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Molecular Influence of the ATM Protein in the Treatment of Human Cells with Different Radioprotective Drugs: Comparisons between Antioxidative and Pro-Episkevic Strategies. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030524. [PMID: 36979459 PMCID: PMC10046588 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The radiation protection strategy with chemical agents has long been based on an antioxidative approach consisting in reducing the number of radical oxygen and nitrogen species responsible for the formation of the radiation-induced (RI) DNA damage, notably the DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), whose subset participates in the RI lethal effect as unrepairable damage. Conversely, a DSB repair-stimulating strategy that may be called the “pro-episkevic” approach (from the ancient Greek episkeve, meaning repair) can be proposed. The pro-episkevic approach directly derives from a mechanistic model based on the RI nucleoshuttling of the ATM protein (RIANS) and contributes to increase the number of DSB managed by NHEJ, the most predominant DSB repair and signaling pathway in mammalians. Here, three radioresistant and three radiosensitive human fibroblast cell lines were pretreated with antioxidative agents (N-acetylcysteine or amifostine) or to two pro-episkevic agents (zoledronate or pravastatin or both (ZOPRA)) before X-ray irradiation. The fate of the RI DSB was analyzed by using γH2AX and pATM immunofluorescence. While amifostine pretreatment appeared to be the most efficient antioxidative process, ZOPRA shows the most powerful radiation protection, suggesting that the pro-episkevic strategy may be an alternative to the antioxidative one. Additional investigations are needed to develop some new drugs that may elicit both antioxidative and pro-episkevic properties and to quantify the radiation protection action of both types of drugs applied concomitantly.
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Khurana H, Hazari PP, Mishra AK. Radioprotective efficacy of GSH based peptidomimetic complex of manganese against radiation induced damage: DT(GS) 2Mn(II). Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:161-174. [PMID: 31550530 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adverse effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on biological tissues are mediated via increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) often resulting in life-threatening injuries. The effects of ionizing radiation on cells include the formation of ROS, DNA single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and extensive base modifications inducing the complex DNA damage. The capacity to endure the radiation insult lies in the biochemical mechanisms and structural properties in many bacterial species such as Deinococcus radiodurans and Thermococcus radiotolerans. In addition, a mechanistic link has established between the presence and accumulation of short peptides and Mn2+ in the protection of bacteria (Deinococcus radiodurans) from the harmful ionizing radiation. This paradigm has opened up novel avenues of radioprotection in diverse settings and systems for human application. We hereby report a new bifunctional system that comprises of thiol groups in the form of Glutathione (GSH), and manganese to mimic the above system for radioprotection. The present study, therefore, adopts a novel approach to use GSH complexed Mn, and this conjugated system is complying with the prerequisite for radioprotection as seen in the above mechanism. This unique conjugate DT(GS)2Mn(II) was evaluated for its efficacy invitro and invivo. Radioprotective efficacy of DT(GS)2Mn(II) on NIH/3T3 cells revealed that compound could significantly protect cells against radiation-induced toxicity as compared to the standard compound N-acetyl cysteine. Pre-treatment of DT(GS)2Mn(II) increased the survival of mice by 50% compared to radiation alone treatment group. A significant decrease in cytochrome c levels in the group pre-treated with test compound (0.50 ± 0.14) compared to radiation alone group (1.60 ± 0.07) was observed. DT(GS)2Mn(II) attenuated radiation induced apoptosis by promoted expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 along with suppression of cyt-c release and augmented cell survival following irradiation. A distinct improvement in villi length was observed in the group treated with DT(GS)2Mn(II) with an average of 1546 ± 61 μm versus 763 ± 154 μm for radiation alone group. The present findings suggested DT(GS)2Mn(II) is a promising radioprotective agent and exerts it protective effect both invitro and invivo systems by decreasing radiation induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Khurana
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Puja Panwar Hazari
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - Anil Kumar Mishra
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi, 110054, India
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Reactive Oxygen Species Drive Epigenetic Changes in Radiation-Induced Fibrosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4278658. [PMID: 30881591 PMCID: PMC6381575 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4278658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) develops months to years after initial radiation exposure. RIF occurs when normal fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts and lay down aberrant amounts of extracellular matrix proteins. One of the main drivers for developing RIF is reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated immediately after radiation exposure. Generation of ROS is known to induce epigenetic changes and cause differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Several antioxidant compounds have been shown to prevent radiation-induced epigenetic changes and the development of RIF. Therefore, reviewing the ROS-linked epigenetic changes in irradiated fibroblast cells is essential to understand the development and prevention of RIF.
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Hamid ZA, Tan HY, Chow PW, Harto KAW, Chan CY, Mohamed J. The Role of N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation on the Oxidative Stress Levels, Genotoxicity and Lineage Commitment Potential of Ex Vivo Murine Haematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2018; 18:e130-e136. [PMID: 30210840 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2018.18.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The ex vivo maintenance of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) is crucial to ensure a sufficient supply of functional cells for research or therapeutic applications. However, when exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a normoxic microenvironment, HSPCs exhibit genomic instability which may diminish their quantity and quality. This study aimed to investigate the role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation on the oxidative stress levels, genotoxicity and lineage commitment potential of murine haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Methods This study was carried out at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, between June 2016 and July 2017. Bone marrow cells were isolated from nine mice and cultured in a growth medium. Various concentrations of NAC between 0.125-2 μM were added to the culture for 48 hours; these cells were then compared to non-supplemented cells harvested from the remaining three mice as the control group. A trypan blue exclusion test was performed to determine cell viability, while intracellular ROS levels and genotoxicity were determined by hydroethidine staining and comet assay, respectively. The lineage commitment potential of erythroid, myeloid and pre-B-lymphoid progenitor cells was evaluated via colony-forming cell assay. Results NAC supplementation at 0.25, 0.5 and 2 μM significantly increased cell viability (P <0.050), while intracellular ROS levels significantly decreased at 0.25 and 0.5 μM (P <0.050). Moreover, DNA damage was significantly reduced at all NAC concentrations (P <0.050). Finally, the potential lineage commitment of the cells was not significantly affected by NAC supplementation (P >0.050). Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that NAC supplementation may potentially overcome the therapeutic limitations of ex vivo-maintained HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zariyantey A Hamid
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic Science & Applied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui Y Tan
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic Science & Applied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Paik W Chow
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic Science & Applied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairul A W Harto
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic Science & Applied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chin Yi Chan
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic Science & Applied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamaludin Mohamed
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic Science & Applied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Astragaloside II promotes intestinal epithelial repair by enhancing L-arginine uptake and activating the mTOR pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12302. [PMID: 28951595 PMCID: PMC5614914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragaloside II (AS II) extracted from Astragalus membranaceus has been reported to promote tissue wound repair. However, the effect of AS II on inflammatory bowel disease is unknown. We investigated the effects and mechanism of AS II on intestinal wound healing in both in vitro and in vivo models. Human intestinal Caco-2 cells were treated with multiple concentrations of AS II to assess cell proliferation, scratch wound closure, L-arginine uptake, cationic amino acid transporter activity, and activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. These effects were also measured in a mouse model of colitis. AS II promoted wound closure and increased cell proliferation, L-arginine uptake, CAT1 and CAT2 protein levels, total protein synthesis, and phosphorylation of mTOR, S6K, and 4E-BP1 in Caco-2 cells. These effects were suppressed by lysine or rapamycin treatment, suggesting that the enhanced arginine uptake mediates AS II-induced wound healing. Similar results were also observed in vivo. Our findings indicate that AS II can contribute to epithelial barrier repair following intestinal injury, and may offer a therapeutic avenue in treating irritable bowel disease.
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Maria OM, Eliopoulos N, Muanza T. Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis. Front Oncol 2017; 7:89. [PMID: 28589080 PMCID: PMC5439125 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced oral mucositis (RIOM) is a major dose-limiting toxicity in head and neck cancer patients. It is a normal tissue injury caused by radiation/radiotherapy (RT), which has marked adverse effects on patient quality of life and cancer therapy continuity. It is a challenge for radiation oncologists since it leads to cancer therapy interruption, poor local tumor control, and changes in dose fractionation. RIOM occurs in 100% of altered fractionation radiotherapy head and neck cancer patients. In the United Sates, its economic cost was estimated to reach 17,000.00 USD per patient with head and neck cancers. This review will discuss RIOM definition, epidemiology, impact and side effects, pathogenesis, scoring scales, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Muhammad Maria
- Faculty of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Radiation Oncology Department, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicoletta Eliopoulos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Surgery Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thierry Muanza
- Faculty of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Radiation Oncology Department, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Oncology Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Changizi V, Bahrami M, Esfahani M, Shetab-Boushehri SV. Prevention of γ-Radiation-Induced DNA Damage in Human Lymphocytes Using a Serine-Magnesium Sulfate Mixture. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2017; 17:e162-e167. [PMID: 28690887 PMCID: PMC5488816 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2016.17.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ionising radiation has deleterious effects on human cells. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and cysteine, the active metabolite of NAC, are well-known radioprotective agents. Recently, a serine-magnesium sulfate combination was proposed as an antidote for organophosphate toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the use of a serine-magnesium sulfate mixture in the prevention of γ-radiation-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes as compared to NAC and cysteine. METHODS This study was carried out at the Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, between April and September 2016. Citrated blood samples of 7 mL each were taken from 22 healthy subjects. Each sample was divided into 1 mL aliquots, with the first aliquot acting as the control while the second was exposed to 2 Gy of γ-radiation at a dose rate of 102.7 cGy/minute. The remaining aliquots were separately incubated with 600 μM concentrations each of serine, magnesium sulfate, serine-magnesium sulfate, NAC and cysteine before being exposed to 2 Gy of γ-radiation. Lymphocytes were isolated using a separation medium and methyl-thiazole-tetrazolium and comet assays were used to evaluate cell viability and DNA damage, respectively. RESULTS The serine-magnesium sulfate mixture significantly increased lymphocyte viability and reduced DNA damage in comparison to serine, magnesium sulfate, NAC or cysteine alone (P <0.01 each). CONCLUSION The findings of the present study support the use of a serine-magnesium sulfate mixture as a new, non-toxic, potent and efficient radioprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Changizi
- Department of Technology of Radiology & Radiotherapy, Allied Medical Sciences School, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Bahrami
- Department of Technology of Radiology & Radiotherapy, Allied Medical Sciences School, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahbod Esfahani
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed V. Shetab-Boushehri
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Demirel C, Kilciksiz SC, Gurgul S, Erdal N, Yigit S, Tamer L, Ayaz L. Inhibition of Radiation-Induced Oxidative Damage in the Lung Tissue: May Acetylsalicylic Acid Have a Positive Role? Inflammation 2016; 39:158-165. [PMID: 26276129 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The lung is relatively sensitive to irradiation. It is shown that acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) might reduce oxidative injury and that it has a place in protection from cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential radioprotective effects of ASA. Whole-body irradiation (6 Gy, single dose) was applied to the rats. Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in the lung tissue were measured. Control (C), Radiation (R), Radiation + ASA (R + ASA; received irradiation and 25 mg/kg of ASA intraperitoneally (i.p.)), and Radiation + Amifostine (R + WR-2721; received irradiation and 200 mg/kg of WR-2721 i.p.) groups were used. The MPO levels decreased statistically significantly in the group administered ASA. Histopathologically, a radioprotective effect of ASA was more evident in the R + ASA group. ASA is an agent which has not been used as a radioprotector in the clinic yet, and it is worth supporting with more advanced studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Demirel
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | | | - Serkan Gurgul
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpaşa University, 60000, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Nurten Erdal
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, 33169, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Seyran Yigit
- Department of Pathology, Izmir Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, 35000, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Lulufer Tamer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, 33169, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Lokman Ayaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Trakya, 22000, Edirne, Turkey
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Mansour HH, Shouman SA. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on γ-radiation-induced cytotoxicity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Demirel C, Kilciksiz S, Gurgul S, Erdal N, Yildiz A. N-acetylcysteine ameliorates γ-radiation-induced deterioration of bone quality in the rat femur. J Int Med Res 2012; 39:2393-401. [PMID: 22289559 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This animal study evaluated the radioprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and amifostine on the biomechanical properties of bone in Wistar albino rats of both genders. The rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight: a control group (C); a group given a single dose of 40 Gy of γ-irradiation (R); a group given γ-irradiation plus 200 mg/kg amifostine (R + amifostine); and a group given γ-irradiation plus 1000 mg/kg NAC (R + NAC). Extrinsic and intrinsic properties of bone, bone mineral density (BMD) and the cross-sectional area of the femoral shaft were determined. The cross-sectional area was significantly higher in the R + NAC and R + amifostine groups compared with the R and C groups. The BMD, maximum load and stiffness were also significantly higher in the R + NAC and R + amifostine groups than in the R group, and energy absorption capacity was higher in the R + NAC group than in the R group. These findings indicate that NAC and amifostine preserve bone quality in rats exposed to γ-irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Demirel
- Department of Biophysics, Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, TR-27310 Gaziantep, Turkey.
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Christophersen OA. Radiation protection following nuclear power accidents: a survey of putative mechanisms involved in the radioprotective actions of taurine during and after radiation exposure. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2012; 23:14787. [PMID: 23990836 PMCID: PMC3747764 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v23i0.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There are several animal experiments showing that high doses of ionizing radiation lead to strongly enhanced leakage of taurine from damaged cells into the extracellular fluid, followed by enhanced urinary excretion. This radiation-induced taurine depletion can itself have various harmful effects (as will also be the case when taurine depletion is due to other causes, such as alcohol abuse or cancer therapy with cytotoxic drugs), but taurine supplementation has been shown to have radioprotective effects apparently going beyond what might be expected just as a consequence of correcting the harmful consequences of taurine deficiency per se. The mechanisms accounting for the radioprotective effects of taurine are, however, very incompletely understood. In this article an attempt is made to survey various mechanisms that potentially might be involved as parts of the explanation for the overall beneficial effect of high levels of taurine that has been found in experiments with animals or isolated cells exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation. It is proposed that taurine may have radioprotective effects by a combination of several mechanisms: (1) during the exposure to ionizing radiation by functioning as an antioxidant, but perhaps more because it counteracts the prooxidant catalytic effect of iron rather than functioning as an important scavenger of harmful molecules itself, (2) after the ionizing radiation exposure by helping to reduce the intensity of the post-traumatic inflammatory response, and thus reducing the extent of tissue damage that develops because of severe inflammation rather than as a direct effect of the ionizing radiation per se, (3) by functioning as a growth factor helping to enhance the growth rate of leukocytes and leukocyte progenitor cells and perhaps also of other rapidly proliferating cell types, such as enterocyte progenitor cells, which may be important for immunological recovery and perhaps also for rapid repair of various damaged tissues, especially in the intestines, and (4) by functioning as an antifibrogenic agent. A detailed discussion is given of possible mechanisms involved both in the antioxidant effects of taurine, in its anti-inflammatory effects and in its role as a growth factor for leukocytes and nerve cells, which might be closely related to its role as an osmolyte important for cellular volume regulation because of the close connection between cell volume regulation and the regulation of protein synthesis as well as cellular protein degradation. While taurine supplementation alone would be expected to exert a therapeutic effect far better than negligible in patients that have been exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation, it may on theoretical grounds be expected that much better results may be obtained by using taurine as part of a multifactorial treatment strategy, where it may interact synergistically with several other nutrients, hormones or other drugs for optimizing antioxidant protection and minimizing harmful posttraumatic inflammatory reactions, while using other nutrients to optimize DNA and tissue repair processes, and using a combination of good diet, immunostimulatory hormones and perhaps other nontoxic immunostimulants (such as beta-glucans) for optimizing the recovery of antiviral and antibacterial immune functions. Similar multifactorial treatment strategies may presumably be helpful in several other disease situations (including severe infectious diseases and severe asthma) as well as for treatment of acute intoxications or acute injuries (both mechanical ones and severe burns) where severely enhanced oxidative and/or nitrative stress and/or too much secretion of vasodilatory neuropeptides from C-fibres are important parts of the pathogenetic mechanisms that may lead to the death of the patient. Some case histories (with discussion of some of those mechanisms that may have been responsible for the observed therapeutic outcome) are given for illustration of the likely validity of these concepts and their relevance both for treatment of severe infections and non-infectious inflammatory diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Demir EO, Cakmak GK, Bakkal H, Turkcu UO, Kandemir N, Demir AS, Tascılar O. N-acetyl-cysteine improves anastomotic wound healing after radiotherapy in rats. J INVEST SURG 2011; 24:151-8. [PMID: 21675850 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2011.560237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to determine the effects of intraperitoneally or orally administered N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on anastomotic healing of irradiated rats. METHODS Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were randomized into four groups containing 8 rats each: I; standard resection plus anastomosis, II; radiation plus standard resection plus anastomosis, III; radiation plus standard resection plus anastomosis plus oral NAC, IV; radiation plus standard resection plus anastomosis plus intraperitoneal NAC. Four types of assessment were performed: bursting pressure, hydroxiproline (OHP) content, histopathology, and biochemical evaluation, including serum malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. RESULTS Group comparisons demonstrated that bursting pressure was significantly higher in NAC treated rats. The mean tissue OHP concentration in the anastomotic tissue was significantly lower in irradiated rats (group II) than in the other groups. NAC treatment caused increased activity of SOD and GSH. In contrast, MDA levels were found to be decreased in groups III and IV. Histopathological analysis revealed that NAC administration, either orally or intraperitoneally, leads to a better anastomotic healing in terms of reepithelialization, perianastomotic fibrosis, ischemic necrosis, and muscle layer destruction. CONCLUSION The present study supports the hypothesis that NAC administration alleviates the negative effects of radiotherapy on anastomotic healing. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this protective effect is unknown today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Ofluoglu Demir
- Department of Health Programmes, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Ahmet Erdogan Vocational School of Health Services, Zonguldak, Turkey.
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Argon laser phototherapy could eliminate the damage effects induced by the ionizing radiation “gamma radiation” in irradiated rabbits. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 99:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Revised: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Radiation-induced micronucleus formation and DNA damage in human lymphocytes and their prevention by antioxidant thiols. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 676:62-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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