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Sakamoto Y, Shiraishi K, Kodama S. Enhanced induction of abnormal telomere FISH signals in response to oxidative DNA damage. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2024; 65:187-193. [PMID: 38171574 PMCID: PMC10959432 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Telomere dysfunction induces chromosomal instability, which is a driving force in the development of cancers. To examine X-irradiation's effect on telomere integrity, we investigated X-ray-induced abnormalities in telomere signals detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (telomere FISH) in mouse embryo fibroblast cells. The abnormalities were categorized as either extra telomere signals (ETSs) or loss of telomere signals (LTSs). The results indicated that low doses (0.3-0.5 Gy) of X-rays significantly induced ETS but not LTS and that ETS induction was saturated at doses above 0.5 Gy. In addition, treatment with hydrogen peroxide also induced ETS but not LTS. To clarify the involvement of radicals in inducing ETS, we examined the effect of ascorbic acid (AsA) on telomere FISH signals and found that pre-treatment with AsA (5 mM, 2 h), but not post-treatment, significantly suppressed the induction of ETS by X-irradiation. Importantly, neither pre- nor post-treatment with AsA affected X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations. These results suggest that oxidative DNA damage induced by radicals is involved in the induction of ETS. Furthermore, combined treatment with aphidicolin, a DNA replication inhibitor, elevated the induction of ETS by X-irradiation. This observation suggests that DNA replication stress, potentially triggered by oxidative DNA lesions within telomeres, may contribute to the induction of ETS resulting from X-irradiation. Based on these results, we propose that ETS is a sensitive biological marker of oxidative DNA damage in telomere structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Sakamoto
- Radiation Biology Group, Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shiraishi
- Radiation Biology Group, Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Seiji Kodama
- Radiation Biology Group, Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
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2
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Leung AOW, Yiu TC, Liu L, Tam HY, Gu S, Tu J, Pei D, Cheung HH. Targeting G-quadruplex for rescuing impaired chondrogenesis in WRN-deficient stem cells. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:212. [PMID: 36587229 PMCID: PMC9805690 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic mutations in WRN are a cause of premature aging disease Werner syndrome (WS). Besides accelerated aging phenotypes and cancer predisposition, patients with WS also display underdevelopment in the skeletal system, characterized by short stature, light body weight and unusually thin extremities. The reasons for these developmental defects are not completely understood and the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. RESULTS In this study, WRN was found to modulate transcription of short stature homeobox gene SHOX. Loss of WRN resulted in insufficient expression of SHOX, the gene dose of which is critical for driving chondrocyte differentiation. WRN could bind the G-quadruplex (G4) structures in the SHOX promoter and stimulate transcription. Aberrant formation of G4 structures in WRN-deficient cells impeded normal transcription of SHOX, thus resulting in impaired chondrogenesis. Chondrogenesis could be rescued by overexpression of WRN helicase or SHOX, suggesting that SHOX is a downstream target of WRN. Gene editing of the G4 structures in the SHOX promoter could increase SHOX expression, therefore rescuing the impaired chondrogenesis in WRN-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that dysgenesis of the developing bone in WS might be caused by SHOX insufficiency. Aberrant formation of G4 structures in SHOX promoter suppresses SHOX expression and impairs chondrogenesis. Targeted mutagenesis in the G4 structures enhances SHOX expression and thus providing an opportunity to rescue the chondrogenic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian On-Wah Leung
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz-Ching Yiu
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lingxiao Liu
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hei-Yin Tam
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shen Gu
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiajie Tu
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Cell Fate Control, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Hoi-Hung Cheung
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kang SM, Yoon MH, Lee SJ, Ahn J, Yi SA, Nam KH, Park S, Woo TG, Cho JH, Lee J, Ha NC, Park BJ. Human WRN is an intrinsic inhibitor of progerin, abnormal splicing product of lamin A. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9122. [PMID: 33907225 PMCID: PMC8079706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WRN) is a rare progressive genetic disorder, caused by functional defects in WRN protein and RecQ4L DNA helicase. Acceleration of the aging process is initiated at puberty and the expected life span is approximately the late 50 s. However, a Wrn-deficient mouse model does not show premature aging phenotypes or a short life span, implying that aging processes differ greatly between humans and mice. Gene expression analysis of WRN cells reveals very similar results to gene expression analysis of Hutchinson Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) cells, suggesting that these human progeroid syndromes share a common pathological mechanism. Here we show that WRN cells also express progerin, an abnormal variant of the lamin A protein. In addition, we reveal that duplicated sequences of human WRN (hWRN) from exon 9 to exon 10, which differ from the sequence of mouse WRN (mWRN), are a natural inhibitor of progerin. Overexpression of hWRN reduced progerin expression and aging features in HGPS cells. Furthermore, the elimination of progerin by siRNA or a progerin-inhibitor (SLC-D011 also called progerinin) can ameliorate senescence phenotypes in WRN fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes, derived from WRN-iPSCs. These results suggest that progerin, which easily accumulates under WRN-deficient conditions, can lead to premature aging in WRN and that this effect can be prevented by SLC-D011.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Mi Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Yoon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsook Ahn
- Program in Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ah Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hong Nam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyun Woo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaecheol Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Ha
- Program in Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Chan SH, Ngeow J. Germline mutation contribution to chromosomal instability. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T33-T46. [PMID: 28808044 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability is a feature of cancer that fuels oncogenesis through increased frequency of genetic disruption, leading to loss of genomic integrity and promoting clonal evolution as well as tumor transformation. A form of genomic instability prevalent across cancer types is chromosomal instability, which involves karyotypic changes including chromosome copy number alterations as well as gross structural abnormalities such as transversions and translocations. Defects in cellular mechanisms that are in place to govern fidelity of chromosomal segregation, DNA repair and ultimately genomic integrity are known to contribute to chromosomal instability. In this review, we discuss the association of germline mutations in these pathways with chromosomal instability in the background of related cancer predisposition syndromes. We will also reflect on the impact of genetic predisposition to clinical management of patients and how we can exploit this vulnerability to promote catastrophic genomic instability as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sock Hoai Chan
- Division of Medical OncologyCancer Genetics Service, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Division of Medical OncologyCancer Genetics Service, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Oncology Academic Clinical ProgramDuke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Motegi SI, Uchiyama A, Yamada K, Ogino S, Yokoyama Y, Perera B, Takeuchi Y, Ishikawa O. Increased susceptibility to oxidative stress- and ultraviolet A-induced apoptosis in fibroblasts in atypical progeroid syndrome/atypical Werner syndrome with LMNA
mutation. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25 Suppl 3:20-7. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sei-ichiro Motegi
- Department of Dermatology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Akihiko Uchiyama
- Department of Dermatology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamada
- Department of Dermatology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Sachiko Ogino
- Department of Dermatology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Yoko Yokoyama
- Department of Dermatology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Buddhini Perera
- Department of Dermatology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Yuko Takeuchi
- Department of Dermatology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
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Ariyoshi K, Miura T, Kasai K, Fujishima Y, Oshimura M, Yoshida MA. Induction of genomic instability and activation of autophagy in artificial human aneuploid cells. Mutat Res 2016; 790:19-30. [PMID: 27343755 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome missegregation can lead to a change in chromosome number known as aneuploidy. Although aneuploidy is a known hallmark of cancer cells, the various mechanisms by which altered gene and/or DNA copy number facilitate tumorigenesis remain unclear. To understand the effect of aneuploidy occurring in non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cells, we generated clones harboring artificial aneuploidy using microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. Our results demonstrate that clones with artificial aneuploidy of chromosome 8 or chromosome 22 both show inhibited proliferation and genomic instability. Also, the increased autophagy was observed in the artificially aneuploidy clones, and inhibition of autophagy resulted in increased genomic instability and DNA damage. In addition, the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species were up-regulated in the artificially aneuploid clones, and inhibition of autophagy further increased the production of reactive oxygen species. Together, these results suggest that even a single extraneous chromosome can induce genomic instability, and that autophagy triggered by aneuploidy-induced stress is a mechanism to protect cells bearing abnormal chromosome number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ariyoshi
- Hirosaki University, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Nishicho 86, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki A Yoshida
- Hirosaki University, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan.
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7
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Swahari V, Nakamura A. Speeding up the clock: The past, present and future of progeria. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 58:116-30. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Swahari
- Neuroscience Center; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Ayumi Nakamura
- Neuroscience Center; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
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8
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Seco-Cervera M, Spis M, García-Giménez JL, Ibañez-Cabellos JS, Velázquez-Ledesma A, Esmorís I, Bañuls S, Pérez-Machado G, Pallardó FV. Oxidative stress and antioxidant response in fibroblasts from Werner and atypical Werner syndromes. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:231-45. [PMID: 24799429 PMCID: PMC4012939 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Werner Syndrome (WS, ICD-10 E34.8, ORPHA902) and Atypical Werner Syndrome (AWS, ICD-10 E34.8, ORPHA79474) are very rare inherited syndromes characterized by premature aging. While approximately 90% of WS individuals have any of a range of mutations in the WRN gene, there exists a clinical subgroup in which the mutation occurs in the LMNA/C gene in heterozygosity. Although both syndromes exhibit an age-related pleiotropic phenotype, AWS manifests the onset of the disease during childhood, while major symptoms in WS appear between the ages of 20 and 30. To study the molecular mechanisms of progeroid diseases provides a useful insight into the normal aging process. Main changes found were the decrease in Cu/Zn and Mn SOD activities in the three cell lines. In AWS, both mRNA SOD and protein levels were also decreased. Catalase and glutathione peroxidases decrease, mainly in AWS. Glutaredoxin (Grx) and thioredoxin (Trx) protein expression was lower in the three progeroid cell lines. Grx and Trx were subjected to post-transcriptional regulation, because protein expression was reduced although mRNA levels were not greatly affected in WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Seco-Cervera
- CIBERER. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Federico V Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Medicine School, University of Valencia, Valencia. Spain
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9
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Nijmegen breakage syndrome fibroblasts expressing the C-terminal truncated NBN(p70) protein undergo p38/MK2-dependent premature senescence. Biogerontology 2014; 16:43-51. [PMID: 25214013 PMCID: PMC4305097 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts from the progeroid Nijmegen breakage syndrome that express a truncated version of the nibrin protein (NBNp70) undergo premature senescence and have an enlarged morphology with high levels of senescence-associated β-galactosidase, although they do not have F-actin stress fibres. Growth of these fibroblasts in the continuous presence of p38 inhibitors resulted in a large increase in replicative capacity and changed the cellular morphology so that the cells resembled young normal fibroblasts. A similar effect was seen using an inhibitor of the p38 downstream effector kinase MK2. These data suggest that NBNp70 expressing cells undergo a degree of stress-induced replicative senescence via p38/MK2 activation, potentially due to increased telomere dysfunction, that may play a role in the progeroid features seen in this syndrome.
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10
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Urushibara A, Kodama S, Yokoya A. Induction of genetic instability by transfer of a UV-A-irradiated chromosome. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 766:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Hydrogen sulfide restores a normal morphological phenotype in Werner syndrome fibroblasts, attenuates oxidative damage and modulates mTOR pathway. Pharmacol Res 2013; 74:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Freitas AA, de Magalhães JP. A review and appraisal of the DNA damage theory of ageing. Mutat Res 2011; 728:12-22. [PMID: 21600302 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Given the central role of DNA in life, and how ageing can be seen as the gradual and irreversible breakdown of living systems, the idea that damage to the DNA is the crucial cause of ageing remains a powerful one. DNA damage and mutations of different types clearly accumulate with age in mammalian tissues. Human progeroid syndromes resulting in what appears to be accelerated ageing have been linked to defects in DNA repair or processing, suggesting that elevated levels of DNA damage can accelerate physiological decline and the development of age-related diseases not limited to cancer. Higher DNA damage may trigger cellular signalling pathways, such as apoptosis, that result in a faster depletion of stem cells, which in turn contributes to accelerated ageing. Genetic manipulations of DNA repair pathways in mice further strengthen this view and also indicate that disruption of specific pathways, such as nucleotide excision repair and non-homologous end joining, is more strongly associated with premature ageing phenotypes. Delaying ageing in mice by decreasing levels of DNA damage, however, has not been achieved yet, perhaps due to the complexity inherent to DNA repair and DNA damage response pathways. Another open question is whether DNA repair optimization is involved in the evolution of species longevity, and we suggest that the way cells from different organisms respond to DNA damage may be crucial in species differences in ageing. Taken together, the data suggest a major role of DNA damage in the modulation of longevity, possibly through effects on cell dysfunction and loss, although understanding how to modify DNA damage repair and response systems to delay ageing remains a crucial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Freitas
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK; School of Computing and Centre for BioMedical Informatics, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NF, UK.
| | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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Comparison of proliferation and genomic instability responses to WRN silencing in hematopoietic HL60 and TK6 cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14546. [PMID: 21267443 PMCID: PMC3022623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Werner syndrome (WS) results from defects in the RecQ helicase (WRN) and is characterized by premature aging and accelerated tumorigenesis. Contradictorily, WRN deficient human fibroblasts derived from WS patients show a characteristically slower cell proliferation rate, as do primary fibroblasts and human cancer cell lines with WRN depletion. Previous studies reported that WRN silencing in combination with deficiency in other genes led to significantly accelerated cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of silencing WRN in p53 deficient HL60 and p53 wild-type TK6 hematopoietic cells, in order to further the understanding of WRN-associated tumorigenesis. Methodology/Principal Findings We found that silencing WRN accelerated the proliferation of HL60 cells and decreased the cell growth rate of TK6 cells. Loss of WRN increased DNA damage in both cell types as measured by COMET assay, but elicited different responses in each cell line. In HL60 cells, but not in TK6 cells, the loss of WRN led to significant increases in levels of phosphorylated RB and numbers of cells progressing from G1 phase to S phase as shown by cell cycle analysis. Moreover, WRN depletion in HL60 cells led to the hyper-activation of homologous recombination repair via up-regulation of RAD51 and BLM protein levels. This resulted in DNA damage disrepair, apparent by the increased frequencies of both spontaneous and chemically induced structural chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges. Conclusions/Significance Together, our data suggest that the effects of WRN silencing on cell proliferation and genomic instability are modulated probably by other genetic factors, including p53, which might play a role in the carcinogenesis induced by WRN deficiency.
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14
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Freitas AA, Vasieva O, de Magalhães JP. A data mining approach for classifying DNA repair genes into ageing-related or non-ageing-related. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:27. [PMID: 21226956 PMCID: PMC3031233 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ageing of the worldwide population means there is a growing need for research on the biology of ageing. DNA damage is likely a key contributor to the ageing process and elucidating the role of different DNA repair systems in ageing is of great interest. In this paper we propose a data mining approach, based on classification methods (decision trees and Naive Bayes), for analysing data about human DNA repair genes. The goal is to build classification models that allow us to discriminate between ageing-related and non-ageing-related DNA repair genes, in order to better understand their different properties. Results The main patterns discovered by the classification methods are as follows: (a) the number of protein-protein interactions was a predictor of DNA repair proteins being ageing-related; (b) the use of predictor attributes based on protein-protein interactions considerably increased predictive accuracy of attributes based on Gene Ontology (GO) annotations; (c) GO terms related to "response to stimulus" seem reasonably good predictors of ageing-relatedness for DNA repair genes; (d) interaction with the XRCC5 (Ku80) protein is a strong predictor of ageing-relatedness for DNA repair genes; and (e) DNA repair genes with a high expression in T lymphocytes are more likely to be ageing-related. Conclusions The above patterns are broadly integrated in an analysis discussing relations between Ku, the non-homologous end joining DNA repair pathway, ageing and lymphocyte development. These patterns and their analysis support non-homologous end joining double strand break repair as central to the ageing-relatedness of DNA repair genes. Our work also showcases the use of protein interaction partners to improve accuracy in data mining methods and our approach could be applied to other ageing-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Freitas
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
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15
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Use of p38 MAPK Inhibitors for the Treatment of Werner Syndrome. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1842-1872. [PMID: 27713332 PMCID: PMC4033955 DOI: 10.3390/ph3061842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Werner syndrome provides a convincing model for aspects of the normal ageing phenotype and may provide a suitable model for therapeutic interventions designed to combat the ageing process. Cultured primary fibroblast cells from Werner syndrome patients provide a powerful model system to study the link between replicative senescence in vitro and in vivo pathophysiology. Genome instability, together with an increased pro-oxidant state, and frequent replication fork stalling, all provide plausible triggers for intracellular stress in Werner syndrome cells, and implicates p38 MAPK signaling in their shortened replicative lifespan. A number of different p38 MAPK inhibitor chemotypes have been prepared rapidly and efficiently using microwave heating techniques for biological study in Werner syndrome cells, including SB203580, VX-745, RO3201195, UR-13756 and BIRB 796, and their selectivity and potency evaluated in this cellular context. Werner syndrome fibroblasts treated with a p38 MAPK inhibitor reveal an unexpected reversal of the accelerated ageing phenotype. Thus the study of p38 inhibition and its effect upon Werner pathophysiology is likely to provide new revelations into the biological mechanisms operating in cellular senescence and human ageing in the future.
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Mladinic M, Kopjar N, Milic M, Buljevic Dasovic A, Huzak M, Zeljezic D. Genomic instability in a healthy elderly population: a pilot study of possible cytogenetic markers related to ageing. Mutagenesis 2010; 25:455-62. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Review of Two Siblings with Werner's Syndrome: A Case Report. Case Rep Med 2010; 2009:138312. [PMID: 20168978 PMCID: PMC2820261 DOI: 10.1155/2009/138312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the clinical course of two siblings with Werner's syndrome (WS) who were diagnosed and followed at our clinics for 12 years. Initial diagnosis of the first sibling (sister) was at age 20, the second (brother) at 16. At the initial diagnosis, the sister had amenorrhea, muscle atrophy at arms and legs, diabetes mellitus (DM), short stature, bilateral cataracts, genital hypoplasia, osteoporosis, and gray hair. During 12 years follow-up period, high-pitched voice, hepatosteatosis, renal parenchymal disease, and urethral obstruction developed. Regarding the brother, DM, cataracts and genital hypoplasia were observed at the initial diagnosis. During the 12 years follow-up period, gray hair, high-pitched voice, steatohepatosis, and osteoporosis developed.
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Sehl ME, Langer LR, Papp JC, Kwan L, Seldon JL, Arellano G, Reiss J, Reed EF, Dandekar S, Korin Y, Sinsheimer JS, Zhang ZF, Ganz PA. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in double-stranded DNA repair pathway genes and familial breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2192-203. [PMID: 19276285 PMCID: PMC2778342 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA damage recognition and repair play a major role in risk for breast cancer. We investigated 104 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 17 genes whose protein products are involved in double-stranded break repair (DSBR). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used a case-control design. Both the case individuals affected with breast cancer or with both breast and ovarian cancers and the controls had similar familial risk of breast cancer and were participants in a high-risk cancer registry. RESULTS We found that 12 of the polymorphisms are associated with breast or breast and ovarian cancers, most notably rs16888927, rs16888997, and rs16889040, found in introns of RAD21, suggesting that SNPs in other genes in the DSBR pathway in addition to BRCA1 and BRCA2 may affect breast cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS SNPs within or near several DSBR DNA repair pathway genes are associated with breast cancer in individuals from a high-risk population. In addition, our study reemphasizes the unique perspective that recruitment of cases and controls from family cancer registries has for gene discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Sehl
- Divisions of Hematology and Oncology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, USA.
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Yoshii H, Watanabe M. Intervention of oxygen-control ability to radiation sensitivity, cell aging and cell transformation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2009; 50:127-137. [PMID: 19194067 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.08088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is essential for life, and cells have therefore developed numerous adaptive responses to oxygen change. Here, we examined the difference in oxygen-control functions of human (HE), mouse (ME), and Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells cultured under different oxygen conditions (0.5%, 2% and 20%), and also examined whether oxygen tensions contributed to cellular lifespan and transformation. HE cells had their replicative lifespan slightly extended under hypoxic (0.5% and 2% oxygen) conditions, but were not immortalized under any of the oxygen concentrations. On the other hand, although ME cells cultured under 20% oxygen tension decreased their proliferation potency temporarily at early stage, all rodent cells were immortalized and acquired anchorage-independency, regardless of oxygen tension. These results suggest that cellular oxygen control function is related to sensitivities cellular immortalization and transformation. To understand intervention of oxygen control ability on cellular immortalization and transformation, we examined the intracellular oxidative level, mitochondria functions and radiation sensitivity. Intracellular oxidative levels of hypoxically cultured rodent cells were significantly enhanced. Mitochondrial membrane potential was altered depend on oxygen tensions, but the change was not parallel to mitochondria number in rodent cells. ME cells were particularly sensitive to oxygen change, and showed a clear oxygen effect on the X-ray survival. However, there was no difference in frequency of radiation-induced micronuclei between HE and ME cells. These results suggest that the response to oxygen change differs markedly in HE and rodent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Yoshii
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, Japan
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Payne CM, Bernstein C, Dvorak K, Bernstein H. Hydrophobic bile acids, genomic instability, Darwinian selection, and colon carcinogenesis. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2008; 1:19-47. [PMID: 21677822 PMCID: PMC3108627 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic colon cancer is caused predominantly by dietary factors. We have selected bile acids as a focus of this review since high levels of hydrophobic bile acids accompany a Western-style diet, and play a key role in colon carcinogenesis. We describe how bile acid-induced stresses cause cell death in susceptible cells, contribute to genomic instability in surviving cells, impose Darwinian selection on survivors and enhance initiation and progression to colon cancer. The most likely major mechanisms by which hydrophobic bile acids induce stresses on cells (DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial damage) are described. Persistent exposure of colon epithelial cells to hydrophobic bile acids can result in the activation of pro-survival stress-response pathways, and the modulation of numerous genes/proteins associated with chromosome maintenance and mitosis. The multiple mechanisms by which hydrophobic bile acids contribute to genomic instability are discussed, and include oxidative DNA damage, p53 and other mutations, micronuclei formation and aneuploidy. Since bile acids and oxidative stress decrease DNA repair proteins, an increase in DNA damage and increased genomic instability through this mechanism is also described. This review provides a mechanistic explanation for the important link between a Western-style diet and associated increased levels of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Payne
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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22
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Salminen A, Huuskonen J, Ojala J, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K, Suuronen T. Activation of innate immunity system during aging: NF-kB signaling is the molecular culprit of inflamm-aging. Ageing Res Rev 2008; 7:83-105. [PMID: 17964225 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immunity are the major defence mechanisms of higher organisms against inherent and environmental threats. Innate immunity is present already in unicellular organisms but evolution has added novel adaptive immune mechanisms to the defence armament. Interestingly, during aging, adaptive immunity significantly declines, a phenomenon called immunosenescence, whereas innate immunity seems to be activated which induces a characteristic pro-inflammatory profile. This process is called inflamm-aging. The recognition and signaling mechanisms involved in innate immunity have been conserved during evolution. The master regulator of the innate immunity is the NF-kB system, an ancient signaling pathway found in both insects and vertebrates. The NF-kB system is in the nodal point linking together the pathogenic assault signals and cellular danger signals and then organizing the cellular resistance. Recent studies have revealed that SIRT1 (Sir2 homolog) and FoxO (DAF-16), the key regulators of aging in budding yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans models, regulate the efficiency of NF-kB signaling and the level of inflammatory responses. We will review the role of innate immunity signaling in the aging process and examine the function of NF-kB system in the organization of defence mechanisms and in addition, its interactions with the protein products of several gerontogenes. Our conclusion is that NF-kB signaling seems to be the culprit of inflamm-aging, since this signaling system integrates the intracellular regulation of immune responses in both aging and age-related diseases.
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Michishita E, McCord RA, Berber E, Kioi M, Padilla-Nash H, Damian M, Cheung P, Kusumoto R, Kawahara TLA, Barrett JC, Chang HY, Bohr VA, Ried T, Gozani O, Chua KF. SIRT6 is a histone H3 lysine 9 deacetylase that modulates telomeric chromatin. Nature 2008; 452:492-6. [PMID: 18337721 DOI: 10.1038/nature06736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Sir2 deacetylase regulates chromatin silencing and lifespan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In mice, deficiency for the Sir2 family member SIRT6 leads to a shortened lifespan and a premature ageing-like phenotype. However, the molecular mechanisms of SIRT6 function are unclear. SIRT6 is a chromatin-associated protein, but no enzymatic activity of SIRT6 at chromatin has yet been detected, and the identity of physiological SIRT6 substrates is unknown. Here we show that the human SIRT6 protein is an NAD+-dependent, histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) deacetylase that modulates telomeric chromatin. SIRT6 associates specifically with telomeres, and SIRT6 depletion leads to telomere dysfunction with end-to-end chromosomal fusions and premature cellular senescence. Moreover, SIRT6-depleted cells exhibit abnormal telomere structures that resemble defects observed in Werner syndrome, a premature ageing disorder. At telomeric chromatin, SIRT6 deacetylates H3K9 and is required for the stable association of WRN, the factor that is mutated in Werner syndrome. We propose that SIRT6 contributes to the propagation of a specialized chromatin state at mammalian telomeres, which in turn is required for proper telomere metabolism and function. Our findings constitute the first identification of a physiological enzymatic activity of SIRT6, and link chromatin regulation by SIRT6 to telomere maintenance and a human premature ageing syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Michishita
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Salminen A, Suuronen T, Huuskonen J, Kaarniranta K. NEMO shuttle: a link between DNA damage and NF-kappaB activation in progeroid syndromes? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 367:715-8. [PMID: 18201555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activation of NF-kappaB transcription factor signaling is one of the hallmarks of genotoxic stress. Recently, the NEMO shuttle was revealed to mediate this nucleo-cytoplasmic signaling linking DNA damage to the activation of NF-kappaB system. DNA damage is the causative factor of several segmental progeroid syndromes, such as Werner syndrome and Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome. Although the gene defects have been well characterized, the molecular mechanisms of premature aging process still need to be defined. Here we review the details of the NEMO shuttle, a dual-signal sensor linking DNA damage to NF-kappaB activation, and present evidence for the hypothesis that DNA damage in progeroid syndromes may activate the NEMO shuttle and subsequently increase the pressure on the activation of NF-kappaB system evoking a premature aging phenotype. The NEMO shuttle may link genotoxic stress to the activation of the innate immunity system and cause premature aging via inflamm-aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Chen JH, Hales CN, Ozanne SE. DNA damage, cellular senescence and organismal ageing: causal or correlative? Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:7417-28. [PMID: 17913751 PMCID: PMC2190714 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence has long been used as a cellular model for understanding mechanisms underlying the ageing process. Compelling evidence obtained in recent years demonstrate that DNA damage is a common mediator for both replicative senescence, which is triggered by telomere shortening, and premature cellular senescence induced by various stressors such as oncogenic stress and oxidative stress. Extensive observations suggest that DNA damage accumulates with age and that this may be due to an increase in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decline in DNA repair capacity with age. Mutation or disrupted expression of genes that increase DNA damage often result in premature ageing. In contrast, interventions that enhance resistance to oxidative stress and attenuate DNA damage contribute towards longevity. This evidence suggests that genomic instability plays a causative role in the ageing process. However, conflicting findings exist which indicate that ROS production and oxidative damage levels of macromolecules including DNA do not always correlate with lifespan in model animals. Here we review the recent advances in addressing the role of DNA damage in cellular senescence and organismal ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Chen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QR, UK.
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Cox LS, Faragher RGA. From old organisms to new molecules: integrative biology and therapeutic targets in accelerated human ageing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2007; 64:2620-41. [PMID: 17660942 PMCID: PMC2773833 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-007-7123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the basic biology of human ageing is a key milestone in attempting to ameliorate the deleterious consequences of old age. This is an urgent research priority given the global demographic shift towards an ageing population. Although some molecular pathways that have been proposed to contribute to ageing have been discovered using classical biochemistry and genetics, the complex, polygenic and stochastic nature of ageing is such that the process as a whole is not immediately amenable to biochemical analysis. Thus, attempts have been made to elucidate the causes of monogenic progeroid disorders that recapitulate some, if not all, features of normal ageing in the hope that this may contribute to our understanding of normal human ageing. Two canonical progeroid disorders are Werner's syndrome and Hutchinson-Gilford progeroid syndrome (also known as progeria). Because such disorders are essentially phenocopies of ageing, rather than ageing itself, advances made in understanding their pathogenesis must always be contextualised within theories proposed to help explain how the normal process operates. One such possible ageing mechanism is described by the cell senescence hypothesis of ageing. Here, we discuss this hypothesis and demonstrate that it provides a plausible explanation for many of the ageing phenotypes seen in Werner's syndrome and Hutchinson-Gilford progeriod syndrome. The recent exciting advances made in potential therapies for these two syndromes are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. S. Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
| | - R. G. A. Faragher
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Moulescoomb, Brighton, BN2 4GJ UK
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