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Integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology strategy for ascertaining the quality marker of flavonoids for Sophora flavescens. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113297. [PMID: 32325403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been widely used in Asian countries for thousands of years due to their supreme quality and good clinical efficacy. However, the increasing demand for TCMs in recent decades warrants effective quality control methodology to avoid clinical problems. Therefore, comprehensive quality evaluation systems should be established for ensuring TCM's quality, in terms of chemical components, as well as bioactivity for identifying quality markers in TCM and developing suitable analytical methods for quality control. In this study, we selected Sophora flavescens (S. flavescens) as the research object and developed a novel integrated strategy combining metabolomics and network pharmacology to explore the quality markers. Firstly, we determined the targeted metabolomic profiles of seventy-four batches of S. flavescens (aged from 1 to 6 years) by UHPLC/QE-MS. Six potential markers were successfully screened, quantified and reverse-verified as the most influential effective compounds by UHPLC/QE-MS and multivariate statistical analysis. Secondly, the network of "components-targets-pathways" was constructed, and the pharmacological activities of six potential markers were predicted. Finally, we determined the anti-tumor activity of six flavonoids (kurarinone, norkurarinone, kuraridin, kushenol N, trifolirhizin, and genistein) as the quality markers for Sophora flavescens, evaluated their pharmacokinetic profiles and reviewed their existing pharmacological researches. Thus, integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology technology were applied for the effective discovery of quality markers of Chinese material medica.
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Aly SH, Elissawy AM, Eldahshan OA, Elshanawany MA, Efferth T, Singab ANB. The pharmacology of the genus Sophora (Fabaceae): An updated review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 64:153070. [PMID: 31514082 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Sophora (Fabaceae) represents one of the important medicinal plant genera regarding its chemical constituents and outstanding pharmacological activities. PURPOSE In this review, we surveyed the latest findings on the bioactivities of different Sophora extracts and isolated phytochemicals during the past 8 years (2011-2019) updating the latest review article in 2011. The aim of this review is to focus on the molecular pharmacology of Sophora species to provide the rationale basis for the development of novel drugs. RESULTS Sophora and its bioactive compounds possess outstanding pharmacological properties, especially as anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs, in addition to its antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties. CONCLUSION Based on their use in traditional medicine, Sophora species exert a plethora of cellular and molecular activities, which render them as attractive candidates for rationale drug development. Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials are required for further integration of Sophora-based phototherapies into conventional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaza H Aly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Elissawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt; Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt; Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Abdel Nasser B Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt; Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Zoofishan Z, Kúsz N, Csorba A, Tóth G, Hajagos-Tóth J, Kothencz A, Gáspár R, Hunyadi A. Antispasmodic Activity of Prenylated Phenolic Compounds from the Root Bark of Morus nigra. Molecules 2019; 24:E2497. [PMID: 31288489 PMCID: PMC6659382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Black mulberry is a widely acknowledged ancient traditional medicine. Its extract and constituents have been reported to exert various bioactivities including antimicrobial, hypotensive, analgesic etc. effects. While black mulberry preparations are also used as antispasmodic agents in folk medicine, no related studies are available on its isolated constituents. Through an extensive chromatographic purification, seven phenolic compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of Morus nigra root bark, including morusin (1), kuwanon U (2), kuwanon E (3), moracin P (4), moracin O (5), albanol A (6), and albanol B (7). A complete NMR signal assignment of moracin P and O was achieved, and related literature errors confusing the identity of moracin derivatives are hereby clarified. Compounds 2, 5 and 7 were identified as strong antispasmodic agents on isolated rat ileum and tracheal smooth muscles, while compound 3, a methoxy derivative of 2, was inactive. Moracin O (5) inhibited the ileal and tracheal smooth muscle contractions with Emax values of 85% and 302 mg, respectively. Those actions were superior as compared with papaverine. Our findings demonstrate that prenylated arylbenzofurans, geranylated flavonoids and Diels-Alder adducts from Morus nigra are valuable antispasmodic agents. Compounds 2, 5 and 7 are suggested as marker compounds for quality control of antispasmodic mulberry preparations. Moracin O (5) is a new lead compound for related drug development initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoofishan Zoofishan
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Norbert Kúsz
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Csorba
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tóth
- NMR Group, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt. Gellért Sq. 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Hajagos-Tóth
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-670 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna Kothencz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-670 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Gáspár
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-670 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Hunyadi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Boozari M, Soltani S, Iranshahi M. Biologically active prenylated flavonoids from the genus Sophora and their structure-activity relationship-A review. Phytother Res 2019; 33:546-560. [PMID: 30652369 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The genus Sophora (Fabaceae) has been used in traditional medicine for years. Prenylated flavonoids are one of the constituents of Sophora species that play important roles in their biological properties. Different classes of prenylated flavonoids are produced by Sophora spp. including prenylated flavonol (e.g., sophoflavescenol), prenylated flavanone (e.g., sophoraflavanone G), prenylated flavonostilbene (e.g., alopecurones A and B), and prenylated chalcone (kuraridin). Prenylated flavonoids have a more lipophilic structure, which leads to its high affinity to the cell membranes and enhancement of the biological activity, which includes cytotoxicity, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic activities. However, it is reported that prenylation decreases the plasma absorption but increases the tissue accumulation. The presence of the prenyl or lavandulyl groups on C8 position of flavonoids plays an important role in the biological activity. It seems that prenylated flavonoids have the potential to be developed as new drugs or supplements for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahare Boozari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saba Soltani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Zhou J, Zhang L, Li Q, Jin W, Chen W, Han J, Zhang Y. Simultaneous Optimization for Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids from Sophora flavescens Using Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2018; 24:E112. [PMID: 30597974 PMCID: PMC6337616 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrasonic-assisted extraction process and antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Sophora flavescens were investigated in this study. In order to optimize the extraction of flavonoids from Sophora flavescens, the influence of extraction time, methanol concentration, ultrasonic temperature, and solvent-to-material ratio was analyzed. Results showed that the extraction yields reached a maximum with the extraction time of 30 min, methanol concentration of 80%, temperature of 80 °C, and solvent-to-material ratio of 26 mL/g. The flavonoids were determined by HPLC, and the mean yields of trifolirhizin, formononetin, isoxanthohumol, maackiain, and kurarinone under the optimal conditions were 2.570, 0.213, 0.534, 0.797, and 3.091 mg/g, respectively. The evaluation of vitro antioxidant activity exhibited Sophora flavescens flavonoids had a strong 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability with IC50 of 0.984 and 1.084 mg/g, respectively. These results indicate that ultrasonic-assisted extraction is an efficient approach for the selective extraction of flavonoids, and response surface methodology further optimized the extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lincheng Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qinping Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weifeng Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weiyan Chen
- College of Basic medical, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jin Han
- College of Basic medical, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhu H, Yang YN, Xu K, Xie J, Feng ZM, Jiang JS, Zhang PC. Sophopterocarpan A, a novel pterocarpine derivative with a benzotetrahydrofuran-fused bicyclo [3.3.1] nonane from Sophora flavescens. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:5480-5483. [PMID: 28654120 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01261f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sophopterocarpan A (1), with a novel benzotetrahydrofuran-fused bicyclo [3.3.1] nonane ring, was isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens Ait. Its unusual structure, including its stereochemistry, was determined on the basis of a comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis. A plausible biogenetic pathway for 1 is presented. Sophopterocarpan A was identified as a potential autophagy activator. Additionally, it was found that 1 exhibited cytotoxic activity in MCF-7 cells with an IC50 of 29.36 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China.
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Panth N, Park SH, Kim HJ, Kim DH, Oak MH. Protective Effect of Salicornia europaea Extracts on High Salt Intake-Induced Vascular Dysfunction and Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1176. [PMID: 27455235 PMCID: PMC4964547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High salt intake causes and aggravates arterial hypertension and vascular dysfunction. We investigated the effect of Salicornia europaea extracts (SE) on vascular function and blood pressure. SE constituents were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography, and SE's effect on vascular function was evaluated in isolated porcine coronary arteries. SE's vascular protective effect was also evaluated in vivo using normotensive and spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs). SE mainly contained sodium chloride (55.6%), 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, p-coumaric acid, and trans-ferulic acid. High sodium (160 mmol/L) induced vascular dysfunction; however, SE containing the same quantity of sodium did not cause vascular dysfunction. Among the compounds in SE, trans-ferulic acid accounts for the vascular protective effect. Normotensive rats fed a high-salt diet showed significantly increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP), which decreased significantly in the SE-treated groups. In SHRs, high edible salt intake significantly increased SBP, DBP, and MAP, but SE intake was associated with a significantly lower MAP. Thus, SE did not induce vascular dysfunction, and trans-ferulic acid might be at least partly responsible for the vasoprotective effect of SE. Taken together, SE could be used as an alternative to purified salt to prevent and ameliorate hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Panth
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Sin-Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
- UMR CNRS 7213, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67401, France.
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Deuk-Hoi Kim
- Research Center, Phyto Corporation, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Min-Ho Oak
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
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Tanabe N, Kuboyama T, Kazuma K, Konno K, Tohda C. The Extract of Roots of Sophora flavescens Enhances the Recovery of Motor Function by Axonal Growth in Mice with a Spinal Cord Injury. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:326. [PMID: 26834638 PMCID: PMC4712302 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although axonal extension to reconstruct spinal tracts should be effective for restoring function after spinal cord injury (SCI), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) levels increase at spinal cord lesion sites, and inhibit axonal regrowth. In this study, we found that the water extract of roots of Sophora flavescens extended the axons of mouse cortical neurons, even on a CSPG-coated surface. Consecutive oral administrations of S. flavescens extract to SCI mice for 31 days increased the density of 5-HT-positive axons at the lesion site and improved the motor function. Further, the active constituents in the S. flavescens extract were identified. The water and alkaloid fractions of the S. flavescens extract each exhibited axonal extension activity in vitro. LC/MS analysis revealed that these fractions mainly contain matrine and/or oxymatrine, which are well-known major compounds in S. flavescens. Matrine and oxymatrine promoted axonal extension on the CSPG-coated surface. This study is the first to demonstrate that S. flavescens extract, matrine, and oxymatrine enhance axonal growth in vitro, even on a CSPG-coated surface, and that S. flavescens extract improves motor function and increases axonal density in SCI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Tanabe
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Kuboyama
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
| | - Kohei Kazuma
- Division of Kampo-Pharmaceutics, Department of Medical Resources, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Konno
- Division of Kampo-Pharmaceutics, Department of Medical Resources, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tohda
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
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