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Zarske M, Luu HQ, Deneke C, Knüver MT, Thieck M, Hoang HTT, Bretschneider N, Pham NT, Huber I, Stingl K. Identification of knowledge gaps in whole-genome sequence analysis of multi-resistant thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:156. [PMID: 38331708 PMCID: PMC10851486 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter spp. is the most frequent cause of bacterial food-borne gastroenteritis and a high priority antibiotic resistant bacterium according to the World Health Organization (WHO). European monitoring of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. does not reflect the global burden of resistances already circulating within the bacterial population worldwide. METHODS We systematically compared whole genome sequencing with comprehensive phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility, analyzing 494 thermotolerant Campylobacter poultry isolates from Vietnam and Germany. Any discrepancy was checked by repeating the wet lab and improving the dry lab part. Selected isolates were additionally analyzed via long-read Oxford Nanopore technology, leading to closed chromosomes and plasmids. RESULTS Overall, 22 different resistance genes and gene variants (e. g. erm(B), aph(3')-IIIa, aph(2'')-If, catA, lnu(C), blaOXA, sat4) and point mutations in three distinct genes (gyrA, 23S rRNA, rpsL) associated with AMR were present in the Campylobacter isolates. Two AMR genes were missing in the database and one falsely associated with resistance. Bioinformatic analysis based on short-read data partly failed to identify tet(O) and aadE, when the genes were present as duplicate or homologous gene variants. Intriguingly, isolates also contained different determinants, redundantly conferring resistance to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, lincomycin and streptomycin. We found a novel tet(W) in tetracycline sensitive strains, harboring point mutations. Furthermore, analysis based on assemblies from short-read data was impaired to identify full length phase variable aad9, due to variations of the poly-C tract within the gene. The genetic determinant responsible for gentamicin resistance of one isolate from Germany could not be identified. GyrT86I, presenting the main determinant for (fluoro-)quinolone resistance led to a rare atypical phenotype of ciprofloxacin resistance but nalidixic acid sensitivity. Long-read sequencing predicted AMR genes were mainly located on the chromosome, and rarely on plasmids. Predictions from long- and short-read sequencing, respectively, often differed. AMR genes were often organized in multidrug resistance islands (MDRI) and partially located in proximity to transposase genes, suggesting main mobilization of resistance determinants is via natural transformation and transposition in Campylobacter. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that there is frequent resistance gene duplication, mosaicism, and mutation leading to gene variation and truncation in Campylobacter strains that have not been reported in previous studies and are missing from databases. Furthermore, there is a need for deciphering yet unknown resistance mechanisms and resistance spread in thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. that may pose a challenge to global food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zarske
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, Berlin, D-12277, Germany
| | - Huong Quynh Luu
- National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), 86 Truong Chinh Street, Hanoi, Dong Da District, Vietnam
| | - Carlus Deneke
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, Berlin, D-12277, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Knüver
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, Berlin, D-12277, Germany
| | - Maja Thieck
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, Berlin, D-12277, Germany
| | - Ha Thi Thu Hoang
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Trung District, Vietnam
| | - Nancy Bretschneider
- Department of Molecular Biology and Gene Technology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, D-85764, Germany
| | - Ngoc Thi Pham
- National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), 86 Truong Chinh Street, Hanoi, Dong Da District, Vietnam
| | - Ingrid Huber
- Department of Molecular Biology and Gene Technology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, D-85764, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stingl
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, Berlin, D-12277, Germany.
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Williams AD, Rousham E, Neal AL, Amin MB, Hobman JL, Stekel D, Islam MA. Impact of contrasting poultry exposures on human, poultry, and wastewater antibiotic resistomes in Bangladesh. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0176323. [PMID: 37971224 PMCID: PMC10714819 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01763-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Through the use of DNA sequencing, our study shows that there is no significant difference in the antibiotic resistance genes found in stool samples taken from individuals with high exposure to poultry routinely fed antibiotics and those without such exposure. This finding is significant as it suggests limited transmission of antibiotic resistance genes between poultry and humans in these circumstances. However, our research also demonstrates that commercially reared poultry are more likely to possess resistance genes to antibiotics commonly administered on medium-sized farms. Additionally, our study highlights the under-explored potential of wastewater as a source of various antibiotic resistance genes, some of which are clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Williams
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Ltd, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Tai Po, Hong Kong
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Emily Rousham
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L. Neal
- Net-Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Badrul Amin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jon L. Hobman
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Dov Stekel
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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3
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Mudenda S, Bumbangi FN, Yamba K, Munyeme M, Malama S, Mukosha M, Hadunka MA, Daka V, Matafwali SK, Siluchali G, Mainda G, Mukuma M, Hang’ombe BM, Muma JB. Drivers of antimicrobial resistance in layer poultry farming: Evidence from high prevalence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and enterococci in Zambia. Vet World 2023; 16:1803-1814. [PMID: 37859964 PMCID: PMC10583887 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1803-1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Inappropriate use of antimicrobials exacerbates antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the poultry sector. Information on factors driving AMR in the layer poultry sector is scarce in Zambia. This study examined the drivers of AMR in the layer poultry sector in the Lusaka and Copperbelt Provinces of Zambia. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study employed a structured questionnaire in 77 layer poultry farms in the provinces of Lusaka and Copperbelt, Zambia, from September 2020 to April 2021. Data analysis was conducted using Stata version 16.1. Antimicrobial resistance was defined as the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) isolates. Multivariable regression analysis was used to identify drivers of AMR. Results In total, 365 samples were collected, from which 339 (92.9%) Escherichia coli and 308 (84.4%) Enterococcus spp. were isolated. Multidrug resistance was identified in 39% of the E. coli and 86% of the Enterococcus spp. The overall prevalence of AMR in layer poultry farms was 51.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 40.3%-63.5%). Large-scale farmers (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.04%-0.99%) than small-scale and farmers who were aware of AMR than those who were unaware (AOR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08%-0.86%) were less likely to experience AMR problems. Conclusion This study found a high prevalence of AMR in layer poultry farming linked to the type of farm management practices and lack of AMR awareness. Evidence of high MDR in our study is of public health concern and requires urgent attention. Educational interventions must increase AMR awareness, especially among small- and medium-scale poultry farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Flavien Nsoni Bumbangi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Eden University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kaunda Yamba
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sydney Malama
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Moses Mukosha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Scott Kaba Matafwali
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Godfrey Siluchali
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiological Sciences, Institute of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Geoffrey Mainda
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, House No. 5 Chaholi, off Addis Ababa drive, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mercy Mukuma
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bernard Mudenda Hang’ombe
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Bwalya Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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4
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Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Okpala COR, Njoga EO, Okafor NA, Oguttu JW. Mobile Colistin Resistance ( mcr) Gene-Containing Organisms in Poultry Sector in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Epidemiology, Characteristics, and One Health Control Strategies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1117. [PMID: 37508213 PMCID: PMC10376608 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) are plasmid-encoded genes that threaten the clinical utility of colistin (COL), one of the highest-priority critically important antibiotics (HP-CIAs) used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria in humans and animals. For more than six decades, COL has been used largely unregulated in the poultry sector in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and this has led to the development/spread of mcr gene-containing bacteria (MGCB). The prevalence rates of mcr-positive organisms from the poultry sector in LMICs between January 1970 and May 2023 range between 0.51% and 58.8%. Through horizontal gene transfer, conjugative plasmids possessing insertion sequences (ISs) (especially ISApl1), transposons (predominantly Tn6330), and integrons have enhanced the spread of mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-7, mcr-8, mcr-9, and mcr-10 in the poultry sector in LMICs. These genes are harboured by Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Cronobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Shigella, Providencia, Aeromonas, Raoultella, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter species, belonging to diverse clones. The mcr-1, mcr-3, and mcr-10 genes have also been integrated into the chromosomes of these bacteria and are mobilizable by ISs and integrative conjugative elements. These bacteria often coexpress mcr with virulence genes and other genes conferring resistance to HP-CIAs, such as extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, fosfomycin, fluoroquinolone, and tigecycline. The transmission routes and dynamics of MGCB from the poultry sector in LMICs within the One Health triad include contact with poultry birds, feed/drinking water, manure, poultry farmers and their farm workwear, farming equipment, the consumption and sale of contaminated poultry meat/egg and associated products, etc. The use of pre/probiotics and other non-antimicrobial alternatives in the raising of birds, the judicious use of non-critically important antibiotics for therapy, the banning of nontherapeutic COL use, improved vaccination, biosecurity, hand hygiene and sanitization, the development of rapid diagnostic test kits, and the intensified surveillance of mcr genes, among others, could effectively control the spread of MGCB from the poultry sector in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R Okpala
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
- UGA Cooperative Extension, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria
| | | | - James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
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5
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Epidemiological Prevalence of Phenotypical Resistances and Mobilised Colistin Resistance in Avian Commensal and Pathogenic E. coli from Denmark, France, The Netherlands, and the UK. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050631. [PMID: 35625275 PMCID: PMC9137498 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin has been used for the treatment of non-invasive gastrointestinal infections caused by avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). The discovery of mobilised colistin resistance (mcr) in E. coli has instigated a One Health approach to minimise colistin use and the spread of resistance. The aim of this study was to compare colistin susceptibility of APECs (collected from Denmark n = 25 and France n = 39) versus commensal E. coli (collected from the Netherlands n = 51 and the UK n = 60), alongside genetic (mcr-1−5) and phenotypic resistance against six other antimicrobial classes (aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, sulphonamides/trimethoprim, tetracyclines). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using a broth microdilution method (EUCAST guidelines), and phenotypic resistance was determined using disk diffusion. Colistin MIC values of APEC were significantly lower than those for commensals by 1 dilution (p < 0.0001, Anderson-Darling test), and differences in distributions were observed between countries. No isolate carried mcr-1−5. Three phenotypically resistant isolates were identified in 2/62 APEC and 1/111 commensal isolates. Gentamicin or gentamicin−ceftriaxone co-resistance was observed in two of these isolates. This study showed a low prevalence of phenotypic colistin resistance, with no apparent difference in colistin resistance between commensal E. coli strains and APEC strains.
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6
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Dowgiallo MG, Miller BC, Kassu M, Smith KP, Fetigan AD, Guo JJ, Kirby JE, Manetsch R. The convergent total synthesis and antibacterial profile of the natural product streptothricin F. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3447-3453. [PMID: 35432870 PMCID: PMC8943883 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06445b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A convergent, diversity-enabling total synthesis of the natural product streptothricin F has been achieved. Herein, we describe the potent antimicrobial activity of streptothricin F and highlight the importance of a total synthesis that allows for the installation of practical divergent steps for medicinal chemistry exploits. Key features of our synthesis include a Burgess reagent-mediated 1,2-anti-diamine installation, diastereoselective azidation of a lactam enolate, and a mercury(ii) chloride-mediated desulfurization-guanidination. The development of this chemistry enables the synthesis and structure–activity studies of streptothricin F analogs. The second ever total synthesis of streptothricin F and the first achieved through a diversity-enabling convergent route. The synthesis is achieved in 35 total steps, with a longest linear sequence of 19 steps, and 0.40% overall yield.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Dowgiallo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston MA USA
| | - Brandon C Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston MA USA
| | - Mintesinot Kassu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston MA USA
| | - Kenneth P Smith
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA USA.,Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Andrew D Fetigan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston MA USA
| | - Jason J Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston MA USA .,Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University Boston MA USA.,Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University Boston MA USA
| | - James E Kirby
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA USA.,Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Roman Manetsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston MA USA .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University Boston MA USA.,Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University Boston MA USA
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7
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Tartor YH, Gharieb RMA, Abd El-Aziz NK, El Damaty HM, Enany S, Khalifa E, Attia ASA, Abdellatif SS, Ramadan H. Virulence Determinants and Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance mcr Genes in Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated From Bovine Milk. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:761417. [PMID: 34888259 PMCID: PMC8650641 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.761417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A major increase of bacterial resistance to colistin, a last-resort treatment for severe infections, was observed globally. Using colistin in livestock rearing is believed to be the ground of mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) gene circulation and is of crucial concern to public health. This study aimed to determine the frequency and virulence characteristics of colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from the milk of mastitic cows and raw unpasteurized milk in Egypt. One hundred and seventeen strains belonging to Enterobacteriaceae (n = 90), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 10), and Aeromonas hydrophila (n = 17) were screened for colistin resistance by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The genetic characteristics of colistin-resistant strains were investigated for mcr-1-9 genes, phylogenetic groups, and virulence genes. Moreover, we evaluated four commonly used biocides in dairy farms for teat disinfection toward colistin-resistant strains. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) phenotypes were detected in 82.91% (97/117) and 3.42% (4/117) of the isolates, respectively. Of the 117 tested isolates, 61 (52.14%) were colistin resistant (MIC >2 mg/L), distributed as 24/70 (34.29%) from clinical mastitis, 10/11 (90.91%) from subclinical mastitis, and 27/36 (75%) from raw milk. Of these 61 colistin-resistant isolates, 47 (19 from clinical mastitis, 8 from subclinical mastitis, and 20 from raw milk) harbored plasmid-borne mcr genes. The mcr-1 gene was identified in 31.91%, mcr-2 in 29.79%, mcr-3 in 34.04%, and each of mcr-4 and mcr-7 in 2.13% of the colistin-resistant isolates. Among these isolates, 42.55% (20/47) were E. coli, 21.28% (10/47) A. hydrophila, 19.12% (9/47) K. pneumoniae, and 17.02% (8/47) P. aeruginosa. This is the first report of mcr-3 and mcr-7 in P. aeruginosa. Conjugation experiments using the broth-mating technique showed successful transfer of colistin resistance to E. coli J53-recipient strain. Different combinations of virulence genes were observed among colistin-resistant isolates with almost all isolates harboring genes. Hydrogen peroxide has the best efficiency against all bacterial isolates even at a low concentration (10%). In conclusion, the dissemination of mobile colistin resistance mcr gene and its variants between MDR- and XDR-virulent Gram-negative isolates from dairy cattle confirms the spread of mcr genes at all levels; animals, humans, and environmental, and heralds the penetration of the last-resort antimicrobial against MDR bacteria. Consequently, a decision to ban colistin in food animals is urgently required to fight XDR and MDR bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine H Tartor
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha M A Gharieb
- Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Norhan K Abd El-Aziz
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hend M El Damaty
- Animal Medicine Department (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shymaa Enany
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,Biomedical Research Department, Armed Force College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Amira S A Attia
- Veterinary Public Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samah S Abdellatif
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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8
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Musa L, Proietti PC, Marenzoni ML, Stefanetti V, Kika TS, Blasi F, Magistrali CF, Toppi V, Ranucci D, Branciari R, Franciosini MP. Susceptibility of Commensal E. coli Isolated from Conventional, Antibiotic-Free, and Organic Meat Chickens on Farms and at Slaughter toward Antimicrobials with Public Health Relevance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1321. [PMID: 34827259 PMCID: PMC8614865 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of resistant bacteria from livestock to the food industry promoted an increase of alternative poultry production systems, such as organic and antibiotic-free ones, based on the lack of antimicrobial use, except in cases in which welfare is compromised. We aimed to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from organic, antibiotic-free, and conventional broiler farms and slaughterhouses toward several antimicrobials critically important for human health. To assess antimicrobial susceptibility, all E. coli isolates and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli were analysed by the microdilution method. The prevalence of tigecycline, azithromycin and gentamicin E. coli-resistant strains was highest in organic samplings. Conversely, the lowest prevalence of resistant E. coli strains was observed for cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin in organic systems, representing a significant protective factor compared to conventional systems. All E. coli strains were colistin-susceptible. Contamination of the external environment by drug-resistant bacteria could play a role in the presence of resistant strains detected in organic systems. Of interest is the highest prevalence of cephalosporin resistance of E. coli in conventional samplings, since they are not permitted in poultry. Our results suggest that monitoring of antibiotic resistance of the production chain may be helpful to detect "risks" inherent to different rearing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Musa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.M.); (M.L.M.); (V.S.); (V.T.); (D.R.); (R.B.); (M.P.F.)
| | - Patrizia Casagrande Proietti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.M.); (M.L.M.); (V.S.); (V.T.); (D.R.); (R.B.); (M.P.F.)
| | - Maria Luisa Marenzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.M.); (M.L.M.); (V.S.); (V.T.); (D.R.); (R.B.); (M.P.F.)
| | - Valentina Stefanetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.M.); (M.L.M.); (V.S.); (V.T.); (D.R.); (R.B.); (M.P.F.)
| | - Tana Shtylla Kika
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana, Koder Kamez, 1029 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Francesca Blasi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, 06124 Perugia, Italy; (F.B.); (C.F.M.)
| | - Chiara Francesca Magistrali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, 06124 Perugia, Italy; (F.B.); (C.F.M.)
| | - Valeria Toppi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.M.); (M.L.M.); (V.S.); (V.T.); (D.R.); (R.B.); (M.P.F.)
| | - David Ranucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.M.); (M.L.M.); (V.S.); (V.T.); (D.R.); (R.B.); (M.P.F.)
| | - Raffaella Branciari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.M.); (M.L.M.); (V.S.); (V.T.); (D.R.); (R.B.); (M.P.F.)
| | - Maria Pia Franciosini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.M.); (M.L.M.); (V.S.); (V.T.); (D.R.); (R.B.); (M.P.F.)
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9
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Mead A, Gillard N, Robert C, Pierret G, Henrottin J, Richez P, Pelligand L. Determination of colistin in luminal and parietal intestinal matrices of chicken by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:982-985. [PMID: 34614207 PMCID: PMC9293311 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Justification for continued use of colistin in veterinary medicine, for example medicated water, relies on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) studies that require accurate measurement of colistin content in the digestive tract. A method for the detection and quantification of colistin in poultry intestinal material was developed and validated. Colistin is not absorbed after oral administration, and the biophase is the gastrointestinal tract. Extraction of colistin from the matrix was achieved using solid‐phase extraction with a methanol:water (1:2; v/v) solution. Polymyxin B was used as an internal standard. Colistin A and colistin B, the main components of colistin, were separated, detected and measured using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS/MS). The method was validated for linearity/quadraticity between 1.1 (LOQ) and 56.7 mg/kg. Mean accuracy was between 82.7% and 107.7% with inter‐ and intra‐day precision lower than 13.3% and 15% respectively. Freeze–thaw, long‐term and bench storage were validated. Incurred samples following colistin treatment in poultry at the approved clinical dose of 75,000 IU/kg in drinking water and oral gavage were quantifiable and in line with expected intestinal transit times. The method is considered appropriately accurate and precise for the purposes of pharmacokinetic analysis in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Binsker U, Käsbohrer A, Hammerl JA. Global colistin use: A review of the emergence of resistant Enterobacterales and the impact on their genetic basis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6382128. [PMID: 34612488 PMCID: PMC8829026 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dramatic global rise of MDR and XDR Enterobacterales in human medicine forced clinicians to the reintroduction of colistin as last-resort drug. Meanwhile, colistin is used in the veterinary medicine since its discovery, leading to a steadily increasing prevalence of resistant isolates in the livestock and meat-based food sector. Consequently, transmission of resistant isolates from animals to humans, acquisition via food and exposure to colistin in the clinic are reasons for the increased prevalence of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales in humans in the last decades. Initially, resistance mechanisms were caused by mutations in chromosomal genes. However, since the discovery in 2015, the focus has shifted exclusively to mobile colistin resistances (mcr). This review will advance the understanding of chromosomal-mediated resistance mechanisms in Enterobacterales. We provide an overview about genes involved in colistin resistance and the current global situation of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales. A comparison of the global colistin use in veterinary and human medicine highlights the effort to reduce colistin sales in veterinary medicine under the One Health approach. In contrast, it uncovers the alarming rise in colistin consumption in human medicine due to the emergence of MDR Enterobacterales, which might be an important driver for the increasing emergence of chromosome-mediated colistin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Binsker
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens A Hammerl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Okpala COR, Jaja CJI, Oguttu JW, Chah KF, Shoyinka VS. Potential sources and characteristic occurrence of mobile colistin resistance ( mcr) gene-harbouring bacteria recovered from the poultry sector: a literature synthesis specific to high-income countries. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11606. [PMID: 34707919 PMCID: PMC8500085 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the sources, prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of mcr gene-harbouring bacteria (MGHB) in the poultry sector is crucial to supplement existing information. Through this, the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (PMCR) could be tackled to improve food safety and reduce public health risks. Therefore, we conducted a literature synthesis of potential sources and characteristic occurrence of MGHB recovered from the poultry sector specific to the high-income countries (HICs). Colistin (COL) is a last-resort antibiotic used for treating deadly infections. For more than 60 years, COL has been used in the poultry sector globally, including the HICs. The emergence and rapid spread of mobile COL resistance (mcr) genes threaten the clinical use of COL. Currently, ten mcr genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) have been described. By horizontal and vertical transfer, the mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, and mcr-9 genes have disseminated in the poultry sector in HICs, thus posing a grave danger to animal and human health, as harboured by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella species, and Aeromonas isolates. Conjugative and non-conjugative plasmids are the major backbones for mcr in poultry isolates from HICs. The mcr-1, mcr-3 and mcr-9 have been integrated into the chromosome, making them persist among the clones. Transposons, insertion sequences (IS), especially ISApl1 located downstream and upstream of mcr, and integrons also drive the COL resistance in isolates recovered from the poultry sector in HICs. Genes coding multi-and extensive-drug resistance and virulence factors are often co-carried with mcr on chromosome and plasmids in poultry isolates. Transmission of mcr to/among poultry strains in HICs is clonally unrestricted. Additionally, the contact with poultry birds, manure, meat/egg, farmer's wears/farm equipment, consumption of contaminated poultry meat/egg and associated products, and trade of poultry-related products continue to serve as transmission routes of MGHB in HICs. Indeed, the policymakers, especially those involved in antimicrobial resistance and agricultural and poultry sector stakeholders-clinical microbiologists, farmers, veterinarians, occupational health clinicians and related specialists, consumers, and the general public will find this current literature synthesis very useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Chinwe-Juliana Iwu Jaja
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Kennedy Foinkfu Chah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Vincent Shodeinde Shoyinka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
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Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Oguttu JW, Jaja CJ, Chah KF, Shodeinde Shoyinka V. Is Africa ready for mobile colistin resistance threat? Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2021; 11:1962781. [PMID: 34377360 PMCID: PMC8344256 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2021.1962781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health problem and a threat to effective treatment and prevention of an array of infections caused by bacteria. Africa is already faced with many socio-economic and health crises. Many countries in Africa can seldom boast of a standardized health care facility comparable to those in developed countries. Yet, the non-therapeutic use of COL has been banned in developed countries. However, in Africa, except for South Africa, COL is an over-the-counter (OTC) medication sold and dispensed by non-professionals/without a veterinarian's supervision. The ban of non-therapeutic COL in developed countries has proven to reduce the development of mobile colistin resistance (MCR) in humans and animals. The unregulated use of COL has been proven to select pathogenic and commensal bacteria resistance. A transmissible plasmid-mediated colistin determinant, mobile COL resistance (mcr) gene, which is rapidly transferred/acquired horizontally or laterally intra/inter-species/genera, has been reported. A highly promiscuous mobile genetic element like plasmids containing transposons, insertion sequences, and integrons aid the carriage/rapid transfer and acquisition of these mcr genes. Hence, we highlight the danger posed by escalating colistin (COL) resistance in the continent and the impetus to halt the indiscriminate and non-therapeutic use of COL to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Risk and Vulnerability Science Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Roodepoort Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chinwe Juliana Jaja
- Risk and Vulnerability Science Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Kennedy Foinkfu Chah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Nagy Á, Székelyhidi R, Hanczné Lakatos E, Kapcsándi V. Review on the occurrence of the mcr-1 gene causing colistin resistance in cow's milk and dairy products. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06800. [PMID: 33898852 PMCID: PMC8060599 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Both livestock farmers and the clinic use significant amount of antibiotics worldwide, in many cases the same kind. Antibiotic resistance is not a new phenomenon, however, it is a matter of concern that resistance genes (mcr - Mobilized Colistin Resistance - genes) that render last-resort drugs (Colistin) ineffective, have already evolved. Nowadays, there is a significant consumption of milk and dairy products, which, if not treated properly, can contain bacteria (mainly Gram-negative bacteria). We collected articles and reviews in which Gram-negative bacteria carrying the mcr-1 gene have been detected in milk, dairy products, or cattle. Reports have shown that although the incidence is still low, unfortunately the gene has been detected in some dairy products on almost every continent. In the interest of our health, the use of colistin in livestock farming must be banned as soon as possible, and new treatments should be applied so that we can continue to have a chance in fighting multidrug-resistant bacteria in human medicine.
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Álvarez-Martínez FJ, Barrajón-Catalán E, Micol V. Tackling Antibiotic Resistance with Compounds of Natural Origin: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E405. [PMID: 33050619 PMCID: PMC7601869 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant bacteria pose a serious threat to human health worldwide. Current antibiotics are losing efficacy and new antimicrobial agents are urgently needed. Living organisms are an invaluable source of antimicrobial compounds. The antimicrobial activity of the most representative natural products of animal, bacterial, fungal and plant origin are reviewed in this paper. Their activity against drug-resistant bacteria, their mechanisms of action, the possible development of resistance against them, their role in current medicine and their future perspectives are discussed. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect were used to search scientific contributions until September 2020, using relevant keywords. Natural compounds of heterogeneous origins have been shown to possess antimicrobial capabilities, including against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The most commonly found mechanisms of antimicrobial action are related to protein biosynthesis and alteration of cell walls and membranes. Various natural compounds, especially phytochemicals, have shown synergistic capacity with antibiotics. There is little literature on the development of specific resistance mechanisms against natural antimicrobial compounds. New technologies such as -omics, network pharmacology and informatics have the potential to identify and characterize new natural antimicrobial compounds in the future. This knowledge may be useful for the development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Álvarez-Martínez
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Health Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (F.J.Á.-M.); (V.M.)
| | - Enrique Barrajón-Catalán
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Health Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (F.J.Á.-M.); (V.M.)
| | - Vicente Micol
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Health Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (F.J.Á.-M.); (V.M.)
- CIBER, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CB12/03/30038), 28220 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Innes GK, Randad PR, Korinek A, Davis MF, Price LB, So AD, Heaney CD. External Societal Costs of Antimicrobial Resistance in Humans Attributable to Antimicrobial Use in Livestock. Annu Rev Public Health 2020; 41:141-157. [PMID: 31910712 PMCID: PMC7199423 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal agriculture contributes to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans, which imposes significant health and economic costs on society. Economists call these costs negative externalities, societal costs that are not properly reflected in market prices. We review the relevant literature and develop a model to quantify the external costs of AMU in animal agriculture on AMR in humans. Parameters required for this estimate include (a) the health and economic burden of AMR in humans,(b) the impact of AMU in animal agriculture on AMR in animals, (c) the fraction of AMR in humans attributable to animal agriculture, and (d) AMU in animals. We use a well-documented historic case to estimate an externality cost of about US$1,500 per kilogram of fluoroquinolones administered in US broiler chicken production. Enhanced data collection, particularly on the third and fourth parameters, is urgently needed to quantify more fully the externalities of AMU in animal agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel K Innes
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , ,
| | - Pranay R Randad
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , ,
| | - Anton Korinek
- Department of Economics and Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA;
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , ,
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
| | - Lance B Price
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Anthony D So
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , ,
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
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16
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Plasmid-Mediated mcr-1 Colistin Resistance in Escherichia coli from a Black Kite in Russia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01266-19. [PMID: 31307988 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01266-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene mcr-1 conferring resistance to last-line antibiotic colistin has been reported globally. Here, we describe the first detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Russian wildlife, an isolate of Escherichia coli sequence type 2280 from a black kite (Milvus migrans) scavenging raptor. Whole-genome sequencing and plasmid transferability experiments revealed that mcr-1.1 was located on conjugative IncI2 plasmid pDR164 (59891 bp). Migratory black kites may contribute to the global spread of mobile colistin resistance.
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17
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Apostolakos I, Piccirillo A. A review on the current situation and challenges of colistin resistance in poultry production. Avian Pathol 2018; 47:546-558. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1524573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Apostolakos
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Piccirillo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
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18
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Aidara-Kane A, Angulo FJ, Conly JM, Minato Y, Silbergeld EK, McEwen SA, Collignon PJ. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7:7. [PMID: 29375825 PMCID: PMC5772708 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial use in food-producing animals selects for antimicrobial resistance that can be transmitted to humans via food or other transmission routes. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005 ranked the medical importance of antimicrobials used in humans. In late 2017, to preserve the effectiveness of medically important antimicrobials for humans, WHO released guidelines on use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals that incorporated the latest WHO rankings. Methods WHO commissioned systematic reviews and literature reviews, and convened a Guideline Development Group (GDG) of external experts free of unacceptable conflicts-of-interest. The GDG assessed the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, and formulated recommendations using a structured evidence-to-decision approach that considered the balance of benefits and harms, feasibility, resource implications, and impact on equity. The resulting guidelines were peer-reviewed by an independent External Review Group and approved by the WHO Guidelines Review Committee. Results These guidelines recommend reductions in the overall use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals, including complete restriction of use of antimicrobials for growth promotion and for disease prevention (i.e., in healthy animals considered at risk of infection). These guidelines also recommend that antimicrobials identified as critically important for humans not be used in food-producing animals for treatment or disease control unless susceptibility testing demonstrates the drug to be the only treatment option. Conclusions To preserve the effectiveness of medically important antimicrobials, veterinarians, farmers, regulatory agencies, and all other stakeholders are urged to adopt these recommendations and work towards implementation of these guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awa Aidara-Kane
- 1Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses (NMH/FOS), World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Frederick J Angulo
- 2Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS D-63, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA
| | - John M Conly
- 3Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Synder Institute for Chronic Diseases and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Yuki Minato
- 1Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses (NMH/FOS), World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Ellen K Silbergeld
- 4Department of Environmental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
| | - Scott A McEwen
- 5Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Peter J Collignon
- 6Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia and Medical School, Australian National University, PO Box 11, Woden, ACT 2606 Australia
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Abstract
This chapter examines the evidence for antibiotic resistance in the United States and globally, the public health implications, and the impact of—and related industry and political responses to—antibiotic use in animal feed. In 1969, the Swann Report in the United Kingdom noted a dramatic increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria in food animals receiving low levels of antibiotics in their feed. While the Food and Drug Administration of the United States sought to control antibiotics in animal feed as far back as 1977, only in 2016 were such regulations fully implemented. The farm-level costs of such controls are estimated by the US Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service to be minimal, while the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s estimates of the public health costs of antibiotic resistance without implementing controls are $7 billion annually. The complex interactions which exist between economic interests, regulatory policy, and human and animal health are explored in this chapter.
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