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Harvest CK, Abele TJ, Yu C, Beatty CJ, Amason ME, Billman ZP, DePrizio MA, Souza FW, Lacey CA, Maltez VI, Larson HN, McGlaughon BD, Saban DR, Montgomery SA, Miao EA. An innate granuloma eradicates an environmental pathogen using Gsdmd and Nos2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6686. [PMID: 37865673 PMCID: PMC10590453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulomas often form around pathogens that cause chronic infections. Here, we discover an innate granuloma model in mice with an environmental bacterium called Chromobacterium violaceum. Granuloma formation not only successfully walls off, but also clears, the infection. The infected lesion can arise from a single bacterium that replicates despite the presence of a neutrophil swarm. Bacterial replication ceases when macrophages organize around the infection and form a granuloma. This granuloma response is accomplished independently of adaptive immunity that is typically required to organize granulomas. The C. violaceum-induced granuloma requires at least two separate defense pathways, gasdermin D and iNOS, to maintain the integrity of the granuloma architecture. This innate granuloma successfully eradicates C. violaceum infection. Therefore, this C. violaceum-induced granuloma model demonstrates that innate immune cells successfully organize a granuloma and thereby resolve infection by an environmental pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa K Harvest
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Taylor J Abele
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cole J Beatty
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Megan E Amason
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zachary P Billman
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Morgan A DePrizio
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fernando W Souza
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Carolyn A Lacey
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vivien I Maltez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Heather N Larson
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin D McGlaughon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Harvest CK, Abele TJ, Yu C, Beatty CJ, Amason ME, Billman ZP, DePrizio MA, Lacey CA, Maltez VI, Larson HN, McGlaughon BD, Saban DR, Montgomery SA, Miao EA. An innate granuloma eradicates an environmental pathogen using Gsdmd and Nos2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.07.531568. [PMID: 36945446 PMCID: PMC10028874 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.07.531568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Granulomas often form around pathogens that cause chronic infections. Here, we discover a novel granuloma model in mice. Chromobacterium violaceum is an environmental bacterium that stimulates granuloma formation that not only successfully walls off but also clears the infection. The infected lesion can arise from a single bacterium that replicates in the presence of a neutrophil swarm. Bacterial replication ceases when macrophages organize around the infection and form a granuloma. This granuloma response is accomplished independently of adaptive immunity that is typically required to organize granulomas. The C. violaceum -induced granuloma requires at least two separate defense pathways, gasdermin D and iNOS, to maintain the integrity of the granuloma architecture. These innate granulomas successfully eradicate C. violaceum infection. Therefore, this new C. violaceum -induced granuloma model demonstrates that innate immune cells successfully organize a granuloma and thereby eradicate infection by an environmental pathogen.
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3
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Balamayooran G, Atkins HM, Andrews RN, Michalson KT, Hutchison AR, LeGrande AC, Wilson QN, Gee MK, Aycock ST, Jorgensen MJ, Young RW, Kock ND, Caudell DL. Epizootic Yersinia enterocolitica in captive African green monkeys ( Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:922961. [PMID: 36504866 PMCID: PMC9727084 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.922961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a Gram-negative bacterium that typical results in enterocolitis in humans and poses significant worldwide risks to public health. An outbreak of yersiniosis in the Vervet/African green monkey colony at the WFSM during the winter of 2015-2016 accounted for widespread systemic infection with high morbidity and mortality. Most of the cases had extensive necrosis with suppuration and large colonies of bacilli in the large bowel and associated lymph nodes; however, the small intestine, stomach, and other organs were also regularly affected. Positive cultures of Yersinia enterocolitica were recovered from affected tissues in 20 of the 23 cases. Carrier animals in the colony were suspected as the source of the infection because many clinically normal animals were culture-positive during and after the outbreak. In this study, we describe the gross and histology findings and immune cell profiles in different organs of affected animals. We found increased numbers of myeloid-derived phagocytes and CD11C-positive antigen-presenting cells and fewer adaptive T and B lymphocytes, suggesting an immunocompromised state in these animals. The pathogen-mediated microenvironment may have contributed to the immunosuppression and rapid spread of the infection in the vervets. Further studies in vervets could provide a better understanding of Yersinia-mediated pathogenesis and immunosuppression, which could be fundamental to understanding chronic and systemic inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Dong C, Chen W, Zou L, Liu B, Deng K, Guo D, Wang P, Chen H, Wang H, Wang J. The Assessment on Synergistic Activity of Ebselen and Silver Ion Against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:963901. [PMID: 35958130 PMCID: PMC9363147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.963901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a foodborne zoonotic bacterium that is pathogenic to guinea pigs, rabbits, and mice. It also causes pseudotuberculosis in humans. However, it still lacked the scientific basis for control. Here, we found out that Ebselen (EbSe) exhibited synergistic antibacterial activity with silver nitrate (Ag+) against Y. pseudotuberculosis YpIII strain with high efficacy in vitro using UV-visible light absorption spectrum, 5,5’-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), laser scanning confocal microscope, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting assays. The depletion of total glutathione (GSH) amount and inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity in thiol-dependent redox system revealed the destructiveness of EbSe-Ag+-caused intracellular oxidative stress. Furthermore, a YpIII-caused mice gastroenteritis model was constructed. EbSe-Ag+ significantly reduced bacterial loads with low toxicity. It also down-regulated the expression levels of interferon (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, up-regulated the expression level of IL-10 on-site. All the in vivo results demonstrated the antibacterial activity and immune-modulatory property of EbSe-Ag+. Collectively, these results provided academic fundament for further analysis and development of EbSe-Ag+ as the antibacterial agents for pseudotuberculosis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjiang Dong
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Lili Zou
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Zou,
| | - Binbin Liu
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Kaihong Deng
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Dingrui Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Peng Wang
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Affiliated Second People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Helen Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Helen Wang,
| | - Jun Wang
- The People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Jun Wang,
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Menegatti ACO. Targeting protein tyrosine phosphatases for the development of antivirulence agents: Yersinia spp. and Mycobacterium tuberculosis as prototypes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 1870:140782. [PMID: 35470106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2022.140782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation mediated by protein kinases and phosphatases has a central regulatory function in many cellular processes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. As a result, several diseases caused by imbalance in phosphorylation levels are known, especially due to protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) activity, an important family of signaling enzymes. Furthermore, over the last decades several studies have shown the main role of PTPs in pathogenic bacteria: they are associated with growth, cell division, cell wall biosynthesis, biofilm formation, metabolic processes, as well as virulence factor. In this way, PTPs have ascended as targets for antibacterial drug design, particularly in view of the antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria, which demands novel therapeutics strategies. Targeting secreted PTPs is an antivirulence strategy to combat the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This review focuses on the recent advances in understanding the role of PTPs and the approaches to target them, with an emphasis in Yersinia spp. and Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Camila Orbem Menegatti
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil.
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George A, Ravi R, Tiwari PB, Srivastava SR, Jain V, Mahalakshmi R. Engineering a Hyperstable Yersinia pestis Outer Membrane Protein Ail Using Thermodynamic Design. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1545-1555. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjana George
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal - 462066, India
| | - Roshika Ravi
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal - 462066, India
| | - Pankaj Bharat Tiwari
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal - 462066, India
| | - Shashank Ranjan Srivastava
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal - 462066, India
| | - Vikas Jain
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal - 462066, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahalakshmi
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal - 462066, India
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RIPK1 activates distinct gasdermins in macrophages and neutrophils upon pathogen blockade of innate immune signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2101189118. [PMID: 34260403 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101189118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Injection of effector proteins to block host innate immune signaling is a common strategy used by many pathogenic organisms to establish an infection. For example, pathogenic Yersinia species inject the acetyltransferase YopJ into target cells to inhibit NF-κB and MAPK signaling. To counteract this, detection of YopJ activity in myeloid cells promotes the assembly of a RIPK1-caspase-8 death-inducing platform that confers antibacterial defense. While recent studies revealed that caspase-8 cleaves the pore-forming protein gasdermin D to trigger pyroptosis in macrophages, whether RIPK1 activates additional substrates downstream of caspase-8 to promote host defense is unclear. Here, we report that the related gasdermin family member gasdermin E (GSDME) is activated upon detection of YopJ activity in a RIPK1 kinase-dependent manner. Specifically, GSDME promotes neutrophil pyroptosis and IL-1β release, which is critical for anti-Yersinia defense. During in vivo infection, IL-1β neutralization increases bacterial burden in wild-type but not Gsdme-deficient mice. Thus, our study establishes GSDME as an important mediator that counteracts pathogen blockade of innate immune signaling.
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Vagima Y, Gur D, Erez N, Achdout H, Aftalion M, Levy Y, Zauberman A, Tidhar A, Gutman H, Lazar S, Israely T, Paran N, Melamed S, Brosh-Nissimov T, Chitlaru T, Sagi I, Mamroud E. Influenza virus infection augments susceptibility to respiratory Yersinia pestis exposure and impacts the efficacy of antiplague antibiotic treatments. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19116. [PMID: 33154422 PMCID: PMC7645720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75840-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Various respiratory viral infections in general and seasonal influenza in particular may increase the susceptibility to bacterial infections. Plague caused by Yersinia pestis endangers large populations during outbreaks or bioterrorism attacks. Recommended antibiotic countermeasures include well-established protocols based on animal studies and corroborated by effective treatment of human cases. Until now, prior exposure to viral respiratory infections was not taken into consideration when selecting the appropriate treatment for plague. Here, we show that as late as 25 days after exposure to influenza virus, convalescent mice still exhibited an increased susceptibility to sublethal doses of Y. pestis, presented with aberrant cytokine expression, and impaired neutrophil infiltration in the lungs. Increased levels of M2 alveolar macrophages and type II epithelial cells, as well as induction in metalloproteases expression and collagen and laminin degradation, suggested that the previous viral infection was under resolution, correlating with enhanced susceptibility to plague. Surprisingly, postexposure prophylaxis treatment with the recommended drugs revealed that ciprofloxacin was superior to doxycycline in mice recovering from influenza infection. These results suggest that after an influenza infection, the consequences, such as impaired immunity and lung tissue remodeling and damage, should be considered when treating subsequent Y. pestis exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Vagima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel.
| | - David Gur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Noam Erez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Achdout
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Moshe Aftalion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Yinon Levy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ayelet Zauberman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Avital Tidhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Hila Gutman
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shlomi Lazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Tal Brosh-Nissimov
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, Israel
| | - Theodor Chitlaru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Emanuelle Mamroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel.
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Banerjee SK, Crane SD, Pechous RD. A Dual Role for the Plasminogen Activator Protease During the Preinflammatory Phase of Primary Pneumonic Plague. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:407-416. [PMID: 32128567 PMCID: PMC7336565 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early after inhalation, Yersinia pestis replicates to high numbers in the airways in the absence of disease symptoms or notable inflammatory responses to cause primary pneumonic plague. The plasminogen activator protease (Pla) is a critical Y. pestis virulence factor that is important for early bacterial growth in the lung via an unknown mechanism. In this article, we define a dual role for Pla in the initial stages of pulmonary infection. We show that Pla functions as an adhesin independent of its proteolytic function to suppress early neutrophil influx into the lungs, and that Pla enzymatic activity contributes to bacterial resistance to neutrophil-mediated bacterial killing. Our results suggest that the fate of Y. pestis infection of the lung is decided extremely early during infection and that Pla plays a dual role to tilt the balance in favor of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijon K Banerjee
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Samantha D Crane
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Roger D Pechous
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA,Correspondence: Roger D. Pechous, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 4301 W. Markham St., Slot 511, Little Rock, AR 72205 ()
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10
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Malik HS, Bliska JB. The pyrin inflammasome and the Yersinia effector interaction. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:96-107. [PMID: 32721043 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pyrin is a cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor that normally functions as a guard to trigger capase-1 inflammasome assembly in response to bacterial toxins and effectors that inactivate RhoA. The MEFV gene encoding human pyrin is preferentially expressed in phagocytes. Key domains in pyrin include a pyrin domain (PYD), a linker region, and a B30.2 domain. Binding of ASC to pyrin by a PYD-PYD interaction triggers inflammasome assembly. Pyrin is held in an inactive conformation by negative regulation mechanisms to avoid premature inflammasome assembly. One mechanism of negative regulation involves phosphorylation of the linker by PRK kinase which in turn is positively regulated by active RhoA. The B30.2 domain also negatively regulates pyrin. Gain of function mutations in MEFV responsible for the autoinflammatory disease Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) map to exon 10 encoding the B30.2 domain. Insights into pyrin regulation have come from studies of several Yersinia effectors, which are injected into phagocytes and interact with the RhoA-PRK-pyrin axis during infection. Two effectors, YopE and YopT, inactivate RhoA to disrupt phagocytic signaling. To counteract an effector-triggered immune response, a third effector, YopM, binds to and inhibits pyrin by hijacking PRK and RSK and directing linker phosphorylation. Inhibition of pyrin by YopM is required for virulence of Yersinia pestis, the agent of plague. Recent results from infection studies with human phagocytes and mice producing pyrin B30.2 FMF variants show that gain of function MEFV mutations bypass inhibition by YopM. Population genetic data suggest that MEFV mutations were selected for in individuals of Mediterranean decent during historic plague pandemics. This review discusses current concepts of pyrin regulation and its interaction with Yersinia effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleema S Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - James B Bliska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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11
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Redundant and Cooperative Roles for Yersinia pestis Yop Effectors in the Inhibition of Human Neutrophil Exocytic Responses Revealed by Gain-of-Function Approach. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00909-19. [PMID: 31871100 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00909-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis causes a rapid, lethal disease referred to as plague. Y. pestis actively inhibits the innate immune system to generate a noninflammatory environment during early stages of infection to promote colonization. The ability of Y. pestis to create this early noninflammatory environment is in part due to the action of seven Yop effector proteins that are directly injected into host cells via a type 3 secretion system (T3SS). While each Yop effector interacts with specific host proteins to inhibit their function, several Yop effectors either target the same host protein or inhibit converging signaling pathways, leading to functional redundancy. Previous work established that Y. pestis uses the T3SS to inhibit neutrophil respiratory burst, phagocytosis, and release of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we show that Y. pestis also inhibits release of granules in a T3SS-dependent manner. Moreover, using a gain-of-function approach, we discovered previously hidden contributions of YpkA and YopJ to inhibition and that cooperative actions by multiple Yop effectors are required to effectively inhibit degranulation. Independent from degranulation, we also show that multiple Yop effectors can inhibit synthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent lipid mediator released by neutrophils early during infection to promote inflammation. Together, inhibition of these two arms of the neutrophil response likely contributes to the noninflammatory environment needed for Y. pestis colonization and proliferation.
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