces upregulated expression of cIAP2 and activation of NFκB, which are required for cells to survive executioner caspase activation. The elevated cIAP2/NFκB signaling persists in anastatic cancer cells to promote migration and chemoresistance. Our study unveils that cIAP2/NFκB-dependent anastasis promotes acquired resistance and metastasis after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiaohe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Menghao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Huili Hu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Department of Systems Biomedicine and Research Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Baichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yongxin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Molin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Gongping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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7
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Wang Y, Wang R, Liu X, Liu M, Sun L, Pan X, Hu H, Jiang B, Zou Y, Liu Q, Gong Y, Wang M, Sun G. Chemotherapy-induced executioner caspase activation increases breast cancer malignancy through epigenetic de-repression of CDH12. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:34. [PMID: 37355711 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer relapse and metastasis are major obstacles for effective treatment. One important mechanism to eliminate cancer cells is to induce apoptosis. Activation of executioner caspases is the key step in apoptosis and was considered "a point of no return". However, in recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that cells can survive executioner caspase activation in response to apoptotic stimuli through a process named anastasis. Here we show that breast cancer cells that have survived through anastasis (anastatic cells) after exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs acquire enhanced proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, cadherin 12 (CDH12) is persistently upregulated in anastatic cells and promotes breast cancer malignancy via activation of ERK and CREB. Moreover, we demonstrate that executioner caspase activation induced by chemotherapeutic drugs results in loss of DNA methylation and repressive histone modifications in the CDH12 promoter region, leading to increased CDH12 expression. Our work unveils the mechanism underlying anastasis-induced enhancement in breast cancer malignancy, offering new therapeutic targets for preventing post-chemotherapy cancer relapse and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiaohe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Menghao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Huili Hu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Department of Systems Biomedicine and Research Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Baichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yongxin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Molin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Gongping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Sun L, Yao C, Li X, Wang Y, Wang R, Wang M, Liu Q, Montell DJ, Shao C, Gong Y, Sun G. Anastasis confers ovarian cancer cells increased malignancy through elevated p38 MAPK activation. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:809-824. [PMID: 36447048 PMCID: PMC9984481 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of executioner caspases was once considered as a point of no return in apoptosis. However, in recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that cells can survive executioner caspase activation in response to apoptotic stimuli through a process called anastasis. In this study, we developed a reporter system, mCasExpress, to track mammalian cells that survive executioner caspase activation. We demonstrate that anastatic ovarian cancer cells acquire enhanced migration following their transient exposure to apoptotic stimulus TRAIL or Paclitaxel. Moreover, anastatic cancer cells secrete more pro-angiogenic factors that enable tumor angiogenesis, growth and metastasis. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that activation of p38 MAPK, which occurs in a caspase-dependent manner in response to apoptotic stress to promote anastasis, persists at a higher level in anastatic cancer cells even after removal of apoptotic stimuli. Importantly, p38 is essential for the elevated migratory and angiogenic capacity in the anastatic cells. Our work unveils anastasis as a potential driver of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Molin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Changshun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institute for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Suzhou Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Gongping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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9
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Rescuing cellular function in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy by healthy exogenous mitochondrial internalization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3380. [PMID: 36854766 PMCID: PMC9974992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is characterized by an accelerated loss of corneal endothelial cells. Since the function of these cells is to maintain the cornea in a state of deturgescence necessary for its transparency, the depletion of corneal endothelial cells ultimately causes corneal edema and irreversible loss of vision. Evidence is accumulating regarding the central involvement of mitochondria in FECD. As we have previously shown, when endothelial cells die and are not replaced, the mitochondria of surviving cells must provide more energy to compensate, leading to a phenomenon we have called mitochondrial burnout. This burnout causes cell death, thus exacerbating an irreversible vicious circle responsible for FECD progression. Corneal transplantation, for which the transplant supply is insufficient, is the only curative alternative for FECD. It thus becomes imperative to find other avenues of treatment. In this article, we tested whether incorporating healthy mitochondria into FECD cells would improve pathological molecular markers of the disease. Using corneal endothelium explants from FECD patients, we demonstrated that incorporation of exogenous mitochondria into FECD cells by co-incubation reduces oxidative stress, increases mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduces mitophagy. In addition, internalization of exogenous mitochondria significantly reduces apoptosis (57% in FECD vs 12% in FECD with internalized mitochondria). Taken together, these results suggest that the internalization of exogenous mitochondria reverses the vicious circle involved in FECD, thus revealing a much-needed novel treatment alternative for FECD.
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Mirzayans R, Murray D. What Are the Reasons for Continuing Failures in Cancer Therapy? Are Misleading/Inappropriate Preclinical Assays to Be Blamed? Might Some Modern Therapies Cause More Harm than Benefit? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13217. [PMID: 36362004 PMCID: PMC9655591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 50 years of cancer research has resulted in the generation of massive amounts of information, but relatively little progress has been made in the treatment of patients with solid tumors, except for extending their survival for a few months at best. Here, we will briefly discuss some of the reasons for this failure, focusing on the limitations and sometimes misunderstanding of the clinical relevance of preclinical assays that are widely used to identify novel anticancer drugs and treatment strategies (e.g., "synthetic lethality"). These include colony formation, apoptosis (e.g., caspase-3 activation), immunoblotting, and high-content multiwell plate cell-based assays, as well as tumor growth studies in animal models. A major limitation is that such assays are rarely designed to recapitulate the tumor repopulating properties associated with therapy-induced cancer cell dormancy (durable proliferation arrest) reflecting, for example, premature senescence, polyploidy and/or multinucleation. Furthermore, pro-survival properties of apoptotic cancer cells through phoenix rising, failed apoptosis, and/or anastasis (return from the brink of death), as well as cancer immunoediting and the impact of therapeutic agents on interactions between cancer and immune cells are often overlooked in preclinical studies. A brief review of the history of cancer research makes one wonder if modern strategies for treating patients with solid tumors may sometimes cause more harm than benefit.
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11
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Amendola M, Brusson M, Miccio A. CRISPRthripsis: The Risk of CRISPR/Cas9-induced Chromothripsis in Gene Therapy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:1003-1009. [PMID: 36048170 PMCID: PMC9585945 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 nuclease system has allowed the generation of disease models and the development of therapeutic approaches for many genetic and non-genetic disorders. However, the generation of large genomic rearrangements has raised safety concerns for the clinical application of CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease approaches. Among these events, the formation of micronuclei and chromosome bridges due to chromosomal truncations can lead to massive genomic rearrangements localized to one or few chromosomes. This phenomenon, known as chromothripsis, was originally described in cancer cells, where it is believed to be caused by defective chromosome segregation during mitosis or DNA double-strand breaks. Here, we will discuss the factors influencing CRISPR/Cas9-induced chromothripsis, hereafter termed CRISPRthripsis, and its outcomes, the tools to characterize these events and strategies to minimize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Amendola
- Genethon, Evry, France.,Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Evry, France
| | - Mégane Brusson
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Regulation during Development, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Annarita Miccio
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Regulation during Development, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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12
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Tang HM, Talbot CC, Fung MC, Tang HL. Transcriptomic study of anastasis for reversal of ethanol-induced apoptosis in mouse primary liver cells. Sci Data 2022; 9:418. [PMID: 35851273 PMCID: PMC9293995 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anastasis is a cell recovery mechanism that rescues dying cells from the brink of death. Reversal of apoptosis is the first example of anastasis. Here, we describe a comprehensive dataset containing time-course mRNA expression profiles for reversal of ethanol-induced apoptosis in mouse primary liver cells in νitro. This transcriptome dataset includes the conditions of the untreated cells, cells undergoing apoptosis triggered by incubating with cell death inducer of 4.5% ethanol for 5 hours, and apoptosis reversal of ethanol-induced cells at the early (3rd hour), middle (6th hour), and late (24th, 48th hour) stages after being washed with and incubated in fresh cell culture medium. By comparing this dataset with the transcriptomic profiles of other anastasis models generated with different combinations of cell types and cell death inducers, investigators can identify the key regulators governing reversal of apoptosis and other reversible cell death processes. Therefore, reusing or reanalysing this dataset will facilitate the future studies on the physiological, pathological, and therapeutic implications of anastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Man Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - C Conover Talbot
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ming Chiu Fung
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ho Lam Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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13
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Mohammed RN, Khosravi M, Rahman HS, Adili A, Kamali N, Soloshenkov PP, Thangavelu L, Saeedi H, Shomali N, Tamjidifar R, Isazadeh A, Aslaminabad R, Akbari M. Anastasis: cell recovery mechanisms and potential role in cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:81. [PMID: 35659306 PMCID: PMC9166643 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00880-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Balanced cell death and survival are among the most important cell development and homeostasis pathways that can play a critical role in the onset or progress of malignancy steps. Anastasis is a natural cell recovery pathway that rescues cells after removing the apoptosis-inducing agent or brink of death. The cells recuperate and recover to an active and stable state. So far, minimal knowledge is available about the molecular mechanisms of anastasis. Still, several involved pathways have been explained: recovery through mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, caspase cascade arrest, repairing DNA damage, apoptotic bodies formation, and phosphatidylserine. Anastasis can facilitate the survival of damaged or tumor cells, promote malignancy, and increase drug resistance and metastasis. Here, we noted recently known mechanisms of the anastasis process and underlying molecular mechanisms. Additionally, we summarize the consequences of anastatic mechanisms in the initiation and progress of malignancy, cancer cell metastasis, and drug resistance. Video Abstract
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14
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At the Crossroads of Life and Death: The Proteins That Influence Cell Fate Decisions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112745. [PMID: 35681725 PMCID: PMC9179324 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cellular senescence and apoptosis were historically thought of as two distinct cell fate pathways. However, many of the proteins involved are integral to both pathways. In particular, the ability of p53 to regulate both senescence and apoptosis meant it was seen as the decisive factor in these decisions, yet questions remain about its ability to select on its own the most appropriate cell fate according to each situation. Therefore, cell fates are no longer considered fixed endpoints but dynamic states that can be shifted given the right combination of activation and/or inhibitions of cofactors. Abstract When a cell is damaged, it must decide how to respond. As a consequence of a variety of stresses, cells can induce well-regulated programmes such as senescence, a persistent proliferative arrest that limits their replication. Alternatively, regulated programmed cell death can be induced to remove the irreversibly damaged cells in a controlled manner. These programmes are mainly triggered and controlled by the tumour suppressor protein p53 and its complex network of effectors, but how it decides between these wildly different responses is not fully understood. This review focuses on the key proteins involved both in the regulation and induction of apoptosis and senescence to examine the key events that determine cell fate following damage. Furthermore, we examine how the regulation and activity of these proteins are altered during the progression of many chronic diseases, including cancer.
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15
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Conod A, Silvano M, Ruiz I Altaba A. On the origin of metastases: Induction of pro-metastatic states after impending cell death via ER stress, reprogramming, and a cytokine storm. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110490. [PMID: 35263600 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How metastatic cells arise is unclear. Here, we search for the induction of recently characterized pro-metastatic states as a surrogate for the origin of metastasis. Since cell-death-inducing therapies can paradoxically promote metastasis, we ask if such treatments induce pro-metastatic states in human colon cancer cells. We find that post-near-death cells acquire pro-metastatic states (PAMEs) and form distant metastases in vivo. These PAME ("let's go" in Greek) cells exhibit a multifactorial cytokine storm as well as signs of enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and nuclear reprogramming, requiring CXCL8, INSL4, IL32, PERK-CHOP, and NANOG. PAMEs induce neighboring tumor cells to become PAME-induced migratory cells (PIMs): highly migratory cells that re-enact the storm and enhance PAME migration. Metastases are thus proposed to originate from the induction of pro-metastatic states through intrinsic and extrinsic cues in a pro-metastatic tumoral ecosystem, driven by an impending cell-death experience involving ER stress modulation, metastatic reprogramming, and paracrine recruitment via a cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwen Conod
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Silvano
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ariel Ruiz I Altaba
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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16
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Liao Z, Yeo HL, Wong SW, Zhao Y. Cellular Senescence: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1769. [PMID: 34944585 PMCID: PMC8698401 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a complex and multistep biological process which cells can undergo in response to different stresses. Referring to a highly stable cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence can influence a multitude of biological processes-both physiologically and pathologically. While phenotypically diverse, characteristics of senescence include the expression of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, cell cycle arrest factors, senescence-associated β-galactosidase, morphogenesis, and chromatin remodelling. Persistent senescence is associated with pathologies such as aging, while transient senescence is associated with beneficial programmes, such as limb patterning. With these implications, senescence-based translational studies, namely senotherapy and pro-senescence therapy, are well underway to find the cure to complicated diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Being a subject of major interest only in the recent decades, much remains to be studied, such as regarding the identification of unique biomarkers of senescent cells. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive understanding of the diverse literature on senescence, and discuss the knowledge we have on senescence thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehuan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Han Lin Yeo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
| | - Siaw Wen Wong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore;
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
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17
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Zaitceva V, Kopeina GS, Zhivotovsky B. Anastasis: Return Journey from Cell Death. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3671. [PMID: 34359573 PMCID: PMC8345212 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 20 years, it has been a dogma that once the integrity of mitochondria is disrupted and proapoptotic proteins that are normally located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria appeared in the cytoplasm, the process of cell death becomes inevitable. However, it has been recently shown that upon removal of the death signal, even at the stage of disturbance in the mitochondria, cells can recover and continue to grow. This phenomenon was named anastasis. Here, we will critically discuss the present knowledge concerning the mechanisms of cell death reversal, or development of anastasis, methods for its detection, and what role signaling from different intracellular compartments plays in anastasis stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Zaitceva
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.Z.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Gelina S. Kopeina
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.Z.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.Z.); (G.S.K.)
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Zakharov II, Savitskaya MA, Onishchenko GE. The Problem of Apoptotic Processes Reversibility. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1145-1158. [PMID: 33202200 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792010003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the best understood variant of regulated cell death, which has been considered irreversible for a long time. To date, an increasing amount of data has been accumulating indicating that key events of apoptosis, such as the externalization of phosphatidylserine, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, caspase activation, DNA damage, and cytoplasmic blebbing are not irreversible and can be involved in the normal cell functioning not associated with the induction of apoptosis. Anastasis - cell recovery after induction of apoptosis - can occur following elimination of proapoptotic stimuli. This can facilitate survival of damaged or tumor cells. This review describes key processes of apoptosis, which do not necessarily lead to cell death during normal cell activity as well as anastasis. Understanding mechanisms and consequences of apoptotic processes reversibility, on the one hand, could contribute to the improvement of existing therapeutic approaches for various diseases, including malignant neoplasms, and, on the other hand, could open up new possibilities for protecting cellular elements of tissues and organs from death during treatment of degenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Zakharov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - M A Savitskaya
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - G E Onishchenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
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19
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Chakraborty S, Mir KB, Seligson ND, Nayak D, Kumar R, Goswami A. Integration of EMT and cellular survival instincts in reprogramming of programmed cell death to anastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 39:553-566. [PMID: 32020420 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a tightly controlled, coordinated cellular event responsible for inducing programmed cell death to rid the body of defective or unfit cells. Inhibition of apoptosis is, therefore, an essential process for cancer cells to harness. Genomic variants in apoptotic-controlling genes are highly prevalent in cancer and have been identified to induce pro-proliferation and pro-survival pathways, rendering cancer cells resistant to apoptosis. Traditional understanding of apoptosis defines it as an irreversible process; however, growing evidence suggests that apoptosis is a reversible process from which cells can escape, even after the activation of its most committed stages. The mechanism invoked to reverse apoptosis has been termed anastasis and poses challenges for the development and utilization of chemotherapeutic agents. Anastasis has also been identified as a mechanism by which cells can recover from apoptotic lesions and revert back to its previous functioning state. In this review, we intend to focus the attention of the reader on the comprehensive role of survival, metastasis, and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as DNA damage repair mechanisms in promoting anastasis. Additionally, we will emphasize the mechanistic consequences of anastasis on drug resistance and recent rational therapeutic approaches designed to combat this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souneek Chakraborty
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Khalid Bashir Mir
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Nathan D Seligson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, The University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Debasis Nayak
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 540 Riffe Building, 496 West 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, 182320, India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India. .,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
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20
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Mirzayans R, Murray D. Do TUNEL and Other Apoptosis Assays Detect Cell Death in Preclinical Studies? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239090. [PMID: 33260475 PMCID: PMC7730366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay detects DNA breakage by labeling the free 3ʹ-hydroxyl termini. Given that genomic DNA breaks arise during early and late stages of apoptosis, TUNEL staining continues to be widely used as a measure of apoptotic cell death. The advantages of the assay include its relative ease of performance and the broad availability of TUNEL assay kits for various applications, such as single-cell analysis of apoptosis in cell cultures and tissue samples. However, as briefly discussed herein, aside from some concerns relating to the specificity of the TUNEL assay itself, it was demonstrated some twenty years ago that the early stages of apoptosis, detected by TUNEL, can be reversed. More recently, compelling evidence from different biological systems has revealed that cells can recover from even late stage apoptosis through a process called anastasis. Specifically, such recovery has been observed in cells exhibiting caspase activation, genomic DNA breakage, phosphatidylserine externalization, and formation of apoptotic bodies. Furthermore, there is solid evidence demonstrating that apoptotic cells can promote neighboring tumor cell repopulation (e.g., through caspase-3-mediated secretion of prostaglandin E2) and confer resistance to anticancer therapy. Accordingly, caution should be exercised in the interpretation of results obtained by the TUNEL and other apoptosis assays (e.g., caspase activation) in terms of apoptotic cell demise.
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21
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Cell death in the gut epithelium and implications for chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:543-556. [PMID: 32651553 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium has one of the highest rates of cellular turnover in a process that is tightly regulated. As the transit-amplifying progenitors of the intestinal epithelium generate ~300 cells per crypt every day, regulated cell death and sloughing at the apical surface keeps the overall cell number in check. An aberrant increase in the rate of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) death underlies instances of extensive epithelial erosion, which is characteristic of several intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and infectious colitis. Emerging evidence points to a crucial role of necroptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis as important modes of programmed cell death in the intestine in addition to apoptosis. The mode of cell death affects tissue restitution responses and ultimately the long-term risks of intestinal fibrosis and colorectal cancer. A vicious cycle of intestinal barrier breach, misregulated cell death and subsequent inflammation is at the heart of chronic inflammatory and infectious gastrointestinal diseases. This Review discusses the underlying molecular and cellular underpinnings that control programmed cell death in IECs, which emerge during intestinal diseases. Translational aspects of cell death modulation for the development of novel therapeutic alternatives for inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer are also discussed.
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22
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Abstract
Histone proteins regulate cellular factors’ accessibility to DNA, and histone dosage has previously been linked with DNA damage susceptibility and efficiency of DNA repair pathways. Surplus histones are known to impede the DNA repair process by interfering with the homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we discuss the recent finding of association of methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) resistance with the reduced histone H4 gene dosage in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata. We have earlier shown that while the low histone H3 gene dosage led to MMS susceptibility, the lack of two H4-encoding ORFs, CgHHF1 and CgHHF2, led to resistance to MMS-induced DNA damage. This resistance was linked with a higher rate of homologous recombination (HR). Taking these findings further, we review the interactome analysis of histones H3 and H4 in C. glabrata. We also report that the arginine residue present at the 95th position in the C-terminal tail of histone H4 protein is required for complementation of the MMS resistance in the Cghhf1Δhhf2Δ mutant, thereby pointing out a probable role of this residue in association with HR factors. Additionally, we present evidence that reduction in H4 protein levels may constitute an important part of varied stress responses in C. glabrata. Altogether, we present an overview of histone H4 dosage, HR-mediated repair of damaged DNA and stress resistance in this opportunistic human fungal pathogen.
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23
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Mirzayans R, Murray D. Intratumor Heterogeneity and Therapy Resistance: Contributions of Dormancy, Apoptosis Reversal (Anastasis) and Cell Fusion to Disease Recurrence. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041308. [PMID: 32075223 PMCID: PMC7073004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in treating cancer is posed by intratumor heterogeneity, with different sub-populations of cancer cells within the same tumor exhibiting therapy resistance through different biological processes. These include therapy-induced dormancy (durable proliferation arrest through, e.g., polyploidy, multinucleation, or senescence), apoptosis reversal (anastasis), and cell fusion. Unfortunately, such responses are often overlooked or misinterpreted as “death” in commonly used preclinical assays, including the in vitro colony-forming assay and multiwell plate “viability” or “cytotoxicity” assays. Although these assays predominantly determine the ability of a test agent to convert dangerous (proliferating) cancer cells to potentially even more dangerous (dormant) cancer cells, the results are often assumed to reflect loss of cancer cell viability (death). In this article we briefly discuss the dark sides of dormancy, apoptosis, and cell fusion in cancer therapy, and underscore the danger of relying on short-term preclinical assays that generate population-based data averaged over a large number of cells. Unveiling the molecular events that underlie intratumor heterogeneity together with more appropriate experimental design and data interpretation will hopefully lead to clinically relevant strategies for treating recurrent/metastatic disease, which remains a major global health issue despite extensive research over the past half century.
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24
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Al-Hassan JM, Fang Liu Y, Khan MA, Yang P, Guan R, Wen XY, Afzal M, Oommen S, Paul BM, Nair D, Palaniyar N, Pace-Asciak C. Furanoic Lipid F-6, A Novel Anti-Cancer Compound that Kills Cancer Cells by Suppressing Proliferation and Inducing Apoptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E960. [PMID: 31323958 PMCID: PMC6678287 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying novel anti-cancer drugs is important for devising better cancer treatment options. In a series of studies designed to identify novel therapeutic compounds, we recently showed that a C-20 fatty acid (12,15-epoxy-13,14-dimethyleicosa-12,14-dienoic acid, a furanoic acid or F-6) present in the lipid fraction of the secretions of the Arabian Gulf catfish skin (Arius bilineatus Val.; AGCS) robustly induces neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Here, we demonstrate that a lipid mix (Ft-3) extracted from AGCS and F-6, a component of Ft-3, dose dependently kill two cancer cell lines (leukemic K-562 and breast MDA MB-231). Pure F-6 is approximately 3.5 to 16 times more effective than Ft-3 in killing these cancer cells, respectively. Multiplex assays and network analyses show that F-6 promotes the activation of MAPKs such as Erk, JNK, and p38, and specifically suppresses JNK-mediated c-Jun activation necessary for AP-1-mediated cell survival pathways. In both cell lines, F-6 suppresses PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway specific proteins, indicating that cell proliferation and Akt-mediated protection of mitochondrial stability are compromised by this treatment. Western blot analyses of cleaved caspase 3 (cCasp3) and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) confirmed that F-6 dose-dependently induced apoptosis in both of these cell lines. In 14-day cell recovery experiments, cells treated with increasing doses of F-6 and Ft-3 fail to recover after subsequent drug washout. In summary, this study demonstrates that C-20 furanoic acid F-6, suppresses cancer cell proliferation and promotes apoptotic cell death in leukemic and breast cancer cells, and prevents cell recovery. Therefore, F-6 is a potential anti-cancer drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jassim M Al-Hassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Yuan Fang Liu
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning (PGCRL), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Meraj A Khan
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning (PGCRL), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Guan
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery & Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Xiao-Yan Wen
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery & Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Departments of Lab Medicine and Pathobiology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Afzal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Sosamma Oommen
- Department of Zoology, CMS College, Kottayam 686001, India
| | - Bincy M Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Divya Nair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning (PGCRL), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Departments of Lab Medicine and Pathobiology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Cecil Pace-Asciak
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning (PGCRL), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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25
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Abstract
The classical view of cell death has long assumed that, once initiated, the dying process is irreversible. However, recent studies reveal that recovery of dying cells can actually occur, even after initiation of a cell suicide process called apoptosis. This discovery raised fundamental key questions about which forms of the cell death process could be reversible and how reversal is mediated. Here, we uncover an unanticipated reversibility of ferroptotic cell death process. Unlike apoptosis reversal, removal of ferroptosis inducers, such as erastin and glutamate, is insufficient to allow ferroptotic dying cells to escape the cell death process. However, by removing the cell death inducer and providing the reduced form of glutathione or the radical-trapping antioxidant ferrostatin-1, ferroptotic dying cells can be rescued and promoted to recover. Interestingly, although ferroptotic inhibitors such as aminooxyacetic acid, deferoxamine, dopamine and vitamin C can prevent initiation of ferroptosis, added alone they are unable to reverse the initiated ferroptosis, suggesting regulatory distinctions between preventing and reversing ferroptosis. Together, these results reveal the first evidence that ferroptosis is reversible and suggest strategies to enhance its reversibility, thereby providing a useful model for studying the physiological, pathological and therapeutic potentials of this cell recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Man Tang
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA .,School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Lam Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Ye CJ, Sharpe Z, Alemara S, Mackenzie S, Liu G, Abdallah B, Horne S, Regan S, Heng HH. Micronuclei and Genome Chaos: Changing the System Inheritance. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050366. [PMID: 31086101 PMCID: PMC6562739 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronuclei research has regained its popularity due to the realization that genome chaos, a rapid and massive genome re-organization under stress, represents a major common mechanism for punctuated cancer evolution. The molecular link between micronuclei and chromothripsis (one subtype of genome chaos which has a selection advantage due to the limited local scales of chromosome re-organization), has recently become a hot topic, especially since the link between micronuclei and immune activation has been identified. Many diverse molecular mechanisms have been illustrated to explain the causative relationship between micronuclei and genome chaos. However, the newly revealed complexity also causes confusion regarding the common mechanisms of micronuclei and their impact on genomic systems. To make sense of these diverse and even conflicting observations, the genome theory is applied in order to explain a stress mediated common mechanism of the generation of micronuclei and their contribution to somatic evolution by altering the original set of information and system inheritance in which cellular selection functions. To achieve this goal, a history and a current new trend of micronuclei research is briefly reviewed, followed by a review of arising key issues essential in advancing the field, including the re-classification of micronuclei and how to unify diverse molecular characterizations. The mechanistic understanding of micronuclei and their biological function is re-examined based on the genome theory. Specifically, such analyses propose that micronuclei represent an effective way in changing the system inheritance by altering the coding of chromosomes, which belongs to the common evolutionary mechanism of cellular adaptation and its trade-off. Further studies of the role of micronuclei in disease need to be focused on the behavior of the adaptive system rather than specific molecular mechanisms that generate micronuclei. This new model can clarify issues important to stress induced micronuclei and genome instability, the formation and maintenance of genomic information, and cellular evolution essential in many common and complex diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Ye
- The Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Zachary Sharpe
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Sarah Alemara
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Stephanie Mackenzie
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Guo Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Batoul Abdallah
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Steve Horne
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Sarah Regan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Henry H Heng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Genetic Instability and Chromatin Remodeling in Spermatids. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010040. [PMID: 30646585 PMCID: PMC6356297 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The near complete replacement of somatic chromatin in spermatids is, perhaps, the most striking nuclear event known to the eukaryotic domain. The process is far from being fully understood, but research has nevertheless unraveled its complexity as an expression of histone variants and post-translational modifications that must be finely orchestrated to promote the DNA topological change and compaction provided by the deposition of protamines. That this major transition may not be genetically inert came from early observations that transient DNA strand breaks were detected in situ at chromatin remodeling steps. The potential for genetic instability was later emphasized by our demonstration that a significant number of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are formed and then repaired in the haploid context of spermatids. The detection of DNA breaks by 3'OH end labeling in the whole population of spermatids suggests that a reversible enzymatic process is involved, which differs from canonical apoptosis. We have set the stage for a better characterization of the genetic impact of this transition by showing that post-meiotic DNA fragmentation is conserved from human to yeast, and by providing tools for the initial mapping of the genome-wide DSB distribution in the mouse model. Hence, the molecular mechanism of post-meiotic DSB formation and repair in spermatids may prove to be a significant component of the well-known male mutation bias. Based on our recent observations and a survey of the literature, we propose that the chromatin remodeling in spermatids offers a proper context for the induction of de novo polymorphism and structural variations that can be transmitted to the next generation.
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He M, Zhang Y, Xie F, Dou X, Han M, Zhang H. Role of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB and GSK-3β pathways in the rat model of cardiopulmonary bypass-related lung injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:747-754. [PMID: 29990867 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis is a cellular mechanism contributing to cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)-induced lung injury. The ubiquitous PI3K/Akt pathway regulates proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation by controlling a broad range of target proteins including NF-κB and GSK-3β. The roles of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB and PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathways in CPB-related lung injury are unclear. METHODS Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into sham, CPB, Wortmannin (Wtn) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) groups (n = 18, each). Six subjects per group were evaluated at each of three time points: Prior to CPB (T1); opening of the left hilus pulmonis (T2); and 90 min after CPB (T3). Arterial blood specimens were obtained at each time point to test respiratory and oxygenation indices. Left lung tissues were processed for H&E and TUNEL staining. Western blot was employed to evaluate protein levels and activities of Akt, phospho-Akt (p-Akt), GSK-3β, phospho-GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β) and nuclear NF-κB. RESULTS Lung ischemia/reperfusion and CPB caused notable lung injury, as evidenced by lung functional decline and pathological deterioration, accompanied by increases in apoptosis and expression levels of p-Akt, p-GSK-3β and nuclear NF-κB in lungs (all P < 0.05 vs. Sham). At T3, Wtn-treated CPB subjects showed worsened lung function and pathological lung structures, as well as apoptosis in lungs (all P < 0.05 vs. CPB); additionally, Wtn inhibited Akt phosphorylation and slightly, but significantly increased expression of nuclear NF-κB (both P < 0.001 vs. CPB). Conversely, treatment of subjects with IGF-I increased Akt phosphorylation (P < 0.001 vs. CPB), inhibited expression of nuclear NF-κB (P = 0.008 vs. CPB), improved lung function and tissue morphology (both P < 0.05 vs. CPB), and reduced apoptosis in lungs (P < 0.001 vs. CPB). Neither Wtn nor IGF-I did alter GSK-3β phosphorylation levels (P = 0.836 and P = 0.669 vs. CPB, respectively). CONCLUSION The PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway played a role in CPB-related lung injury, possibly through mediating apoptosis in lungs. GSK-3β, a signaling effector that also participated in CPB-induced apoptosis in lungs, but was not regulated by the PI3K/Akt pathway in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Xuejiao Dou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Ming Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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Abstract
Chromatin is organized into higher-order structures that form subcompartments in interphase nuclei. Different categories of specialized enzymes act on chromatin and regulate its compaction and biophysical characteristics in response to physiological conditions. We present an overview of the function of chromatin structure and its dynamic changes in response to genotoxic stress, focusing on both subnuclear organization and the physical mobility of DNA. We review the requirements and mechanisms that cause chromatin relocation, enhanced mobility, and chromatin unfolding as a consequence of genotoxic lesions. An intriguing link has been established recently between enhanced chromatin dynamics and histone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Hauer
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susan M Gasser
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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