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Yao K, Zhou E, Cheng C. A B-Raf V600E gene signature for melanoma predicts prognosis and reveals sensitivity to targeted therapies. Cancer Med 2022; 11:1232-1243. [PMID: 35044091 PMCID: PMC8855909 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-Raf V600E mutations account for about half of all skin cutaneous melanoma cases, and patients with this mutation are sensitive to BRAF inhibitors. However, aberrations in other genes in the MAPK/ERK pathway may cascade a similar effect as B-Raf V600E mutations, rendering those patients sensitive to BRAF inhibitors. We rationalized that defining a signature based on B-Raf pathway activity may be more informative for prognosis and drug sensitivity prediction than a binary indicator such as mutation status. METHODS In this study, we defined a B-Raf signature score using RNA-seq data from TCGA. A higher score is shown to not only predict B-Raf mutation status, but also predict other aberrations that could similarly activate the MAPK/ERK pathway, such as B-Raf amplification, RAS mutation, and EGFR amplification. RESULTS We showed that patients dichotomized by the median B-Raf score is more significantly stratified than by other metrics of measuring B-Raf aberration, such as mutation status, gene expression, and protein expression. We also demonstrated that high B-Raf score predicts higher sensitivity to B-Raf inhibitors SB590885 and PLX4720, as expected, but also correlated with sensitivity to drugs targeting other relevant oncogenic pathways. CONCLUSION The BRAF signature may better help guide targeted therapy for melanoma, and such a framework can be applied to other cancers and mutations to provide more information than mutation status alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yao
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Emily Zhou
- Department of BiosciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer CenterBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
- Institute for Clinical and Transcriptional ResearchBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
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Hassan SSU, Abbas SQ, Ali F, Ishaq M, Bano I, Hassan M, Jin HZ, Bungau SG. A Comprehensive In Silico Exploration of Pharmacological Properties, Bioactivities, Molecular Docking, and Anticancer Potential of Vieloplain F from Xylopia vielana Targeting B-Raf Kinase. Molecules 2022; 27:917. [PMID: 35164181 PMCID: PMC8839023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Compounds derived from plants have several anticancer properties. In the current study, one guaiane-type sesquiterpene dimer, vieloplain F, isolated from Xylopia vielana species, was tested against B-Raf kinase protein (PDB: 3OG7), a potent target for melanoma. A comprehensive in silico analysis was conducted in this research to understand the pharmacological properties of a compound encompassing absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), bioactivity score predictions, and molecular docking. During ADMET estimations, the FDA-approved medicine vemurafenib was hepatotoxic, cytochrome-inhibiting, and non-cardiotoxic compared to the vieloplain F. The bioactivity scores of vieloplain F were active for nuclear receptor ligand and enzyme inhibitor. During molecular docking experiments, the compound vieloplain F has displayed a higher binding potential with -11.8 kcal/mol energy than control vemurafenib -10.2 kcal/mol. It was shown that intermolecular interaction with the B-Raf complex and the enzyme's active gorge through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts was very accurate for the compound vieloplain F, which was then examined for MD simulations. In addition, simulations using MM-GBSA showed that vieloplain F had the greatest propensity to bind to active site residues. The vieloplain F has predominantly represented a more robust profile compared to control vemurafenib, and these results opened the road for vieloplain F for its utilization as a plausible anti-melanoma agent and anticancer drug in the next era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (S.S.u.H.); (M.I.)
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Syed Qamar Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Fawad Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Ishaq
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (S.S.u.H.); (M.I.)
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Iqra Bano
- Faculty of Bio-Sciences, SBBUVAS, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan;
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Nisbet Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Hui-Zi Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (S.S.u.H.); (M.I.)
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Simona G. Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
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Shams Ul Hassan S, Abbas SQ, Hassan M, Jin HZ. Computational Exploration of Anti-Cancer Potential of Guaiane Dimers from Xylopia vielana by Targeting B-Raf Kinase Using Chemo-Informatics, Molecular Docking and MD Simulation Studies. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:731-746. [PMID: 34645380 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666211013115500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural products from herbs are prolific to display robust anticancer activities. OBJECTIVES In the current study, B-Raf kinase protein (PDB: 3OG7), a potent target for melanoma, was tested against two guaiane-type sesquiterpene dimers, xylopin E-F, obtained from Xylopia vielana. METHODS In this work, a systematic in silico study using ADMET analysis, bioactivity score forecasts, molecular docking, and its simulations were conducted to understand compounds' pharmacological properties. RESULTS During ADMET predictions of both the compounds, Xylopin E-F has displayed a safer profile in hepatotoxicity, cytochrome inhibition, and only xylopin F displayed as non-cardiotoxic compared to FDA approved drug vemurafenib. Both the compounds were proceeded to molecular docking experiments using Autodock docking software and both the compounds Xylopin E-F have displayed higher binding potential with -11.5Kcal/mol energy compared to control vemurafenib -10.2 Kcal/mol. All the compounds were further evaluated for their MD simulations and their molecular interactions with the B-Raf kinase complex displayed precise interactions with the active gorge of the enzyme by hydrogen bonding. CONCLUSIONS Overall, xylopin F had a better profile relative to xylopin E and vemurafenib, and these findings indicated that this bio-molecule could be used as an anti-melanoma agent and as a possible anticancer drug in the future. Therefore, this is a systematic optimized in silico approach to creating an anticancer pathway for guaiane dimers against the backdrop of its potential for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shams Ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240. China
| | - Syed Qamar Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Technology, Peshawar. Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore. Pakistan
| | - Hui-Zi Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240. China
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Mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors and strategies to reverse drug resistance in lung cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:2444-2455. [PMID: 32969861 PMCID: PMC7575183 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the research of immune checkpoint inhibitors has made a great breakthrough in lung cancer treatment. Currently, a variety of immune checkpoint inhibitors have been applied into clinical practice, including antibodies targeting the programmed cell death-1, programmed cell death-ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, and so on. However, not all patients can benefit from the treatment. Abnormal antigen presentation, functional gene mutation, tumor microenvironment, and other factors can lead to primary or secondary resistance. In this paper, we reviewed the molecular mechanism of immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance and various combination strategies to overcome resistance, in order to expand the beneficial population and enable precision medicine.
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Liao TJ, Jang H, Fushman D, Nussinov R. SOS1 interacts with Grb2 through regions that induce closed nSH3 conformations. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:045106. [PMID: 32752665 PMCID: PMC7390601 DOI: 10.1063/5.0013926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grb2 is an adaptor protein connecting the epidermal growth factor receptor and the downstream Son of sevenless 1 (SOS1), a Ras-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RasGEF), which exchanges GDP by GTP. Grb2 contains three SH domains: N-terminal SH3 (nSH3), SH2, and C-terminal SH3 (cSH3). The C-terminal proline-rich (PR) domain of SOS1 regulates nSH3 open/closed conformations. Earlier, several nSH3 binding motifs were identified in the PR domain. More recently, we characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and replica exchange simulations possible cSH3 binding regions. Among them, we discovered a cSH3-specific binding region. However, how PR binding at these sites regulates the nSH3/cSH3 conformation has been unclear. Here, we explore the nSH3/cSH3 interaction with linked and truncated PR segments using molecular dynamics simulations. Our 248 μs simulations include 620 distinct trajectories, each 400 ns. We construct the effective free energy landscape to validate the nSH3/cSH3 binding sites. The nSH3/cSH3-SOS1 peptide complex models indicate that strong peptide binders attract the flexible nSH3 n-Src loop, inducing a closed conformation of nSH3; by contrast, the cSH3 conformation remains unchanged. Inhibitors that disrupt the Ras-SOS1 interaction have been designed; the conformational details uncovered here may assist in the design of polypeptides inhibiting Grb2-SOS1 interaction, thus SOS1 recruitment to the membrane where Ras resides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Mei Z, Huang J, Qiao B, Lam AKY. Immune checkpoint pathways in immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12:16. [PMID: 32461587 PMCID: PMC7253444 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-0084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With the understanding of the complex interaction between the tumour microenvironment and immunotherapy, there is increasing interest in the role of immune regulators in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Activation of T cells and immune checkpoint molecules is important for the immune response to cancers. Immune checkpoint molecules include cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death 1 (PD-1), T-cell immunoglobulin mucin protein 3 (TIM-3), lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (TIGIT), glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor (GITR) and V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA). Many clinical trials using checkpoint inhibitors, as both monotherapies and combination therapies, have been initiated targeting these immune checkpoint molecules. This review summarizes the functional mechanism and use of various immune checkpoint molecules in HNSCC, including monotherapies and combination therapies, and provides better treatment options for patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Mei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junwen Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Qiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Cancer Molecular Pathology and Griffith Medical School, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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7
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Arnold L, Alexiadis V, Watanaskul T, Zarrabi V, Poole J, Singh V. Clinical validation of qPCR Target Selector™ assays using highly specific switch-blockers for rare mutation detection. J Clin Pathol 2020; 73:648-655. [PMID: 32132121 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-206381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The identification of actionable DNA mutations associated with a patient's tumour is critical for devising a targeted, personalised cancer treatment strategy. However, these molecular analyses are typically performed using tissue obtained via biopsy, which involves substantial risk and is often not feasible. In addition, biopsied tissue does not always reflect tumour heterogeneity, and sequential biopsies to track disease progression (eg, emergence of drug resistance mutations) are not well tolerated. To overcome these and other biopsy-associated limitations, we have developed non-invasive 'liquid biopsy' technologies to enable the molecular characterisation of a patient's cancer using peripheral blood samples. METHODS The Target Selector ctDNA platform uses a real-time PCR-based approach, coupled with DNA sequencing, to identify cancer-associated genetic mutations within circulating tumour DNA. This is accomplished via a patented blocking approach suppressing wild-type DNA amplification, while allowing specific amplification of mutant alleles. RESULTS To promote the clinical uptake of liquid biopsy technologies, it is first critical to demonstrate concordance between results obtained via liquid and traditional biopsy procedures. Here, we focused on three genes frequently mutated in cancer: EGFR (Del19, L858, and T790), BRAF (V600) and KRAS (G12/G13). For each Target Selector assay, we demonstrated extremely high accuracy, sensitivity and specificity compared with results obtained from tissue biopsies. Overall, we found between 93% and 96% concordance to blinded tissue samples across 127 clinical assays. CONCLUSIONS The switch-blocker technology reported here offers a highly effective method for non-invasively determining the molecular signatures of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle Arnold
- Research and Development, Biocept Inc, San Diego, California, USA.,Aegea Biotechnologies, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Tim Watanaskul
- Research and Development, Biocept Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Vahid Zarrabi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jason Poole
- Research and Development, Biocept Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Veena Singh
- Clinical Laboratory, Biocept Inc, San Diego, California, USA
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8
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McHugh FA, Kow CY, Falkov A, Heppner P, Law A, Bok A, Schweder P. Metastatic melanoma: Surgical treatment of brain metastases - Analysis of 110 patients. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 73:144-149. [PMID: 31956087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New Zealand has one of the highest rates of melanoma in the world. In up to 10% of cases, the disease is metastatic at diagnosis. Cerebral metastatic involvement carries a particularly poor prognosis. 110 patients were included in the analysis. A retrospective consecutive series of patients treated surgically at Auckland City Hospital were studied, with parameters of demographics, tumour characteristics, surgery, pathology, systemic therapy and survival analysed. Mean age was 59.9 years (range 22-81 years). Median survival from date of surgery was 8.1 months (95% CI 6.9-9.4 months). Of the 58 patients tested for BRAF mutation, 28 were positive, similar to previously published data. This conferred a better prognosis with median overall survival of 12.3 months (95% CI 7.2-17.3 months) compared to 7.8 months (95% CI 5.6-10 months) for those who were negative (p < 0.05). Survival correlated positively with extent of surgical resection. Both BRAF positive status and targeted and/or immunotherapy were significant predictors of improved survival. In this cohort, radiation therapy did not show a statistically significant improvement in overall survival. Survival from resection of cerebral metastases from melanoma is improving. Survival benefit is conferred by BRAF mutation, solitary metastasis and gross total resection of lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Anne McHugh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, NZ, New Zealand.
| | - Chien Yew Kow
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, NZ, New Zealand.
| | - Anthony Falkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023 NZ, New Zealand.
| | - Peter Heppner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, NZ, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew Law
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, NZ, New Zealand.
| | - Ari Bok
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, NZ, New Zealand.
| | - Patrick Schweder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, NZ, New Zealand.
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Liao TJ, Jang H, Nussinov R, Fushman D. High-Affinity Interactions of the nSH3/cSH3 Domains of Grb2 with the C-Terminal Proline-Rich Domain of SOS1. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3401-3411. [PMID: 31970984 PMCID: PMC8459210 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Grb2 is an adaptor protein that recruits Ras-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Son of Sevenless 1 (SOS1), to the plasma membrane. SOS1 exchanges GDP by GTP, activating Ras. Grb2 consists of an SH2 domain flanked by N- and C-terminal SH3 domains (nSH3/cSH3). Grb2 nSH3/cSH3 domains have strong binding affinity for the SOS1 proline-rich (PR) domain that mediates the Grb2-SOS1 interaction. The nSH3/cSH3 domains have distinct preferred binding motifs: PxxPxR for nSH3 and PxxxRxxKP for cSH3 (x represents any natural amino acid). Several nSH3-binding motifs have been identified in the SOS1 PR domain but none specific for cSH3 binding. Even though both nSH3 and cSH3 exhibit the strongest binding to the SOS1 peptide PVPPPVPPRRRP, this mutually exclusive binding combined with other potential nSH3/cSH3 binding regions in SOS1 makes understanding the Grb2-SOS1 interaction challenging. To identify the SOS1-cSH3 binding sites, we selected seven potential binding segments in SOS1. The synthesized peptides were tested for their binding to nSH3/cSH3. Our NMR data reveal that the PKLPPKTYKREH peptide has strong binding affinity for cSH3, but very weak for nSH3. The binding specificity suggests that the most likely Grb2-SOS1 binding mode is through nSH3-PVPPPVPPRRRP and cSH3-PKLPPKTYKREH interactions, which is supported by replica-exchange simulations for the Grb2-SOS1 complex models. We propose that nSH3/cSH3 binding peptides, which effectively interrupt Grb2-SOS1 association, can serve as tumor suppressors. The Grb2-SOS1 mechanism outlined here offers new venues for future therapeutic strategies for upstream mutations in cancer, such as in EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Jen Liao
- Biophysics Program, Institute for Physical Science and Technology , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Basic Science Program , Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick , Maryland 21702 , United States
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Basic Science Program , Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick , Maryland 21702 , United States
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Basic Science Program , Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick , Maryland 21702 , United States
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | - David Fushman
- Biophysics Program, Institute for Physical Science and Technology , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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Zou Z, Ou Q, Ren Y, Lv Q, Qin L, Zhao L, Su S, Wu X, Bao H, Wang A, Zhu D, Wang X, Shao YW, Liu B. Distinct genomic traits of acral and mucosal melanomas revealed by targeted mutational profiling. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:601-611. [PMID: 31944535 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of melanoma is rising globally including China. Comparing to Caucasians, the incidence of non-cutaneous melanomas is significantly higher in Chinese. Herein, we performed genomic profiling of 89 Chinese surgically resected primary melanomas, including acral (n = 54), cutaneous (n = 22), and mucosal (n = 13), by hybrid capture-based next-generation sequencing. We show that mucosal melanomas tended to harbor more pathogenic mutations than other types of melanoma, though the biological significance of this finding remains uncertain. Chromosomal arm-level alterations including 6q, 9p, and 10p/q loss were highly recurrent in all subtypes, but mucosal melanoma was significantly associated with increased genomic instability. Importantly, 7p gain significantly correlated with unfavorable clinical outcomes in non-cutaneous melanomas, representing an intriguing prognostic biomarker of those subtypes. Furthermore, focal amplification of 4q12 (KIT, KDR, and PDGFRα) and RAD51 deletion were more abundant in mucosal melanoma, while NOTCH2 amplification was enriched in acral melanoma. Additionally, cutaneous melanomas had higher mutation load than acral melanomas, while mucosal melanomas did not differ from other subtypes in mutation burden. Together, our data revealed important features of acral and mucosal melanomas in Chinese including distinctive driver mutation pattern and increased genomic instability. These findings highlight the possibilities of combination therapies in the clinical management of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyun Zou
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuxiang Ou
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, Geneseeq Technology Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yu Ren
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Yixing Tumor Hospital, Yixing, China
| | - Lanqun Qin
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianjun Zhao
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Su
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, Geneseeq Technology Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hua Bao
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, Geneseeq Technology Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ao Wang
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, Geneseeq Technology Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dongqin Zhu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Yang W Shao
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, Geneseeq Technology Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada.,School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Popova AA, Levkin PA. Precision Medicine in Oncology: In Vitro Drug Sensitivity and Resistance Test (DSRT) for Selection of Personalized Anticancer Therapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Popova
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute of Toxicology and Genetics Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute of Toxicology and Genetics Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute of Organic Chemistry Fritz‐Haber Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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12
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Capolongo G, Suzumoto Y, D'Acierno M, Simeoni M, Capasso G, Zacchia M. ERK1,2 Signalling Pathway along the Nephron and Its Role in Acid-base and Electrolytes Balance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4153. [PMID: 31450703 PMCID: PMC6747339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are intracellular molecules regulating a wide range of cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, cytoskeleton remodeling and cytokine production. MAPK activity has been shown in normal kidney, and its over-activation has been demonstrated in several renal diseases. The extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK 1,2) signalling pathway is the first described MAPK signaling. Intensive investigations have demonstrated that it participates in the regulation of ureteric bud branching, a fundamental process in establishing final nephron number; in addition, it is also involved in the differentiation of the nephrogenic mesenchyme, indicating a key role in mammalian kidney embryonic development. In the present manuscript, we show that ERK1,2 signalling mediates several cellular functions also in mature kidney, describing its role along the nephron and demonstrating whether it contributes to the regulation of ion channels and transporters implicated in acid-base and electrolytes homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Capolongo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Mariadelina Simeoni
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Miriam Zacchia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Kon E, Benhar I. Immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations: Current efforts and important aspects for success. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 45:13-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Osumi H, Shinozaki E, Wakatsuki T, Suenaga M, Ichimura T, Ogura M, Takahari D, Ooki A, Suzuki T, Ota Y, Nakayama I, Chin K, Miki Y, Yamaguchi K. Non-V600E BRAF mutations and EGFR signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2488-2495. [PMID: 30963570 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAFV600E ) mutation (MT) in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) is a well-known prognostic indicator and a negative predictive biomarker for antiepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) treatment. However, the clinical characteristics and significance of BRAFnon-V600E MTs remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the clinical characteristics of BRAFnon-V600E MTs vs. those of other MTs in the EGFR signaling pathway, including BRAFV600E . Consecutive CRC patients in our institute from June 2012 to November 2013 were enrolled in our study. Multiplex genotyping of the EGFR pathway was performed with archival samples using a Luminex Assay for BRAFV600E /BRAFnon-V600E , KRAS/NRAS exons 2-4, and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA). We analyzed correlations among the MT profiles, clinical data and primary tumor locations in CRC. All statistical analyses were performed using R software. CRC samples (824) from 374 (45.4%) male and 450 (54.6%) female patients were analyzed, of which 154 (18.7%), 202 (24.5%), 270 (32.8%) or 198 (24.0%) had Stages I, II, III or IV or recurrent CRC, respectively. The frequencies of BRAFV600E /BRAFnon-V600E , KRAS (including exons 2-4), NRAS and PIK3CA MTs were 5.3/1.7, 41.4, 3.3 and 9.6%, respectively. The characteristics of patients with the BRAFV600E MT were an age of ≥65 years old, a right-sided primary tumor location, poorly differentiated histology and an advanced disease stage. In contrast, the characteristics of patients with BRAFnon-V600E MTs were a left-sided primary tumor location and well-differentiated histology. BRAFnon-V600E MTs were relatively rare and showed different characteristics compared to the BRAFV600E MT. These results may contribute to future precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Osumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Shinozaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeru Wakatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsukuni Suenaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ichimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Ogura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ooki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Ota
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izuma Nakayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisho Chin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Miki
- Department of Genetic Diagnosis, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensei Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Seebacher NA, Stacy AE, Porter GM, Merlot AM. Clinical development of targeted and immune based anti-cancer therapies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:156. [PMID: 30975211 PMCID: PMC6460662 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is currently the second leading cause of death globally and is expected to be responsible for approximately 9.6 million deaths in 2018. With an unprecedented understanding of the molecular pathways that drive the development and progression of human cancers, novel targeted therapies have become an exciting new development for anti-cancer medicine. These targeted therapies, also known as biologic therapies, have become a major modality of medical treatment, by acting to block the growth of cancer cells by specifically targeting molecules required for cell growth and tumorigenesis. Due to their specificity, these new therapies are expected to have better efficacy and limited adverse side effects when compared with other treatment options, including hormonal and cytotoxic therapies. In this review, we explore the clinical development, successes and challenges facing targeted anti-cancer therapies, including both small molecule inhibitors and antibody targeted therapies. Herein, we introduce targeted therapies to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), BRAF, and the inhibitors of the T-cell mediated immune response, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/ PD-1 ligand (PD-1 L).
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Seebacher
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - A E Stacy
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
| | - G M Porter
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
| | - A M Merlot
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, 2031, Australia. .,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, 2031, Australia. .,UNSW Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.
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Loomans-Kropp HA, Umar A. Cancer prevention and screening: the next step in the era of precision medicine. NPJ Precis Oncol 2019; 3:3. [PMID: 30701196 PMCID: PMC6349901 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-018-0075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary mode of cancer prevention and early detection in the United States is the widespread practice of screening. Although many strategies for early detection and prevention are available, adverse outcomes, such as overdiagnosis and overtreatment, are prevalent among those utilizing these approaches. Broad use of mammography and prostate cancer screening are key examples illustrating the potential harms stemming from the detection of indolent lesions and the subsequent overtreatment. Furthermore, there are several cancers for which prevention strategies do not currently exist. Clinical and experimental evidence have expanded our understanding of cancer initiation and progression, and have instructed the development of improved, precise modes of cancer prevention and early detection. Recent cancer prevention and early detection innovations have begun moving towards the integration of molecular knowledge and risk stratification profiles to allow for a more accurate representation of at-risk individuals. The future of cancer prevention and early detection efforts should emphasize the incorporation of precision cancer prevention integration where screening and cancer prevention regimens can be matched to one's risk of cancer due to known genomic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holli A Loomans-Kropp
- 1Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD USA.,2Gastrointestinal and Other Cancers Branch, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Asad Umar
- 1Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD USA
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Siemon J, Gershenson DM, Slomovitz B, Schlumbrecht M. Low grade serous ovarian carcinoma: identifying variations in practice patterns. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2019; 29:174-180. [DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2018-000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesLow grade serous ovarian carcinoma is a rare subtype of ovarian cancer with an indolent and chemorefractory course. As such, treatment strategies among practitioners are not uniformly known. The primary objective of this study was to identify differences in practice patterns among physicians who treat low grade serous carcinoma.Methods MaterialsA de novo survey was distributed to members of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology. Questions about demographics, management of primary and recurrent disease, and use of consolidation therapy were included. Statistical analyses were performed using χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests.Results194 gynecologic oncologists completed the survey. Approximately two-thirds of respondents practiced in a university based setting and treated a high volume of ovarian cancers, including low grade serous carcinoma. 82% recommended somatic testing during treatment and 84% routinely sent patients for genetic counseling. Treatment preferences for primary disease varied by debulking status. 48% of practitioners used hormone antagonism as consolidation after primary treatment. Secondary cytoreduction was preferred for patients with platinum sensitive recurrence and a long disease free interval following primary treatment (P<0.001). Hormone antagonism was the preferred treatment for the first platinum resistant recurrence (54%), while a BRAF inhibitor was the preferred agent in platinum resistant recurrence in the presence of a known BRAF mutation (56%).ConclusionsThere was significant variation in the preferred management of low grade serous carcinoma among practitioners. Further efforts to improve knowledge of this disease, identify optimal treatment modalities, and provide guidelines for management should be encouraged.
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Mathew G, Hannan A, Hertzler-Schaefer K, Wang F, Feng GS, Zhong J, Zhao JJ, Downward J, Zhang X. Targeting of Ras-mediated FGF signaling suppresses Pten-deficient skin tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13156-13161. [PMID: 27799550 PMCID: PMC5135310 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604450113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) is the underlying cause of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome and a wide variety of human cancers. In skin epidermis, we have previously identified an autocrine FGF signaling induced by loss of Pten in keratinocytes. In this study, we demonstrate that skin hyperplasia requires FGF receptor adaptor protein Frs2α and tyrosine phosphatase Shp2, two upstream regulators of Ras signaling. Although the PI3-kinase regulatory subunits p85α and p85β are dispensable, the PI3-kinase catalytic subunit p110α requires interaction with Ras to promote hyperplasia in Pten-deficient skin, thus demonstrating an important cross-talk between Ras and PI3K pathways. Furthermore, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Ras-MAPK pathway impeded epidermal hyperplasia in Pten animals. These results reveal a positive feedback loop connecting Pten and Ras pathways and suggest that FGF-activated Ras-MAPK pathway is an effective therapeutic target for preventing skin tumor induced by aberrant Pten signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grinu Mathew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Abdul Hannan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | | | - Fen Wang
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jian Zhong
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY 10605
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Julian Downward
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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Use of monoclonal antibodies to detect specific mutations in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Hum Pathol 2016; 53:168-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Clinical detection and categorization of uncommon and concomitant mutations involving BRAF. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:779. [PMID: 26498038 PMCID: PMC4619530 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective BRAF inhibitors, vemurafenib and dabrafenib, and the MEK inhibitor, trametinib, have been approved for treatment of metastatic melanomas with a BRAF p.V600E mutation. The clinical significance of non-codon 600 mutations remains unclear, in part, due to variation of kinase activity for different mutants. METHODS In this study, we categorized BRAF mutations according to the reported mutant kinase activity. A total of 1027 lung cancer, colorectal cancer or melanoma specimens were submitted for clinical mutation detection by next generation sequencing. RESULTS Non-codon 600 mutations were observed in 37% of BRAF-mutated tumors. Of all BRAF mutants, 75% were kinase-activated, 15% kinase-impaired and 10% kinase-unknown. The most common kinase-impaired mutant involves codon 594, specifically, p.D594G (c.1781A > G) and p.D594N (c.1780G > A). Lung cancers showed significantly higher incidences of kinase-impaired or kinase-unknown mutants. Kinase-impaired BRAF mutants showed a significant association with concomitant activating KRAS or NRAS mutations, but not PIK3CA mutations, supporting the reported interaction of these mutations. CONCLUSIONS BRAF mutants with impaired or unknown kinase activity as well as concomitant kinase-impaired BRAF mutations and RAS mutations were detected in lung cancers, colorectal cancers and melanomas. Different therapeutic strategies based on the BRAF mutant kinase activity and the concomitant mutations may be worthwhile.
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21
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Carter J, Tseng LH, Zheng G, Dudley J, Illei P, Gocke CD, Eshleman JR, Lin MT. Non-p.V600E BRAF Mutations Are Common Using a More Sensitive and Broad Detection Tool. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 144:620-8. [PMID: 26386083 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp85atmjozoudj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the performance of a next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform for the clinical detection of BRAF mutations. METHODS In this retrospective quality assessment of an NGS assay, we analyzed BRAF mutations within parts of exons 11 and 15 in 835 neoplastic tissues submitted to our molecular diagnostics laboratory. RESULTS The NGS assays detected a BRAF mutation in 5.9% of lung adenocarcinomas, 13% of colorectal cancers, and 44% of melanomas. Mutant allele frequencies were less than 20% in 28% of 88 BRAF-mutated specimens. Two lymph node specimens with subcapsular or infiltrative metastasis showed 1% to 2% mutant alleles. There were 26 unique BRAF mutations in exons 11 and 15, including three novel mutations. Mutations were located outside codon 600 in 39% of BRAF-mutated tumors. Lung adenocarcinomas showed significantly higher non-p.V600E mutations (86%) than did colorectal cancers (23%) and melanomas (34%). The three most common BRAF mutations in lung cancers accounted for only 41% of the observed BRAF mutations (p.D594G [18%], p.V600E [14%], and p.G469A [9%]). CONCLUSIONS The NGS assay demonstrated a high analytic sensitivity and a broad reportable range for clinical detection of BRAF mutations. Elucidating the spectrum of non-p. V600E BRAF mutations in different malignancies is a first step toward understanding their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Carter
- Departments of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Li-Hui Tseng
- Departments of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Gang Zheng
- Departments of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jonathan Dudley
- Departments of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Peter Illei
- Departments of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christopher D. Gocke
- Departments of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - James R. Eshleman
- Departments of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ming-Tseh Lin
- Departments of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Herr R, Brummer T. BRAF inhibitors in colorectal cancer: Toward a differentiation therapy? Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e1002709. [PMID: 27308494 PMCID: PMC4905336 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2014.1002709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BRAF inhibitor monotherapy appears to be ineffective in BRAF (V600E)-positive colorectal cancer (CRC) as a result of inherent EGFR-mediated resistance mechanisms. This concept initiated combinatorial treatment approaches. Nevertheless, BRAF inhibition in isogenic CRC cell lines induced enhanced cell-cell adhesion and differentiation, underlining a potential benefit of BRAF inhibitors in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Herr
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ); Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU); Freiburg, Germany
- University Medical Center, ALU; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ); Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU); Freiburg, Germany
- University Medical Center, ALU; Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, ALU; Freiburg, Germany
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Mallarkey G, Mangoni AA. Targeting precision medicine toxicity: recent developments. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2015; 6:4-14. [PMID: 25642318 DOI: 10.1177/2042098614560737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Mallarkey
- Sage Publications Ltd, 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London, EC1Y 1SP, London, UK
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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Schulten HJ, Alotibi R, Al-Ahmadi A, Ata M, Karim S, Huwait E, Gari M, Al-Ghamdi K, Al-Mashat F, Al-Hamour O, Al-Qahtani MH, Al-Maghrabi J. Effect of BRAF mutational status on expression profiles in conventional papillary thyroid carcinomas. BMC Genomics 2015; 16 Suppl 1:S6. [PMID: 25922907 PMCID: PMC4315163 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-16-s1-s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas 40 % to 70 % of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) are characterized by a BRAF mutation (BRAFmut), unified biomarkers for the genetically heterogeneous group of BRAF wild type (BRAFwt) PTCs are not established yet. Using state-of-the-art technology we compared RNA expression profiles between conventional BRAFwt and BRAFmut PTCs. METHODS Microarrays covering 36,079 reference sequences were used to generate whole transcript expression profiles in 11 BRAFwt PTCs including five micro PTCs, 14 BRAFmut PTCs, and 7 normal thyroid specimens. A p-value with a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05 and a fold change > 2 were used as a threshold of significance for differential expression. Network and pathway utilities were employed to interpret significance of expression data. BRAF mutational status was established by direct sequencing the hotspot region of exon 15. RESULTS We identified 237 annotated genes that were significantly differentially expressed between BRAFwt and BRAFmut PTCs. Of these, 110 genes were down- and 127 were upregulated in BRAFwt compared to BRAFmut PTCs. A number of molecules involved in thyroid hormone metabolism including thyroid peroxidase (TPO) were differentially expressed between both groups. Among cancer-associated molecules were ERBB3 that was downregulated and ERBB4 that was upregulated in BRAFwt PTCs. Two microRNAs were significantly differentially expressed of which miR492 bears predicted functions relevant to thyroid-specific molecules. The protein kinase A (PKA) and the G protein-coupled receptor pathways were identified as significantly related signaling cascades to the gene set of 237 genes. Furthermore, a network of interacting molecules was predicted on basis of the differentially expressed gene set. CONCLUSIONS The expression study focusing on affected genes that are differentially expressed between BRAFwt and BRAFmut conventional PTCs identified a number of molecules which are connected in a network and affect important canonical pathways. The identified gene set adds to our understanding of the tumor biology of BRAFwt and BRAFmut PTCs and contains genes/biomarkers of interest.
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Schulten HJ, Al-Mansouri Z, Baghallab I, Bagatian N, Subhi O, Karim S, Al-Aradati H, Al-Mutawa A, Johary A, Meccawy AA, Al-Ghamdi K, Al-Hamour O, Al-Qahtani MH, Al-Maghrabi J. Comparison of microarray expression profiles between follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas and follicular adenomas of the thyroid. BMC Genomics 2015; 16 Suppl 1:S7. [PMID: 25923053 PMCID: PMC4315165 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-16-s1-s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) and follicular adenoma (FA) are histologically closely related tumors and differential diagnosis remains challenging. RNA expression profiling is an established method to unravel molecular mechanisms underlying the histopathology of diseases. Methods BRAF mutational status was established by direct sequencing the hotspot region of exon 15 in six FVPTCs and seven FAs. Whole-transcript arrays were employed to generate expression profiles in six FVPTCs, seven FAs and seven normal thyroid tissue samples. The threshold of significance for differential expression on the gene and exon level was a p-value with a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05 and a fold change cutoff > 2. Two dimensional average linkage hierarchical clustering was generated using differentially expressed genes. Network, pathway, and alternative splicing utilities were employed to interpret significance of expression data on the gene and exon level. Results Expression profiling in FVPTCs and FAs, all of which were negative for a BRAF mutation, revealed 55 transcripts that were significantly differentially expressed, 40 of which were upregulated and 15 downregulated in FVPTCs vs. FAs. Amongst the most significantly upregulated genes in FVPTCs were GABA B receptor, 2 (GABBR2), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NRCAM), extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1), heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2 (HS6ST2), and retinoid X receptor, gamma (RXRG). The most significantly downregulated genes in FVPTCs included interaction protein for cytohesin exchange factors 1 (IPCEF1), G protein-coupled receptor 155 (GPR155), Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4), chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (CSGALNACT1), and glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1). Alternative splicing analysis detected 87 genes, 52 of which were also included in the list of 55 differentially expressed genes. Network analysis demonstrated multiple interactions for a number of differentially expressed molecules including vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor (VDR), SMAD family member 9 (SMAD9), v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT), and RXRG. Conclusions This is one of the first studies using whole-transcript expression arrays to compare expression profiles between FVPTCs and FAs. A set of differentially expressed genes has been identified that contains valuable candidate genes to differentiate both histopathologically related tumor types on the molecular level.
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BRAF inhibitors: experience in thyroid cancer and general review of toxicity. Discov Oncol 2014; 6:21-36. [PMID: 25467940 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration-approved BRAF inhibitors, vemurafenib and dabrafenib, have demonstrated superior efficacy in patients with BRAF-mutant melanomas but have limited efficacy in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer. Little is known at this time regarding BRAF inhibitors in thyroid cancer. Initial reports in patients with progressive, radioactive iodine-refractory BRAF-mutant papillary thyroid cancer suggest response rates of approximately 30-40%. In this review, we discuss BRAF inhibitors in the context of thyroid cancer, the toxicities associated with BRAF inhibitors, and the suggested management of those toxicities. The management of vemurafenib and dabrafenib toxicities is applicable across all tumor types and may serve as a practical guide to their use.
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27
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Herr R, Köhler M, Andrlová H, Weinberg F, Möller Y, Halbach S, Lutz L, Mastroianni J, Klose M, Bittermann N, Kowar S, Zeiser R, Olayioye MA, Lassmann S, Busch H, Boerries M, Brummer T. B-Raf inhibitors induce epithelial differentiation in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Res 2014; 75:216-29. [PMID: 25381152 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BRAF mutations are associated with aggressive, less-differentiated and therapy-resistant colorectal carcinoma. However, the underlying mechanisms for these correlations remain unknown. To understand how oncogenic B-Raf contributes to carcinogenesis, in particular to aspects other than cellular proliferation and survival, we generated three isogenic human colorectal carcinoma cell line models in which we can dynamically modulate the expression of the B-Raf(V600E) oncoprotein. Doxycyclin-inducible knockdown of endogenous B-Raf(V600E) decreases cellular motility and invasion in conventional and three-dimensional (3D) culture, whereas it promotes cell-cell contacts and induces various hallmarks of differentiated epithelia. Importantly, all these effects are recapitulated by B-Raf (PLX4720, vemurafenib, and dabrafenib) or MEK inhibitors (trametinib). Surprisingly, loss of B-Raf(V600E) in HT29 xenografts does not only stall tumor growth, but also induces glandular structures with marked expression of CDX2, a tumor-suppressor and master transcription factor of intestinal differentiation. By performing the first transcriptome profiles of PLX4720-treated 3D cultures of HT29 and Colo-205 cells, we identify several upregulated genes linked to epithelial differentiation and effector functions, such as claudin-1, a Cdx-2 target gene encoding a critical tight junction component. Thereby, we provide a mechanism for the clinically observed correlation between mutant BRAF and the loss of Cdx-2 and claudin-1. PLX4720 also suppressed several metastasis-associated transcripts that have not been implicated as targets, effectors or potential biomarkers of oncogenic B-Raf signaling so far. Together, we identify a novel facet of clinically applied B-Raf or MEK inhibitors by showing that they promote cellular adhesion and differentiation of colorectal carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Herr
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Development and Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Köhler
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Development and Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany. Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hana Andrlová
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weinberg
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Development and Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Möller
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Halbach
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Development and Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany. Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Lutz
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justin Mastroianni
- Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany. Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Klose
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, IMMZ, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Bittermann
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silke Kowar
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, IMMZ, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, ALU, Freiburg, Germany. Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU Freiburg
| | - Monilola A Olayioye
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Silke Lassmann
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, ALU, Freiburg, Germany. Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU Freiburg. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, IMMZ, ALU, Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, IMMZ, ALU, Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Development and Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany. Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU Freiburg.
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Detection of the BRAF V600E mutation in colon carcinoma: critical evaluation of the imunohistochemical approach. Am J Surg Pathol 2014; 38:1235-41. [PMID: 24832158 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently BRAF V600E mutant-specific antibody (clone VE1) became available to immunohistochemically pinpoint the occurrence of these BRAF-mutant proteins in different tumors, such as colon carcinoma. Detection of BRAF mutations is important for the accurate application of targeted therapy against BRAF serine-threonine kinase activation. In this study, we evaluated 113 colon carcinomas including 95 primary and 27 metastatic tumors with the VE1 antibody using Leica Bond-Max automated immunohistochemistry. To ensure comprehensive BRAF V600E mutation detection, all cases were evaluated using 4 molecular methods (Sanger sequencing, the Cobas 4800 BRAF V600 Mutation Test, BRAF V600 allele-specific polymerase chain reaction, and BRAF V600 quantitative polymerase chain reaction) with nearly 100% concordance. Molecular and immunohistochemical studies were blinded. Furthermore, all cases were evaluated for KRAS and NRAS mutations as parameters mutually exclusive with BRAF mutations offering parallel evidence for BRAF mutation status. Strong to moderate VE1 positivity was seen in 34 tumors. Twelve colon carcinomas showed weak VE1 immunohistochemical staining, and 67 were entirely negative. An identical c.1799T>A single nucleotide substitution leading to the BRAF V600E mutation was identified in 27 of 113 (24%) colon carcinomas. A majority of BRAF-mutant tumors were located in the right side of the colon and had mismatch-repair deficiency. V600E mutation-negative carcinomas were more often sigmoid tumors and usually showed intact mismatch-repair proteins and KRAS or NRAS mutations. The sensitivity and specificity of positive results (strong to moderate staining) of VE1 immunohistochemistry were 85% and 68%, respectively. If any positivity would be considered, then the specificity declined to 51% with no significant improvement of sensitivity. Therefore, only strong positivity should be considered when using the VE1 antibody and Leica Bond-Max automated immunohistochemistry with these parameters. Although VE1 antibody can be useful in the screening of colon carcinomas for BRAF V600E-mutant proteins, molecular genetic confirmation is always necessary for mutation diagnosis.
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Jeong WJ, Cha PH, Choi KY. Strategies to overcome resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9862-9871. [PMID: 25110417 PMCID: PMC4123368 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) such as cetuximab and panitumumab in combination with conventional chemotherapy substantially prolongs survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, the efficacy of these mAbs is limited due to genetic variation among patients, in particular K-ras mutations. The discovery of K-ras mutation as a predictor of non-responsiveness to EGFR mAb therapy has caused a major change in the treatment of mCRC. Drugs that inhibit transformation caused by oncogenic alterations of Ras and its downstream components such as BRAF, MEK and AKT seem to be promising cancer therapeutics as single agents or when given with EGFR inhibitors. Although multiple therapeutic strategies to overcome EGFR mAb-resistance are under investigation, our understanding of their mode of action is limited. Rational drug development based on stringent preclinical data, biomarker validation, and proper selection of patients is of paramount importance in the treatment of mCRC. In this review, we will discuss diverse approaches to overcome the problem of resistance to existing anti-EGFR therapies and potential future directions for cancer therapies related to the mutational status of genes associated with EGFR-Ras-ERK and PI3K signalings.
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