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Heydarifard Z, Chegeni AM, Heydarifard F, Nikmanesh B, Salimi V. An overview of SARS-CoV2 natural infections in companion animals: A systematic review of the current evidence. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2512. [PMID: 38282405 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of natural SARS-CoV-2 infections in companion animals. The findings show that these infections are relatively rare. Among the examined dogs, only 1.32% tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, while for cats, the rate was 1.55%. Infections in rabbits and ferrets were even less common, at less than 1%. These results support previous research indicating the infrequency of natural infections in companion animals. The review also includes updated studies that involved various pets, such as cats, dogs, ferrets, and rabbits. The majority of the studies analyzed were primarily concerned with screening pets that visited veterinary clinics, regardless of whether they showed any specific signs of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Only a limited number of studies investigated infections in animals suspected of being in contact with owners or other animals that had COVID-19 or were exhibiting symptoms. The most common variant identified among the SARS-CoV-2 variants in the reviewed studies was B.1.1.7 (alpha), followed by B.1.617.2 (delta), B.1.526 (Iota), and others. The emergence of these variants raises concerns about their potential for increased transmissibility and virulence, highlighting the importance of ongoing monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infections in both humans and animals. Furthermore, most of the reviewed studies indicated that infected pets either showed no symptoms or experienced mild symptoms. This aligns with previous reports suggesting that animals infected with SARS-CoV-2 generally have less severe illness compared to humans. However, it is essential to recognize the possibility of severe illness or death in animals, particularly those with underlying health conditions. Continuous surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infections in companion animals is crucial for better understanding the virus's epidemiology in animals and developing effective strategies to protect both animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heydarifard
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ardalan Maleki Chegeni
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Heydarifard
- Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Bahram Nikmanesh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Zoonoses Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Zoonoses Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Zhang D, Guo Y, Zhang L, Wang Y, Peng S, Duan S, Geng L, Zhang X, Wang W, Yang M, Wu G, Chen J, Feng Z, Wang X, Wu Y, Jiang H, Zhang Q, Sun J, Li S, He Y, Xiao M, Xu Y, Wang H, Liu P, Zhou Q, Luo H. Integrated System for On-Site Rapid and Safe Screening of COVID-19. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13810-13819. [PMID: 36184789 PMCID: PMC9578365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the epidemic has been spreading around the world for more than 2 years. Rapid, safe, and on-site detection methods of COVID-19 are in urgent demand for the control of the epidemic. Here, we established an integrated system, which incorporates a machine-learning-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique for rapid COVID-19 screening and air-plasma-based disinfection modules to prevent potential secondary infections. A partial least-squares discrimination analysis and a convolutional neural network model were built using the collected infrared spectral dataset containing 857 training serum samples. Furthermore, the sensitivity, specificity, and prediction accuracy could all reach over 94% from the results of the field test regarding 968 blind testing samples. Additionally, the disinfection modules achieved an inactivation efficiency of 99.9% for surface and airborne tested bacteria. The proposed system is conducive and promising for point-of-care and on-site COVID-19 screening in the mass population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongheyu Zhang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yuntao Guo
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical
College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
| | - Siqi Peng
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Simeng Duan
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical
College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
| | - Lin Geng
- JINSP
Co., Ltd., Beijing100083, China
| | | | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai
Customs Port Clinic, Shanghai International
Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai200335, China
| | - Mengjie Yang
- Chinese
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing102206, China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- Chinese
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing102206, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Zihao Feng
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Holy-shine
Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing100045, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Holy-shine
Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing100045, China
| | - Haotian Jiang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Qikang Zhang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Jingjun Sun
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Shenwei Li
- Shanghai
Customs Port Clinic, Shanghai International
Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai200335, China
| | - Yuping He
- Shanghai
Customs Port Clinic, Shanghai International
Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai200335, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical
College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical
College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
| | | | - Peipei Liu
- Chinese
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing102206, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Haiyun Luo
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
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3
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Martínez-Salazar B, Holwerda M, Stüdle C, Piragyte I, Mercader N, Engelhardt B, Rieben R, Döring Y. COVID-19 and the Vasculature: Current Aspects and Long-Term Consequences. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:824851. [PMID: 35242762 PMCID: PMC8887620 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.824851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in December 2019 as a novel respiratory pathogen and is the causative agent of Corona Virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Early on during this pandemic, it became apparent that SARS-CoV-2 was not only restricted to infecting the respiratory tract, but the virus was also found in other tissues, including the vasculature. Individuals with underlying pre-existing co-morbidities like diabetes and hypertension have been more prone to develop severe illness and fatal outcomes during COVID-19. In addition, critical clinical observations made in COVID-19 patients include hypercoagulation, cardiomyopathy, heart arrythmia, and endothelial dysfunction, which are indicative for an involvement of the vasculature in COVID-19 pathology. Hence, this review summarizes the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the vasculature and details how the virus promotes (chronic) vascular inflammation. We provide a general overview of SARS-CoV-2, its entry determinant Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme II (ACE2) and the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 in extrapulmonary tissue. Further, we describe the relation between COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and their impact on the heart and vasculature. Clinical findings on endothelial changes during COVID-19 are reviewed in detail and recent evidence from in vitro studies on the susceptibility of endothelial cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection is discussed. We conclude with current notions on the contribution of cardiovascular events to long term consequences of COVID-19, also known as “Long-COVID-syndrome”. Altogether, our review provides a detailed overview of the current perspectives of COVID-19 and its influence on the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Martínez-Salazar
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melle Holwerda
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Stüdle
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Indre Piragyte
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Bern Center of Precision Medicine BCPM, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert Rieben
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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Huang Z, Zhang L, Lyon CJ, Ning B, Youngquist BM, Niu A, Beddingfield BJ, Maness NJ, Saba NS, Li CZ, Roy CJ, Hu TY. CRISPR-based Assay Reveals SARS-CoV-2 RNA Dynamic Changes and Redistribution Patterns in Non-Human Primate Model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:629-638. [PMID: 35108153 PMCID: PMC8865122 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2038020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 can infect multiple systemic tissues, but few studies have evaluated SARS-CoV-2 RNA dynamics in multiple specimen types due to their reduced accessibility and diminished performance of RT-qPCR with non-respiratory specimens. Here, we employed an ultrasensitive CRISPR-RT-PCR assay to analyze longitudinal mucosal (nasal, buccal, pharyngeal, and rectal), plasma, and breath samples from SARS-CoV-2-infected non-human primates (NHPs) to detect dynamic changes in SARS-CoV-2 RNA level and distribution among these specimens. We observed that CRISPR-RT-PCR results consistently detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in all sample types at most time points post-infection, and that SARS-CoV-2 infection dose and administration route did not markedly affect the CRISPR-RT-PCR signal detected in most specimen types. However, consistent RT-qPCR positive results were restricted to nasal, pharyngeal, and rectal swab samples, and tended to decrease earlier than CRISPR-RT-PCR results, reflecting lower assay sensitivity. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detectable in both pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens from early to late infection by CRISPR-RT-PCR, albeit with different abundance and kinetics, with SARS-CoV-2 RNA increases detected in plasma and rectal samples trailing those detected in upper respiratory tract samples. CRISPR-RT-PCR assays for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in non-respiratory specimens may thus permit direct diagnosis of suspected COVID-19 cases missed by RT-PCR, while tracking SARS-CoV-2 RNA in minimally invasive alternate specimens may better evaluate the progression and resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lili Zhang
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher J Lyon
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Bo Ning
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brady M Youngquist
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Alex Niu
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brandon J Beddingfield
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nakhle S Saba
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chen-Zhong Li
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chad J Roy
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tony Y Hu
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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5
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Mardian Y, Kosasih H, Karyana M, Neal A, Lau CY. Review of Current COVID-19 Diagnostics and Opportunities for Further Development. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:615099. [PMID: 34026773 PMCID: PMC8138031 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.615099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic testing plays a critical role in addressing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Rapid and accurate diagnostic tests are imperative for identifying and managing infected individuals, contact tracing, epidemiologic characterization, and public health decision making. Laboratory testing may be performed based on symptomatic presentation or for screening of asymptomatic people. Confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection is typically by nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), which requires specialized equipment and training and may be particularly challenging in resource-limited settings. NAAT may give false-negative results due to timing of sample collection relative to infection, improper sampling of respiratory specimens, inadequate preservation of samples, and technical limitations; false-positives may occur due to technical errors, particularly contamination during the manual real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) process. Thus, clinical presentation, contact history and contemporary phyloepidemiology must be considered when interpreting results. Several sample-to-answer platforms, including high-throughput systems and Point of Care (PoC) assays, have been developed to increase testing capacity and decrease technical errors. Alternatives to RT-PCR assay, such as other RNA detection methods and antigen tests may be appropriate for certain situations, such as resource-limited settings. While sequencing is important to monitor on-going evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, antibody assays are useful for epidemiologic purposes. The ever-expanding assortment of tests, with varying clinical utility, performance requirements, and limitations, merits comparative evaluation. We herein provide a comprehensive review of currently available COVID-19 diagnostics, exploring their pros and cons as well as appropriate indications. Strategies to further optimize safety, speed, and ease of SARS-CoV-2 testing without compromising accuracy are suggested. Access to scalable diagnostic tools and continued technologic advances, including machine learning and smartphone integration, will facilitate control of the current pandemic as well as preparedness for the next one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mardian
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease (INA-RESPOND), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Herman Kosasih
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease (INA-RESPOND), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Karyana
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease (INA-RESPOND), Jakarta, Indonesia
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aaron Neal
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chuen-Yen Lau
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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