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Jin XY, Sohn DH, Lee SH. Isoliquiritigenin suppresses tumor necrosis factor-α-induced inflammation via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in intestinal epithelial cells. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1465-1471. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Miyamoto H, Kanayama T, Horii K, Kawai T, Tsuchimochi T, Shigetomi T, Shibamoto Y, Shibuya Y. The relationship between the severity of radiation-induced oral mucositis and the myeloperoxidase levels in rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015; 120:329-36. [PMID: 26297392 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral mucositis is a common adverse reaction to radiotherapy for head and neck cancer, and there are concerns regarding a decreased quality of life in patients receiving radiotherapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the severity of radiation-induced oral mucositis and the myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in irradiated tissues. STUDY DESIGN Ninety-six F344 rats were divided into the following 4 groups: 10-Gy, 18-Gy, and 30-Gy irradiation groups, and a nonirradiation group. Oral mucositis was induced by the administration of single doses of radiation via exposure. After irradiation, the rats were evaluated on the basis of weight measurements, macroscopic findings according to a grading scale (Oral Mucositis Index [OMI]), and the results of tissue MPO assays. RESULTS Weights decreased whereas the OMI scores and MPO levels increased, depending on the dose of exposure. The Spearman rank correlation test showed a significant correlation between the OMI scores and the MPO levels in the tissues with a correlation coefficient of 0.824 (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS In this study, the MPO levels in the irradiated tissue were increased in the cases involving severe radiation-induced oral mucositis evaluated in rats using a grading scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Miyamoto
- Graduate Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Takeo Kanayama
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichiro Horii
- Clinical Fellow, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kawai
- Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Tsuchimochi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshio Shigetomi
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Professor, Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shibuya
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Li CJ, Wang SZ, Wang SY, Zhang YP. Assessment of the effect of local application of amifostine on acute radiation-induced oral mucositis in guinea pigs. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:847-854. [PMID: 24706999 PMCID: PMC4202282 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to assess the radioprotective effects of the local application of amifostine to treat acute buccal mucositis in guinea pigs. A total of 32 guinea pigs were randomized into four groups: (Group A) topically administered 50 mg of amifostine plus radiotherapy (RT); (Group B) 100 mg amifostine plus RT; (Group C) normal saline plus RT; and (Group D) normal saline plus sham RT. The opportunity for administration was 15 min before irradiation. When administered, the cotton pieces that had been soaked with 0.5 ml amifostine solution or saline were applied gently on the buccal mucosa of each guinea pig for 30 min. The animals in Groups A, B and C were irradiated individually with a single dose of 30 Gy to the bilateral buccal mucosa. Eight days after irradiation, the animals were scored macroscopically; they were then euthanized, and the buccal mucosal tissues were processed for hematoxylin-eosin staining and ICAM-1 immunohistochemical analysis. In Groups A and B, the mean macroscopic scores were 2.9 ± 0.6 and 2.4 ± 1.1, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). However, when they were separately compared with Group C (4.4 ± 0.7), a noticeable difference was obtained (P < 0.05). No mucositis was observed in Group D. Comparisons of the expression of ICAM-1 were in agreement with the macroscopic data. Histologically, superficial erosion, exudate and ulcer formation were all observed in the RT groups; only the severity and extent were different. The microscopic observations in the amifostine-treated groups were better than in Group C. The results demonstrated that topical administration of amifostine to the oral mucosa is effective treatment of acute radiation-induced mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Jiang Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fenyang Road 83, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sheng Zi Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fenyang Road 83, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shu Yi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fenyang Road 83, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Ping Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Fudan University Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fenyang Road 83, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200031, China
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Doi H, Kamikonya N, Takada Y, Fujiwara M, Tsuboi K, Miura H, Inoue H, Tanooka M, Nakamura T, Shikata T, Kimura T, Tsujimura T, Hirota S. Long-term sequential changes of radiation proctitis and angiopathy in rats. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2012; 53:217-224. [PMID: 22510594 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.11075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to establish an experimental rat model for late radiation proctitis, and to examine the assessment strategy for late radiation proctitis. A total of 57 Wistar rats were used. Fourty-five of the rats were exposed to selective rectal irradiation with a single fraction of 25 Gy. These rats were sacrificed at the 4(th), 12(th), 24(th), and 37(th) week following irradiation. The remaining 12 rats comprised the control group without irradiation. The rectal mucosa of each rat was evaluated macroscopically and pathologically. The number of vessels in the rectal mucosa was counted microscopically. In addition, the vascular stenosis was evaluated. In the results, the degree of clinical and macroscopic findings decreased following acute proctitis and developed later. In the pathological examination, mucosal changes and microangiopathy were followed up, as well. The absolute number of vessels in the rectum was the greatest at the 12(th) week following irradiation and was the lowest in the control group. The severity of the microangiopathy was also well evaluated. To conclude, we established an animal experimental model of late radiation proctitis, and also established an assessment strategy to evaluate objectively the severity of late radiation proctitis with focusing on microangiopathy using an animal experimental model. This model can be used as an animal experimental model of radiation-induced microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501 Japan.
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Doi H, Kamikonya N, Takada Y, Fujiwara M, Tsuboi K, Inoue H, Tanooka M, Nakamura T, Shikata T, Tsujimura T, Hirota S. Efficacy of polaprezinc for acute radiation proctitis in a rat model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 80:877-84. [PMID: 21377290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to standardize the experimental rat model of radiation proctitis and to examine the efficacy of polaprezinc on radiation proctitis. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 54 female Wistar rats (5 weeks old) were used. The rats were divided into three groups: those treated with polaprezinc (PZ+), those treated with base alone, exclusive of polaprezinc (PZ-), and those treated without any medication (control). All the rats were irradiated to the rectum. Polaprezinc was prepared as an ointment. The ointment was administered rectally each day after irradiation. All rats were killed on the 10th day after irradiation. The mucosal changes were evaluated endoscopically and pathologically. The results were graded from 0 to 4 and compared according to milder or more severe status, as applicable. RESULTS According to the endoscopic findings, the proportion of mild changes in the PZ+, PZ-, and control group was 71.4%, 25.0%, and 14.3% respectively. On pathologic examination, the proportion of low-grade findings in the PZ+, PZ-, and control group was 80.0%, 58.3%, and 42.9% for mucosal damage, 85.0%, 41.7%, and 42.9% for a mild degree of inflammation, and 50.0%, 33.3%, and 4.8% for a shallow depth of inflammation, respectively. The PZ+ group tended to have milder mucosal damage than the other groups, according to all criteria used. In addition, significant differences were observed between the PZ+ and control groups regarding the endoscopic findings, degree of inflammation, and depth of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS This model was confirmed to be a useful experimental rat model for radiation proctitis. The results of the present study have demonstrated the efficacy of polaprezinc against acute radiation-induced rectal disorders using the rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
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Jaal J, Richter C, Dörr W. Effect of recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor (Δ23rHuKGF, Palifermin) on inflammatory and immune changes in mouse tongue during fractionated irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:860-6. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.487025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wu KL, Tu B, Li YQ, Wong CS. Role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in radiation-induced brain injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 76:220-8. [PMID: 20005455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the pathogenesis of brain injury after irradiation (IR). METHODS AND MATERIALS We assessed the expression of ICAM-1 in mouse brain after cranial IR and determined the histopathologic and behavioral changes in mice that were either wildtype (+/+) or knockout (-/-) of the ICAM-1 gene after IR. RESULTS There was an early dose-dependent increase in ICAM-1 mRNA and protein expression after IR. Increased ICAM-1 immunoreactivity was observed in endothelia and glia of ICAM-1+/+ mice up to 8 months after IR. ICAM-1-/- mice showed no expression. ICAM-1+/+ and ICAM-1-/- mice showed similar vascular abnormalities at 2 months after 10-17 Gy, and there was evidence for demyelination and inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis at 8 months after 10 Gy. After 10 Gy, irradiated ICAM-1+/+ and ICAM-1-/- mice showed similar behavioral changes at 2-6 months in open field, light-dark chamber, and T-maze compared with age-matched genotype controls. CONCLUSION There is early and late upregulation of ICAM-1 in the vasculature and glia of mouse brain after IR. ICAM-1, however, does not have a causative role in the histopathologic injury and behavioral dysfunction after moderate single doses of cranial IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Liang Wu
- Discipline of Molecular and Cell Biology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Moriconi F, Malik I, Ahmad G, Dudas J, Rave-Fränk M, Vorwerk H, Hille A, Hess CF, Ramadori G, Christiansen H. Effect of irradiation on gene expression of rat liver adhesion molecules: in vivo and in vitro studies. Strahlenther Onkol 2009; 185:460-8. [PMID: 19714308 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-009-1964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Migration of leukocytes into tissue is a key element of innate and adaptive immunity. An animal study showed that liver irradiation, in spite of induction of chemokine gene expression, does not lead to recruitment of leukocytes into the parenchyma. The aim of this study was to analyze gene expression of adhesion molecules, which mediate leukocyte recruitment into organs, in irradiated rat liver in vivo and rat hepatocytes in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rat livers in vivo were irradiated selectively at 25 Gy. Isolated hepatocytes in vitro were irradiated at 8 Gy. RNA extracted within 48 h after irradiation in vivo and in vitro was analyzed by real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and Northern blot. Adhesion molecule concentration in serum was measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Cryostat sections of livers were used for immunohistology. RESULTS Significant radiation-induced increase of ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1), VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), JAM-1 (junctional adhesion molecule-1), beta1-integrin, beta2-integrin, E-cadherin, and P-selectin gene expression could be detected in vivo, while PECAM-1 (platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1) gene expression remained unchanged. In vitro, beta1-integrin, JAM-1, and ICAM-2 showed a radiation-induced increased expression, whereas the levels of P-selectin, ICAM-1, PECAM-1, VCAM-1, Madcam-1 (mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1), beta2-integrin, and E-cadherin were downregulated. However, incubation of irradiated hepatocytes with either tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-)alpha, interleukin-(IL-)1beta, or IL-6 plus TNF-alpha led to an upregulation of P-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that liver irradiation modulates gene expression of the main adhesion molecules in vivo and in cytokine-activated hepatocytes, with the exception of PECAM-1. This may be one reason for the lack of inflammation in the irradiated rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Moriconi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany
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Jaal J, Dörr W. Early and long-term effects of radiation on intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression in mouse urinary bladder endothelium. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 81:387-95. [PMID: 16076754 DOI: 10.1080/09553000500147600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to assess the effect of irradiation on intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression in endothelial cells of vessels in mouse urinary bladder and to compare endothelial ICAM-1 expression with changes in bladder function (storage capacity) during the early and late radiation response phases. Female C3H/Neu mice were irradiated with doses of either 20 or 0 Gy. For assessment of ICAM-1 expression, which was measured by the intensity of the immunohistochemical staining signal in bladder endothelium, an arbitrary semiquantitative score (0 - 3) was applied. Bladder storage function was assessed by transurethral cystotonometry. A positive functional radiation response, defined as a reduction in bladder capacity by > 50%, between days 0 and 15 or 16 and 30 was found in 40 and 64% of the animals, respectively. A late functional response was observed in 71% of the animals sacrificed after day 180. Minor constitutive expression of ICAM-1 was observed in bladder endothelial cells. After irradiation, an increase in staining signal by day 2, with a maximum on day 4, and on days 16 - 28 was found, which preceded the functional radiation effects. A permanent increase in ICAM-1 staining signal was observed in the late phase on top of an age-related rise. ICAM-1 expression was significantly higher in animals with a positive late response on day 90, i.e. during the initial late phase. Irradiation induces significant early and chronic variations in ICAM-1 expression in bladder endothelium, which preceded the functional response. This suggests that endothelial ICAM-1 is involved in the pathogenesis of both the early and late phases of radiation-induced urinary bladder effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jaal
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität, Dresden, Germany.
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Jaal J, Brüchner K, Hoinkis C, Dörr W. Radiation‐induced variations in urothelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1): association with changes in urinary bladder function. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 80:65-72. [PMID: 14761851 DOI: 10.1080/09553000310001632921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of single-dose irradiation on intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression in the urothelium of mouse urinary bladder and to correlate ICAM-1 variations with fluctuations in storage capacity during the early and late radiation response. MATERIALS AND METHODS Groups of female C3H mice were subjected to irradiation with either 20 or 0 Gy. The intensity of immunohistochemical ICAM-1 staining in the urothelium was assessed in a semiquantitative way applying an arbitrary score (0-5). Changes in bladder storage function were assessed by transurethral cystometry. RESULTS For the early radiation response phase, a reduction in bladder capacity by >50%, i.e. a positive functional radiation response, was seen in 40% of the irradiated animals between days 0 and 15, and in 64% of animals during days 16-30. During the late response phase, 71% of the animals sacrificed after day 180 developed a positive functional response. Urothelial cells were found to express ICAM-1 constitutively. Irradiation resulted in an early rise in staining signal by day 2, with a maximum on day 4 and a return to control values on day 13. A permanent increase in ICAM-1 staining signal was observed in the late phase, from day 90 to 360 after irradiation. The expression of ICAM-1 in animals with a positive late response was 4.2+/-1.2 (mean+/-standard deviation), compared with 2.6+/-1.0 in non-responders (p=0.0009). CONCLUSION Irradiation induces significant acute and chronic changes in urothelial ICAM-1 expression indicating that the urothelium contributes to the pathogenesis of both acute and late radiation effects in the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jaal
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Abstract
Radiation colitis, an insidious, progressive disease of increasing frequency, develops 6 mo to 5 years after regional radiotherapy for malignancy, owing to the deleterious effects of the latter on the colon and the small intestine. When dealing with radiation colitis and its complications, the most conservative modality should be employed because the areas of intestinal injury do not tend to heal. Acute radiation colitis is mostly self-limited, and usually, only supportive management is required. Chronic radiation colitis, a poorly predictable progressive disease, is considered as a precancerous lesion; radiation-associated malignancy has a tendency to be diagnosed at an advanced stage and to bear a dismal prognosis. Therefore, management of chronic radiation colitis remains a major challenge owing to the progressive evolution of the disease, including development of fibrosis, endarteritis, edema, fragility, perforation, partial obstruction, and cancer. Patients are commonly managed conservatively. Surgical intervention is difficult to perform because of the extension of fibrosis and alterations in the gut and mesentery, and should be reserved for intestinal obstruction, perforation, fistulas, and severe bleeding. Owing to the difficulty in managing the complications of acute and chronic radiation colitis, particular attention should be focused onto the prevention strategies. Uncovering the fibrosis mechanisms and the molecular events underlying radiation bowel disease could lead to the introduction of new therapeutic and/or preventive approaches. A variety of novel, mostly experimental, agents have been used mainly as a prophylaxis, and improvements have been made in radiotherapy delivery, including techniques to reduce the amount of exposed intestine in the radiation field, as a critical strategy for prevention.
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Baeten CIM, Castermans K, Lammering G, Hillen F, Wouters BG, Hillen HFP, Griffioen AW, Baeten CGMI. Effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on angiogenesis and leukocyte infiltration in rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 66:1219-27. [PMID: 17145537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.07.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We and others have shown that angiogenesis and leukocyte infiltration are important prognostic factors in rectal cancer. However, little is known about its possible changes in response to radiotherapy (RTX), which is frequently given to rectal tumors as a neoadjuvant treatment to improve the prognosis. We therefore investigated the biologic effects of RTX on these parameters using fresh-frozen biopsy samples of tumor and normal mucosa tissue before and after RTX. METHODS Biopsy samples were taken from a total of 34 patients before and after either a short course or long course of RTX combined with chemotherapy. The following parameters were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, or quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction: Microvessel density, leukocyte infiltration, proliferating epithelial and tumor cells, proliferating endothelial cells, adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells, and the angiogenic mRNA profile. RESULTS The tumor biopsy samples taken after RTX treatment demonstrated a significant decrease in microvessel density and the number of proliferating tumor cells and proliferating endothelial cells (p < 0.001). In contrast, the leukocyte infiltration, the levels of basic fibroblast growth factor in carcinoma tissue, and the adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells in normal as well as carcinoma tissue increased significantly (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our data show that together with an overall decrease in tumor cell and endothelial cell proliferation, RTX results in an increase in the expression of adhesion molecules that stimulate leukocyte infiltration. This suggests the possibility that, in addition to its direct cytotoxic effect, radiation may also stimulate an immunologic tumor response that could contribute to the documented improvement in local tumor control and distal failure rate of rectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen I M Baeten
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Luo YH, Kuo CF, Huang KJ, Wu JJ, Lei HY, Lin MT, Chuang WJ, Liu CC, Lin CF, Lin YS. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B antibodies in a mouse model of glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2007; 72:716-24. [PMID: 17637712 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B is an extracellular cysteine protease. Only nephritis-associated strains of group A streptococci secrete this protease and this may be involved in the pathogenesis of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Mice were actively immunized with a recombinant protease inactive exotoxin B mutant or passively immunized with exotoxin B antibody. Characteristics of glomerulonephritis were measured using histology, immunoglobulin deposition, complement activation, cell infiltration, and proteinuria. None of the mice given bovine serum albumin or exotoxin A as controls showed any marked changes. Immunoglobulin deposition, complement activation, and leukocyte infiltration occurred only in the glomeruli of exotoxin B-hyperimmunized mice. One particular anti-exotoxin B monoclonal antibody, 10G, was cross-reactive with kidney endothelial cells and it caused kidney injury and proteinuria when infused into mice. This cross-reactivity may be involved in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis following group A streptococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Luo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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14
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Baluna RG, Eng TY, Thomas CR. Adhesion molecules in radiotherapy. Radiat Res 2007; 166:819-31. [PMID: 17149971 DOI: 10.1667/rr0380.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have documented changes in adhesion molecule expression and function after exposure to ionizing radiation. Adhesion molecules mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and are essential for a variety of physiological and pathological processes including maintenance of normal tissue integrity as well as tumor development and progression. Consequently, modulation of adhesion molecules by radiation may have a role in radiation-induced tumor control and normal tissue damage by interfering with cell signaling, radioresistance, metastasis, angiogenesis, carcinogenesis, immune response, inflammation and fibrosis. In addition, the interactions of radiation with adhesion molecules could have a major impact in developing new strategies to increase the efficacy of radiation therapy. Remarkable progress has been made in recent years to design targeted drug delivery to radiation-up-regulated adhesion molecules. Furthermore, the inhibition of adhesion, migration, invasion and angiogenesis by blocking adhesion receptors may represent a new therapeutic approach to improve tumor control and decrease radiation toxicity. This review is focused on current data concerning the mechanistic interactions of radiation with adhesion molecules and the possible clinical-pathological implications in radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana G Baluna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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15
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Finnberg N, Kim SH, Furth EE, Liu JJ, Russo P, Piccoli DA, Grimberg A, El-Deiry WS. Non-invasive fluorescence imaging of cell death in fresh human colon epithelia treated with 5-Fluorouracil, CPT-11 and/or TRAIL. Cancer Biol Ther 2005; 4:937-42. [PMID: 16251801 PMCID: PMC4121850 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.4.9.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is instrumental in several physiological/pathophysiological processes and is a frequently used end-point in the development of anti-neoplastic compounds. Despite ample data on several colon cancer cell lines, little is known about the susceptibility of human colon to apoptosis following treatment with established chemotherapeutics. By treating fresh human colonic explants with 5-Fluorouracil (200 microg/ml), CPT-11 (100 microg/ml) and/or TRAIL (100 ng/ml) we readily detected a signal in situ using FITC-VAD-FMK at different time points, whereas labeling of colonic explants with EGFP-conjugated Annexin V proved less specific. Although TRAIL treatment alone appeared to cause little apoptosis in human colonic epithelia versus the control, we observed a greater number of cells undergoing apoptosis when a combination of CPT-11 and TRAIL was used as compared to either agent alone. This is the initial demonstration of TRAIL-induced apoptosis with or without a chemotherapeutic agent in fresh primary human colon epithelia explants. Thus, human colonic explants may provide a valuable reference point when candidate therapeutic compounds triggering apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines, xenografts or mouse models are developed. The results support the feasibility of developing non-invasive optical imaging strategies to detect apoptosis through direct visualization of injury to human colonic epithelia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Finnberg
- Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Seok-Hyun Kim
- Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Emma E. Furth
- Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jue Judy Liu
- Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Pierre Russo
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - David A. Piccoli
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Adda Grimberg
- Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
- Correspondence to: Wafik S. El-Diery; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; 415 Curie Boulevard; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA; Tel.: 215.898.9015; Fax: 215.573.9139;
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Yeoh ASJ, Bowen JM, Gibson RJ, Keefe DMK. Nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression in the irradiated colorectum is associated with subsequent histopathological changes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63:1295-303. [PMID: 16099597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have proposed that mucositis development is the same throughout the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), as it is formed from one structure embryologically. Radiation-induced oral mucositis studies have outlined the key involvement of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) in its pathobiology. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the expression of NFkappaB and Cox-2 in the irradiated colorectum and to correlate these with the associated histopathologic changes. METHODS AND MATERIALS Colorectal tissues from 28 colorectal cancer patients treated with preoperative radiotherapy were analyzed for histopathologic changes using a variety of tissue staining methods. The expression of NFkappaB and Cox-2 in these tissues was investigated using immunohistochemistry. Changes in expression of these proteins were then correlated with the histopathologic changes. RESULTS Radiation therapy caused injury to the normal colorectal tissue surrounding tumor site, particularly around the blood vessels. These changes were reflected in changes in NFkappaB and Cox-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that different regions of the GIT, the colorectum, and oral cavity have similar underlying mechanisms of radiation-induced mucositis. Understanding these mechanisms will allow new approaches to be developed to specifically target steps in the evolution of alimentary mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann S J Yeoh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Van der Meeren A, Monti P, Vandamme M, Squiban C, Wysocki J, Griffiths N. Abdominal radiation exposure elicits inflammatory responses and abscopal effects in the lungs of mice. Radiat Res 2005; 163:144-52. [PMID: 15658889 DOI: 10.1667/rr3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An inflammatory reaction is a classical feature of radiation exposure and appears to be a key event in the development of the acute radiation syndrome. We have investigated the radiation-induced inflammatory response in C57BL6/J mice after total abdominal or total-body irradiation at a dose of 15 Gy. Our goal was to determine the radiation-induced inflammatory response of the gut and to study the consequences of abdominal irradiation for the intestine and for the lungs as a distant organ. A comparison with total-body irradiation was used to take into account the hematopoietic response in the inflammatory process. For both irradiation regimens, systemic and intestinal responses were evaluated. A systemic inflammatory reaction was found after abdominal and total-body irradiation, concomitant with increased cytokine and chemokine production in the jejunum of irradiated mice. In the lungs, the radiation-induced changes in the production of cytokines and chemokines and in the expression of adhesion molecules after both abdominal and total-body irradiation indicate a possible abscopal effect of radiation in our model. The effects observed in the lungs after irradiation of the abdomino-pelvic region may be caused by circulating inflammatory mediators consequent to the gut inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van der Meeren
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Direction de la Radioprotection de l'Homme, Service de Radiobiologie et d'Epidémiologie, IRSN, F-92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses cedex, France
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Wang SZ, Chen ZC, McNamar JP, Wang SY, Cheng QF. The relationship between the protective effect of amifostine and decreased intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression. Am J Otolaryngol 2005; 26:118-22. [PMID: 15742265 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of our study was to characterize the relationship between the protective effect of amifostine and decreased intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression in early-phase, radiation-induced otitis media and to illustrate the possible mechanism of early-phase radiation-induced otitis media. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comparison study of middle ear tissue was performed by the expression of ICAM-1 and the electron microscope from total 38 guinea pigs. Group A, consisting of 2 pigs, was used as control, and these pigs were not irradiated. Groups B, C, D, and E, consisting of 9 pigs each, were irradiated. Sterile saline was administered intraperitoneally to the pigs in groups B and D before irradiation, and amifostine was administered intraperitoneally as an aqueous solution 30 minutes before irradiation to the pigs in groups C and E. The pigs in groups B and C were killed on the second day after irradiation, and the pigs in groups D and E were killed 30 days after irradiation. RESULTS Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 was strongly expressed in the middle ear mucosa of the irradiated pigs after a 45-Gy dose of radiation was administered. Enhanced ICAM-1 expression was accompanied by pathomorphologic changes in the middle ear tissue. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the changes. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression in the mucosa of the groups killed on the second day was stronger than that in the mucosa of the groups killed 30 days after irradiation. Amifostine protected the middle ear from radiation injury, and we found that the expression of ICAM-1 in the middle ear mucosa was down-regulated. However, slight expression of ICAM-1 remained 30 days after irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Irradiation increased the expression of ICAM-1 in the middle ear mucosa. Amifostine protected the middle ear from early irradiation injury. There was a relationship between oxygen free radicals derived from irradiation and up-regulation of ICAM-1 expression. Continuous ICAM-1 expression might be related to stenosis of the eustachian tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-zi Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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