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Balamayooran T, Batra S, Balamayooran G, Cai S, Kobayashi KS, Flavell RA, Jeyaseelan S. Correction for Balamayooran et al., "Receptor-Interacting Protein 2 Controls Pulmonary Host Defense to Escherichia coli Infection via the Regulation of Interleukin-17A". Infect Immun 2023:e0022223. [PMID: 37341624 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00222-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
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Balamayooran G, Atkins HM, Andrews RN, Michalson KT, Hutchison AR, LeGrande AC, Wilson QN, Gee MK, Aycock ST, Jorgensen MJ, Young RW, Kock ND, Caudell DL. Epizootic Yersinia enterocolitica in captive African green monkeys ( Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:922961. [PMID: 36504866 PMCID: PMC9727084 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.922961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a Gram-negative bacterium that typical results in enterocolitis in humans and poses significant worldwide risks to public health. An outbreak of yersiniosis in the Vervet/African green monkey colony at the WFSM during the winter of 2015-2016 accounted for widespread systemic infection with high morbidity and mortality. Most of the cases had extensive necrosis with suppuration and large colonies of bacilli in the large bowel and associated lymph nodes; however, the small intestine, stomach, and other organs were also regularly affected. Positive cultures of Yersinia enterocolitica were recovered from affected tissues in 20 of the 23 cases. Carrier animals in the colony were suspected as the source of the infection because many clinically normal animals were culture-positive during and after the outbreak. In this study, we describe the gross and histology findings and immune cell profiles in different organs of affected animals. We found increased numbers of myeloid-derived phagocytes and CD11C-positive antigen-presenting cells and fewer adaptive T and B lymphocytes, suggesting an immunocompromised state in these animals. The pathogen-mediated microenvironment may have contributed to the immunosuppression and rapid spread of the infection in the vervets. Further studies in vervets could provide a better understanding of Yersinia-mediated pathogenesis and immunosuppression, which could be fundamental to understanding chronic and systemic inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Rotstein DS, Peloquin S, Proia K, Hart E, Lee J, Vyhnal KK, Sasaki E, Balamayooran G, Asin J, Southard T, Rothfeldt L, Venkat H, Mundschenk P, McDermott D, Crossley B, Ferro P, Gomez G, Henderson EH, Narayan P, Paulsen DB, Rekant S, Schroeder ME, Tell RM, Torchetti MK, Uzal FA, Carpenter A, Ghai R. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated lesions in exotic and companion animals. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:707-711. [PMID: 35038930 PMCID: PMC9207983 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211067467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Documented natural infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in exotic and companion animals following human exposures are uncommon. Those documented in animals are typically mild and self-limiting, and infected animals have only infrequently died or been euthanized. Through a coordinated One Health initiative, necropsies were conducted on 5 animals from different premises that were exposed to humans with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The combination of epidemiologic evidence of exposure and confirmatory real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing confirmed infection in 3 cats and a tiger. A dog was a suspect case based on epidemiologic evidence of exposure but tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Four animals had respiratory clinical signs that developed 2 to 12 days after exposure. The dog had bronchointerstitial pneumonia and the tiger had bronchopneumonia; both had syncytial-like cells with no detection of SARS-CoV-2. Individual findings in the 3 cats included metastatic mammary carcinoma, congenital renal disease, and myocardial disease. Based on the necropsy findings and a standardized algorithm, SARS-CoV-2 infection was not considered the cause of death in any of the cases. Continued surveillance and necropsy examination of animals with fatal outcomes will further our understanding of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals and the potential role of the virus in development of lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rotstein
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Peloquin
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen Proia
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Hart
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jeongha Lee
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Emi Sasaki
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Javier Asin
- University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | | | - Laura Rothfeldt
- Arkansas Department of Health, Zoonotic Disease Section, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Heather Venkat
- Center for Preparedness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Darby McDermott
- New Jersey Department of Health, Communicable Disease Service, Trenton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Pamela Ferro
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel Gomez
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Paul Narayan
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Megan E Schroeder
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rachel M Tell
- USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Ann Carpenter
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ria Ghai
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Balamayooran G, Cooper C, Paul NC, Ferro PJ, Rice L, Gomez G, Díaz-Delgado J. Yokenella regensburgei, a novel pathogen in farmed American alligators. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:476-481. [PMID: 35001744 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211069165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased acute mortality of farmed American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) was observed in various pens from 2 different farms in Louisiana over 2 years (2019-2021). A total of 14 alligators from multiple events of increased mortality were subjected to postmortem investigations. Except for one alligator with acute neurologic signs, no premonitory signs were observed. All animals had pneumonia (14/14), coelomitis (14/14), and intravascular short Gram-negative bacilli (14/14). Myocarditis (13/14) was common. Yokenella regensburgei was isolated from all alligators tested (13/13). These data suggest the respiratory tract may be a primary target system and could be involved in transmission, either through exhaled bacteria or through swallowing of contaminated respiratory fluids with passage through the feces. Available sensitivity data for Y. regensburgei in this study indicates in vitro sensitivity to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole antibiotics. Yokenella regensburgei should be included in the differential diagnosis of septicemia and acute death in alligators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Narayan C Paul
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX
| | - Pamela J Ferro
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX
| | - Laura Rice
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX
| | - Gabriel Gomez
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX
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Balamayooran G, Snook E, Tocidlowski M, Flanagan J, Sims W, Helman G, Hensel M, Hodo CL, Templeton AA, Anguiano M, Edwards EE, Hoffman J, Porter BF, Groch KR, Gomez G, Díaz-Delgado J. Retrospective Survey of Amphibian Pathology Cases at Texas A&M University System (2016-2020). J Comp Pathol 2021; 185:87-95. [PMID: 34119237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dramatic declines in amphibians worldwide highlight the need for a better understanding of diseases affecting these species. To delineate the health issues of amphibians submitted to Texas A&M University System (2016-2020), the databases were queried on the basis of defined selection criteria. A total of 502 anurans (157 frogs [44 species] and 345 toads [10 species]) and 30 caudatans (23 salamanders [6 species] and 7 newts [4 species]) were reviewed. A most likely cause of death or major pathological finding (CD-MPF) leading to euthanasia was identified in 295 (55%) Anura cases and 15 (50%) Caudata cases. Of the 532 records reviewed, anurans included 492 captive, seven free-ranging and three undetermined specimens. All caudatans were captive. The most common CD-MPF in anurans was infectious/inflammatory (228/295; 77%), involving mycobacteriosis (73/228; 32%), chlamydiosis (44/228; 19%) and mycosis (32/228; 14%). Neoplasia was less common (28/295; 9%). Infectious/inflammatory lesions (14/15; 93%) were the main CD-MPFs in caudatans. Infectious diseases are a significant threat to captive amphibians in Texas and these results may aid personnel involved in amphibian conservation programmes, veterinarians and diagnosticians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Snook
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Will Sims
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Gayman Helman
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Martha Hensel
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Carolyn L Hodo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Alexis A Templeton
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Maritza Anguiano
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Erin E Edwards
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jay Hoffman
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Brian F Porter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kátia R Groch
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Gabriel Gomez
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Josue Díaz-Delgado
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA.
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Díaz-Delgado J, Balamayooran G, Rice L, Gomez G, Tocidlowski M. Primary Hepatic Vascular Neoplasm in a Houston Toad (Anaxyrus houstonensis). J Comp Pathol 2021; 183:45-50. [PMID: 33714431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An 11-year-old captive, female Houston toad (Anaxyrus houstonensis) became lethargic and reluctant to move. This toad had been administered human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) annually as part of a hormone-assisted captive propagation programme for 8 years. Due to poor prognosis, euthanasia was elected. At necropsy, the liver was moderately enlarged, diffusely dark red and had a nodular superficial appearance. Microscopically, the hepatic nodules consisted of poorly demarcated, non-encapsulated, paucicellular infiltrative neoplastic growths. These consisted of spindle cells, similar to sinusoidal endothelial cells, that formed irregular blood-filled vascular channels resembling sinusoids separated by thin bands of collagen and reticulin fibres. Neoplastic cells dissected through and replaced hepatic cords and bile ducts. Based on the cytohistomorphological features and analogy with vascular neoplasms in other vertebrates, a diagnosis of low-grade angiosarcoma was made. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of primary hepatic vascular neoplasia in an amphibian. It is not known if the long-term administration of HCG and LHRH had any oncogenic role in this animal. Vascular neoplasia should be included in the differential diagnosis of hepatomegaly and non-specific lethargy and health decline in amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Díaz-Delgado
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, USA.
| | | | - Laura Rice
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, USA
| | - Gabriel Gomez
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, USA
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Díaz-Delgado J, Marrow JC, Flanagan JP, Bauer KL, Zhang M, Rodrigues-Hoffmann A, Groch KR, Gomez G, Balamayooran G. Outbreak of Paranannizziopsis australasiensis Infection in Captive African Bush Vipers (Atheris squamigera). J Comp Pathol 2020; 181:97-102. [PMID: 33288159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the epidemiological, clinical and pathological features of an outbreak of Paranannizziopsis australasiensis (order Onygenales) in captive African bush vipers (Atheris squamigera) (ABVs) that died suddenly. The snakes had multifocal, raised, white-grey to dark brown discoloured cutaneous patches. Microscopically, all had integumentary lesions characterized by multifocal to coalescent necroheterophilic epidermitis with superficial and intraepidermal fungal elements and bacteria. Concurrent epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis and intracellular and intercellular oedema, often leading to vesiculation, and fasciitis/superficial myositis, were consistent findings in all snakes, while ulceration (9/11) and dysecdysis (5/11) varied. A panfungal polymerase chain reaction targeting the internal transcribed spacer-2 region, and gene sequencing, confirmed P. australasiensis infection in three cases. This is the first report of P. australasiensis in the USA and the first record of paranannizziopsis infection in African bush vipers. P. australasiensis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dermatomycosis in snakes and represents a potential threat to reptile conservation programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Díaz-Delgado
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Aline Rodrigues-Hoffmann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Katia R Groch
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Gabriel Gomez
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA
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Balamayooran G, Atkins HM, Whitlow CT, Aycock ST, Nader MA, Cline JM, Caudell DL. Labyrinthitis Ossificans in a Cynomolgus Macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Comp Med 2018; 68:239-242. [PMID: 29650059 PMCID: PMC6008717 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-17-000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Labyrinthitis is inflammation of the membranous and bony labyrinth of the inner ear. Typical portals of entry includehematogenous spread from the cochlear vasculature, passage of otitis media pathogens through the round window, and mostcommonly, meningogenic spread from the subarachnoid space. The sequela of chronic inner ear inflammation is labyrinthitisossificans, in which inner ear structures are replaced by fibrous and osseous tissues. Labyrinthitis in humans has been reportedconcurrently with infection due to various viruses (for example, varicella-zoster, measles, mumps) and bacteria (for example,Treponema pallidum, Streptococcus pneumoniae) and may be associated with vertebrobasilar ischemia and meningitis. Profoundsensorineural hearing loss is a common, serious complication of this disease. Here, we report a case of labyrinthitisossificans in a cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) with a potential infectious etiology. Historically, this animal hadan indwelling femoral intravenous catheter for more than 4 y. He presented with a right-sided head tilt and incoordinationof 2 mo duration. The macaque was treated with NSAID and antibiotics, which corrected the incoordination but not the headtilt. MRI revealed right-sided labyrinthitis, and euthanasia was elected due to clinical signs that were refractory to treatment.Gross pathology was unremarkable, but histopathology revealed chronic labyrinthitis ossificans with local fibroplasia andvestibuloauditory neuritis. We describe here the clinical features, imaging, and histologic lesions of labyrinthitis in a macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael A Nader
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Abstract
Apart from humans, armadillos are the only known natural hosts of Mycobacterium leprae. They are well developed as hosts for in vivo propagation of M leprae and are advancing as models for studying the pathogenesis of leprosy and translational research. Armadillos are immunologically intact. They exhibit the full Ridley-Jopling spectrum of histopathologic responses to M leprae and uniquely manifest extensive neurological involvement that closely recapitulates human leprosy. In addition, free-ranging armadillos in some regions are known to harbor a naturally occurring infection with M leprae, and zoonotic transmission between armadillos and humans has been implicated in a large number of new case presentations. We review the role of the armadillo as a model for leprosy and reservoir for human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathriy Balamayooran
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Department of Health Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Maria Pena
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Department of Health Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Department of Health Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Richard W Truman
- Department of Health Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
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Truman RW, Ebenezer GJ, Pena MT, Sharma R, Balamayooran G, Gillingwater TH, Scollard DM, McArthur JC, Rambukkana A. The armadillo as a model for peripheral neuropathy in leprosy. ILAR J 2015; 54:304-14. [PMID: 24615444 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilt050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy (also known as Hansen's Disease) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that primarily targets the peripheral nervous system; skin, muscle, and other tissues are also affected. Other than humans, nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) are the only natural hosts of M. leprae, and they are the only laboratory animals that develop extensive neurological involvement with this bacterium. Infection in the armadillo closely recapitulates many of the structural, physiological, and functional aspects of leprosy seen in humans. Armadillos can be useful models of leprosy for basic scientific investigations into the pathogenesis of leprosy neuropathy and its associated myopathies, as well as for translational research studies in piloting new diagnostic methods or therapeutic interventions. Practical and ethical constraints often limit investigation into human neuropathies, but armadillos are an abundant source of leprotic neurologic fibers. Studies with these animals may provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in leprosy that also might benefit the understanding of other demyelinating neuropathies. Although there is only a limited supply of armadillo-specific reagents, the armadillo whole genomic sequence has been completed, and gene expression studies can be employed. Clinical procedures, such as electrophysiological nerve conduction testing, provide a functional assessment of armadillo nerves. A variety of standard histopathological and immunopathological procedures including Epidermal Nerve Fiber Density (ENFD) analysis, Schwann Cell Density, and analysis for other conserved cellular markers can be used effectively with armadillos and will be briefly reviewed in this text.
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Balamayooran G, Batra S, Balamayooran T, Cai S, Pacher P, Jeyaseelan S. Intrapulmonary G-CSF rescues neutrophil recruitment to the lung and neutrophil release to blood in Gram-negative bacterial infection in MCP-1-/- mice. J Immunol 2012; 189:5849-59. [PMID: 23129755 PMCID: PMC3518636 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that MCP-1 is important for E. coli-induced neutrophil migration to the lungs. However, E. coli neither disseminates nor induces death in mice. Furthermore, the cell types and the host defense mechanisms that contribute to MCP-1-dependent neutrophil trafficking have not been defined. In this study, we sought to explore the cell types and the mechanisms associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae-mediated MCP-1-dependent neutrophil influx. MCP-1(-/-) mice are more susceptible to pulmonary K. pneumoniae infection and show higher bacterial burden in the lungs and dissemination. MCP-1(-/-) mice also display attenuated neutrophil influx, cytokine/chemokine production, and activation of NF-κB and MAPKs following intratracheal K. pneumoniae infection. rMCP-1 treatment in MCP-1(-/-) mice following K. pneumoniae infection rescued impairment in survival, bacterial clearance, and neutrophil accumulation in the lung. Neutrophil numbers in the blood of MCP-1(-/-) mice were associated with G-CSF concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood. Bone marrow or resident cell-derived MCP-1 contributed to bacterial clearance, neutrophil accumulation, and cytokine/chemokine production in the lungs following infection. Furthermore, exogenous MCP-1 dose dependently increased neutrophil counts and G-CSF concentrations in the blood. Intriguingly, administration of intratracheal rG-CSF to MCP-1(-/-) mice after K. pneumoniae infection rescued survival, bacterial clearance and dissemination, and neutrophil influx in MCP-1(-/-) mice. Collectively, these novel findings unveil an unrecognized role of MCP-1 in neutrophil-mediated host immunity during K. pneumoniae pneumonia and illustrate that G-CSF could be used to rescue impairment in host immunity in individuals with absent or malfunctional MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathriy Balamayooran
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Theivanthiran Balamayooran
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Shanshan Cai
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Samithamby Jeyaseelan
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
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Batra S, Cai S, Balamayooran G, Jeyaseelan S. Intrapulmonary administration of leukotriene B(4) augments neutrophil accumulation and responses in the lung to Klebsiella infection in CXCL1 knockout mice. J Immunol 2012; 188:3458-68. [PMID: 22379035 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In prior studies, we demonstrated that 1) CXCL1/KC is essential for NF-κB and MAPK activation and expression of CXCL2/MIP-2 and CXCL5/LPS-induced CXC chemokine in Klebsiella-infected lungs, and 2) CXCL1 derived from hematopoietic and resident cells contributes to host immunity against Klebsiella. However, the role of CXCL1 in mediating neutrophil leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production is unclear, as is the contribution of these factors to host immunity. In this study, we investigated 1) the role of CXCL1 in LTB(4), NADPH oxidase, and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in lungs and neutrophils, and 2) whether LTB(4) postinfection reverses innate immune defects in CXCL1(-/-) mice via regulation of NADPH oxidase and iNOS. Our results demonstrate reduced neutrophil influx, attenuated LTB(4) levels, and decreased ROS and iNOS production in the lungs of CXCL1(-/-) mice after Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Using neutrophil depletion and repletion, we found that neutrophils are the predominant source of pulmonary LTB(4) after infection. To treat immune defects in CXCL1(-/-) mice, we intrapulmonarily administered LTB(4). Postinfection, LTB(4) treatment reversed immune defects in CXCL1(-/-) mice and improved survival, neutrophil recruitment, cytokine/chemokine expression, NF-κB/MAPK activation, and ROS/RNS production. LTB(4) also enhanced myeloperoxidase, H(2)O(2,) RNS production, and bacterial killing in K. pneumoniae-infected CXCL1(-/-) neutrophils. These novel results uncover important roles for CXCL1 in generating ROS and RNS in neutrophils and in regulating host immunity against K. pneumoniae infection. Our findings suggest that LTB(4) could be used to correct defects in neutrophil recruitment and function in individuals lacking or expressing malfunctional CXCL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Balamayooran G, Batra S, Cai S, Mei J, Worthen GS, Penn AL, Jeyaseelan S. Role of CXCL5 in leukocyte recruitment to the lungs during secondhand smoke exposure. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:104-11. [PMID: 22362385 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0260oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of mortality in the United States. The major cause of COPD is cigarette smoking. Extensive leukocyte influx into the lungs, mediated by chemokines, is a critical event leading to COPD. Although both resident and myeloid cells secrete chemokines in response to inflammatory stimuli, little is known about the role of epithelial-derived chemokines, such as CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)5, in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced inflammation. To explore the role of CXCL5, we generated CXCL5 gene-deficient mice and exposed them to secondhand smoke (SHS) for 5 hours/day for 5 days/week up to 3 weeks (subacute exposure). We observed a reduced recruitment of leukocytes to the lungs of CXCL5(-/-) mice compared with their wild-type (WT) counterparts, and noted that macrophages comprised the predominant leukocytes recruited to the lungs. Irradiation experiments performed on CXCL5(-/-) or WT mice transplanted with WT or CXCL5(-/-) bone marrow revealed that resident but not hematopoietic cell-driven CXCL5 is important for mediating SHS-induced lung inflammation. Interestingly, we observed a significant reduction of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CC chemokine ligand 2) concentrations in the lungs of CXCL5(-/-) mice. The instillation of recombinant MCP-1 in CXCL5(-/-) mice reversed macrophage recruitment. Our results also show the reduced activation of NF-κB/p65 in the lungs, as well as the attenuated activation of C-Jun N-terminal kinase, p42/44, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the lungs of SHS-exposed CXCL5(-/-) mice. Our findings suggest an important role for CXCL5 in augmenting leukocyte recruitment in SHS-induced lung inflammation, and provide novel insights into CXCL5-driven pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathriy Balamayooran
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA
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Batra S, Balamayooran G, Sahoo MK. Nuclear factor-κB: a key regulator in health and disease of lungs. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 59:335-51. [PMID: 21786215 PMCID: PMC7079756 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rel/NF-κB transcription factors play a key role in modulating the response of immunoregulatory genes including cytokines and chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, acute phase proteins, and anti-microbial peptides. Furthermore, an array of genes important for angiogenesis, tumor invasion and metastasis is also regulated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Close association of NF-κB with inflammation and tumorigenesis makes it an attractive target for basic research as well as for pharmaceutical industries. Studies involving various animal and cellular models have revealed the importance of NF-κB in pathobiology of lung diseases. This review (a) describes structures, activities, and regulation of NF-κB family members; (b) provides information which implicates NF-κB in pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation and cancer; and (c) discusses information about available synthetic and natural compounds which target NF-κB or specific components of NF-κB signal transduction pathway and which may provide the foundation for development of effective therapy for lung inflammation and bronchogenic carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Batra
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA.
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Abstract
Lung diseases caused by bacteria are a leading cause of death in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals as well as in children. Although neutrophil recruitment is critical to augment the host defence, excessive neutrophil accumulation results in life-threatening diseases, such as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Therefore, it is important to modulate excessive neutrophil influx in ALI/ARDS to mitigate lung damage and mortality. A better understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying neutrophil influx is crucial to designing novel and innovative treatment strategies for ALI/ARDS. Recognition of bacteria in the lung is the critical first step leading to neutrophil influx. Pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors, play an important role in the recognition of bacterial pathogens. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the recognition of bacterial pathogens by the host is critical for the development of effective therapeutic strategies to control parenchymal damage via modulating neutrophil accumulation in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theivanthiran Balamayooran
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
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Balamayooran G, Batra S, Fessler MB, Happel KI, Jeyaseelan S. Mechanisms of neutrophil accumulation in the lungs against bacteria. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 43:5-16. [PMID: 19738160 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0047tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lung diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality both in immunocompromised and in immunocompetent individuals. Neutrophil accumulation, a pathological hallmark of bacterial diseases, is critical to host defense, but may also cause acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Toll-like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, transcription factors, cytokines, and chemokines play essential roles in neutrophil sequestration in the lungs. This review highlights our current understanding of the role of these molecules in the lungs during bacterial infection and their therapeutic potential. We also discuss emerging data on cholesterol and ethanol as environmentally modifiable factors that may impact neutrophil-mediated pulmonary innate host defense. Understanding the precise molecular mechanisms leading to neutrophil influx in the lungs during bacterial infection is critical for the development of more effective therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to control the excessive host response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathriy Balamayooran
- D.V.M., Pathobiolgical Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, LSU, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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