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Chen C, Su L, Wu L, Zhou J, Wu J. Enhanced the catalytic efficiency and thermostability of maltooligosyltrehalose synthase from Arthrobacter ramosus by directed evolution. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Su L, Yao K, Wu J. Improved Activity of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Maltooligosyltrehalose Synthase through Directed Evolution. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4456-4463. [PMID: 32227942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Maltooligosyltrehalose synthase (MTSase) is a key enzyme for the production of trehalose from starch. Thermophilic MTSases offer advantages for trehalose production but suffer from low yield. In this study, directed evolution was used to increase the production of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius MTSase (SaMTSase) in Escherichia coli. Mutant libraries constructed using error-prone polymerase chain reaction were assessed using high-throughput activity assays. Three mutants with enhanced activities were obtained, the best of which (mutant D-4) exhibited 2.4 times greater activity than wild-type SaMTSase. The specific activity and catalytic efficiency of D-4 were also greater than those of wild-type SaMTSase. The D-4 activity (624.7 U·mL-1) produced in a 3 L fermenter was 2.0 times greater than that of wild-type SaMTSase. Because the same trehalose yield was obtained using an equal amount of either D-4 or wild-type SaMTSase activity, using D-4 will significantly lower the cost of trehalose production. The activities of the individual mutations present in the three SaMTSase mutants obtained using directed evolution were analyzed. Mutants F284V and T439A exhibited the greatest increases in enzyme activity. Homology models suggested that the decreased side-chain size, weakened hydrophobicity, and decreased interaction might enhance the flexibility of the loop containing catalytic residue Asp443, which was conducive to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Kailin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
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Quehenberger J, Shen L, Albers SV, Siebers B, Spadiut O. Sulfolobus - A Potential Key Organism in Future Biotechnology. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2474. [PMID: 29312184 PMCID: PMC5733018 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremophilic organisms represent a potentially valuable resource for the development of novel bioprocesses. They can act as a source for stable enzymes and unique biomaterials. Extremophiles are capable of carrying out microbial processes and biotransformations under extremely hostile conditions. Extreme thermoacidophilic members of the well-characterized genus Sulfolobus are outstanding in their ability to thrive at both high temperatures and low pH. This review gives an overview of the biological system Sulfolobus including its central carbon metabolism and the development of tools for its genetic manipulation. We highlight findings of commercial relevance and focus on potential industrial applications. Finally, the current state of bioreactor cultivations is summarized and we discuss the use of Sulfolobus species in biorefinery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Quehenberger
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry – Biofilm Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology II-Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bettina Siebers
- Department of Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry – Biofilm Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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Okazaki N, Tamada T, Feese MD, Kato M, Miura Y, Komeda T, Kobayashi K, Kondo K, Blaber M, Kuroki R. Substrate recognition mechanism of a glycosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase from Sulfolobus solfataricus KM1. Protein Sci 2012; 21:539-52. [PMID: 22334583 PMCID: PMC3375754 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (GTHase) is an α-amylase that cleaves the α-1,4 bond adjacent to the α-1,1 bond of maltooligosyltrehalose to release trehalose. To investigate the catalytic and substrate recognition mechanisms of GTHase, two residues, Asp252 (nucleophile) and Glu283 (general acid/base), located at the catalytic site of GTHase were mutated (Asp252→Ser (D252S), Glu (D252E) and Glu283→Gln (E283Q)), and the activity and structure of the enzyme were investigated. The E283Q, D252E, and D252S mutants showed only 0.04, 0.03, and 0.6% of enzymatic activity against the wild-type, respectively. The crystal structure of the E283Q mutant GTHase in complex with the substrate, maltotriosyltrehalose (G3-Tre), was determined to 2.6-Å resolution. The structure with G3-Tre indicated that GTHase has at least five substrate binding subsites and that Glu283 is the catalytic acid, and Asp252 is the nucleophile that attacks the C1 carbon in the glycosidic linkage of G3-Tre. The complex structure also revealed a scheme for substrate recognition by GTHase. Substrate recognition involves two unique interactions: stacking of Tyr325 with the terminal glucose ring of the trehalose moiety and perpendicularly placement of Trp215 to the pyranose rings at the subsites -1 and +1 glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okazaki
- Molecular Biology Research Division, Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy AgencyTokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Taro Tamada
- Molecular Biology Research Division, Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy AgencyTokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Michael D Feese
- Cocrystal Discovery Inc.19805 North Creek Parkway, Bothell, Washington 98011
| | - Masaru Kato
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd.1-13-5 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama 235-0004, Japan
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd.1-13-5 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama 235-0004, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Komeda
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd.1-13-5 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama 235-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kobayashi
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd.100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0013 Japan
| | - Keiji Kondo
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd.1-13-5 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama 235-0004, Japan
| | - Michael Blaber
- Molecular Biology Research Division, Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy AgencyTokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of MedicineTallahassee, Florida 32306-4300
| | - Ryota Kuroki
- Molecular Biology Research Division, Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy AgencyTokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan,*Correspondence to: Ryota Kuroki, Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4, Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan. E-mail:
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Importance of trehalose biosynthesis for Sinorhizobium meliloti Osmotolerance and nodulation of Alfalfa roots. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:7490-9. [PMID: 19837796 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00725-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The disaccharide trehalose is a well-known osmoprotectant, and trehalose accumulation through de novo biosynthesis is a common response of bacteria to abiotic stress. In this study, we have investigated the role of endogenous trehalose synthesis in the osmotolerance of Sinorhizobium meliloti. Genes coding for three possible trehalose synthesis pathways are present in the genome of S. meliloti 1021: OtsA, TreYZ, and TreS. Among these, OtsA has a major role in trehalose accumulation under all of the conditions tested and is the main system involved in osmoadaptation. Nevertheless, the other two systems are also important for growth in hyperosmotic medium. Genes for the three pathways are transcriptionally responsive to osmotic stress. The presence of at least one functional trehalose biosynthesis pathway is required for optimal competitiveness of S. meliloti to nodulate alfalfa roots.
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Lee JS, Hai T, Pape H, Kim TJ, Suh JW. Three trehalose synthetic pathways in the acarbose-producing Actinoplanes sp. SN223/29 and evidence for the TreY role in biosynthesis of component C. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:767-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cimini D, De Rosa M, Panariello A, Morelli V, Schiraldi C. Production of a thermophilic maltooligosyl-trehalose synthase in Lactococcus lactis. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:1079-83. [PMID: 18594890 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus MT4 encodes a maltooligosyltrehalose synthase (MTS), that catalyzes an intramolecular transglycosylation process converting the glycosidic linkages at the reducing end of dextrins from alpha-1,4 into alpha-1,1. In this research the gene encoding MTS was cloned and expressed in Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 using the so-called NICE system. Growth conditions of the recombinant strain were optimized in flask experiments in relation to enzyme production. Batch experiments in 2 L-fermenters were performed on the best identified semidefined medium and 256 U L(-1) of recombinant MTS were produced. Purified recombinant MTS shows its optimal activity at 70 degrees C and pH 5.5, prefers maltoheptaose and maltohexaose as substrates, and demonstrates minimal side hydrolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples, via De Crecchio 7, Naples, Italy
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Zhou Y, Yuan Q, Gao H, Ma R. Production of trehalose by permeabilized Micrococcus QS412 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Maruta K, Kubota M, Yamashita H, Nishimoto T, Chaen H, Fukuda S. Creation of a Novel Hydrolase by Site-directed Mutagenesis of Malto-oligosyltrehalose Synthase. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2006. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.53.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Goude R, Renaud S, Bonnassie S, Bernard T, Blanco C. Glutamine, glutamate, and alpha-glucosylglycerate are the major osmotic solutes accumulated by Erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:6535-41. [PMID: 15528516 PMCID: PMC525223 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.11.6535-6541.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2004] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Erwinia chrysanthemi is a phytopathogenic soil enterobacterium closely related to Escherichia coli. Both species respond to hyperosmotic pressure and to external added osmoprotectants in a similar way. Unexpectedly, the pools of endogenous osmolytes show different compositions. Instead of the commonly accumulated glutamate and trehalose, E. chrysanthemi strain 3937 promotes the accumulation of glutamine and alpha-glucosylglycerate, which is a new osmolyte for enterobacteria, together with glutamine. The amounts of the three osmolytes increased with medium osmolarity and were reduced when betaine was provided in the growth medium. Both glutamine and glutamate showed a high rate of turnover, whereas glucosylglycerate stayed stable. In addition, the balance between the osmolytes depended on the osmolality of the medium. Glucosylglycerate and glutamate were the major intracellular compounds in low salt concentrations, whereas glutamine predominated at higher concentrations. Interestingly, the ammonium content of the medium also influenced the pool of osmolytes. During bacterial growth with 1 mM ammonium in stressing conditions, more glucosylglycerate accumulated by far than the other organic solutes. Glucosylglycerate synthesis has been described in some halophilic archaea and bacteria but not as a dominant osmolyte, and its role as an osmolyte in Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 shows that nonhalophilic bacteria can also use ionic osmolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Goude
- Osmorégulation chez les Bactéries, CNRS UMR 6026, Campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, France
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Padilla L, Krämer R, Stephanopoulos G, Agosin E. Overproduction of trehalose: heterologous expression of Escherichia coli trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:370-6. [PMID: 14711665 PMCID: PMC321289 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.1.370-376.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a disaccharide with potential applications in the biotechnology and food industries. We propose a method for industrial production of trehalose, based on improved strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum. This paper describes the heterologous expression of Escherichia coli trehalose-synthesizing enzymes trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (OtsA) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (OtsB) in C. glutamicum, as well as its impact on the trehalose biosynthetic rate and metabolic-flux distributions, during growth in a defined culture medium. The new recombinant strain showed a five- to sixfold increase in the activity of OtsAB pathway enzymes, compared to a control strain, as well as an almost fourfold increase in the trehalose excretion rate during the exponential growth phase and a twofold increase in the final titer of trehalose. The heterologous expression described resulted in a reduced specific glucose uptake rate and Krebs cycle flux, as well as reduced pentose pathway flux, a consequence of downregulated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. The results proved the suitability of using the heterologous expression of Ots proteins in C. glutamicum to increase the trehalose biosynthetic rate and yield and suggest critical points for further improvement of trehalose overproduction in C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Padilla
- Departmento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Wolf A, Krämer R, Morbach S. Three pathways for trehalose metabolism in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 and their significance in response to osmotic stress. Mol Microbiol 2003; 49:1119-34. [PMID: 12890033 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Genome scanning of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 revealed the presence of five different genes encoding enzymes belonging to three putative trehalose biosynthesis pathways (OtsAB, TreYZ, TreS). The function of the different pathways and of trehalose as an osmoprotectant was studied by characterizing several strains defective for individual trehalose biosynthetic routes. Trehalose synthesis was shown to increase upon hyperosmotic conditions. Cytoplasmic trehalose levels varied considerably depending on kind and accessibility of carbon and nitrogen sources. In contrast to other organisms, osmoregulated trehalose synthesis in C. glutamicum is mediated by the TreYZ and not by the OtsAB pathway. Irrespective of their significance for the osmotic response, otsA and treS were upregulated at the transcriptional level after hyperosmotic shock. In vivo, TreS-mediated trehalose synthesis only occurred if maltose was used as the carbon source. In vitro, TreS catalysed the conversion of maltose into trehalose and, conversely, trehalose into maltose. As the reaction seems to be near equilibrium, TreS appears to be important for trehalose degradation rather than synthesis because a 1000-fold excess of trehalose to maltose was detected in the cytoplasm. Also, evidence is given that both the OtsAB and the TreYZ pathways are involved, but not essential, in supplying trehalose for mycolic acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wolf
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47, 50674 Köln, Germany
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Abstract
Trehalose (alpha-D-glucopyranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside) is a unique sugar capable of protecting biomolecules against environmental stress. It is a stable, colorless, odor-free and non-reducing disaccharide, and is widespread in nature. Trehalose has a key role in the survival of some plants and insects, termed anhydrobionts, in harsh environments, even when most of their water body is removed. The properties of these types of organisms drove attention towards the study of trehalose. Since then, it proved to be an active stabilizer of enzymes, proteins, biomasses, pharmaceutical preparations and even organs for transplantation. Recently, trehalose has been accepted as a safe food ingredient by the European regulation system following approval by the US Food and Drug Administration. The wide range of applications of this sugar has increased the interest of many research groups into the development of novel and economically feasible production systems. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current achievements in the biotechnological production of trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Schiraldi
- Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
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Schiraldi C, Giuliano M, De Rosa M. Perspectives on biotechnological applications of archaea. ARCHAEA (VANCOUVER, B.C.) 2002; 1:75-86. [PMID: 15803645 PMCID: PMC2685559 DOI: 10.1155/2002/436561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2001] [Accepted: 05/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many archaea colonize extreme environments. They include hyperthermophiles, sulfur-metabolizing thermophiles, extreme halophiles and methanogens. Because extremophilic microorganisms have unusual properties, they are a potentially valuable resource in the development of novel biotechnological processes. Despite extensive research, however, there are few existing industrial applications of either archaeal biomass or archaeal enzymes. This review summarizes current knowledge about the biotechnological uses of archaea and archaeal enzymes with special attention to potential applications that are the subject of current experimental evaluation. Topics covered include cultivation methods, recent achievements in genomics, which are of key importance for the development of new biotechnological tools, and the application of wild-type biomasses, engineered microorganisms, enzymes and specific metabolites in particular bioprocesses of industrial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, II University of Naples, via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Giuliano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, II University of Naples, via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, II University of Naples, via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Elferink MG, Albers SV, Konings WN, Driessen AJ. Sugar transport in Sulfolobus solfataricus is mediated by two families of binding protein-dependent ABC transporters. Mol Microbiol 2001; 39:1494-503. [PMID: 11260467 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The extreme thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus grows optimally at 80 degrees C and pH 3 and uses a variety of sugars as sole carbon and energy source. Glucose transport in this organism is mediated by a high-affinity binding protein-dependent ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. Sugar-binding studies revealed the presence of four additional membrane-bound binding proteins for arabinose, cellobiose, maltose and trehalose. These glycosylated binding proteins are subunits of ABC transporters that fall into two distinct groups: (i) monosaccharide transporters that are homologous to the sugar transport family containing a single ATPase and a periplasmic-binding protein that is processed at an unusual site at its amino-terminus; (ii) di- and oligosaccharide transporters, which are homologous to the family of oligo/dipeptide transporters that contain two different ATPases, and a binding protein that is synthesized with a typical bacterial signal sequence. The latter family has not been implicated in sugar transport before. These data indicate that binding protein-dependent transport is the predominant mechanism of transport for sugars in S. solfataricus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Elferink
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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Gueguen Y, Rolland JL, Schroeck S, Flament D, Defretin S, Saniez MH, Dietrich J. Characterization of the maltooligosyl trehalose synthase from the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 194:201-6. [PMID: 11164309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb09470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the molecular characterization and the detailed study of the recombinant maltooligosyl trehalose synthase mechanism from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. The mts gene encoding a maltooligosyl trehalose synthase was overexpressed in Escherichia coli using the T7-expression system. The purified recombinant enzyme exhibited optimum activity at 75 degrees C and pH 5 with citrate-phosphate buffer and retained 60% of residual activity after 72 h of incubation at 80 degrees C. The recombinant enzyme was active on maltooligosaccharides such as maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose and maltoheptaose. Investigation of the enzyme action on maltooligosaccharides has brought much insight into the reaction mechanism. Results obtained from thin-layer chromatography suggested a possible mechanism of action for maltooligosyl trehalose synthase: the enzyme, after converting the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage to an alpha-1,1-glucosidic linkage at the reducing end of maltooligosaccharide glc(n) is able to release glucose and maltooligosaccharide glc(n-1) residues. And then, the intramolecular transglycosylation and the hydrolytic reaction continue, with the maltooligosaccharide glc(n-1) until the initial maltooligosaccharide is reduced to maltose. An hypothetical mechanism of maltooligosyl trehalose synthase acting on maltooligosaccharide is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gueguen
- IFREMER Centre de Brest, DRV/VP Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Micro-organismes Hydrothermaux, Plouzané, France.
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Kim YH, Kwon TK, Park S, Seo HS, Cheong JJ, Kim CH, Kim JK, Lee JS, Choi YD. Trehalose synthesis by sequential reactions of recombinant maltooligosyltrehalose synthase and maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase from Brevibacterium helvolum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:4620-4. [PMID: 11055902 PMCID: PMC92358 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.11.4620-4624.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A DNA fragment encoding two enzymes leading to trehalose biosynthesis, maltooligosyltrehalose synthase (BvMTS) and maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (BvMTH), was cloned from the nonpathogenic bacterium Brevibacterium helvolum. The open reading frames for the two proteins are 2,331 and 1,770 bp long, respectively, and overlap by four nucleotides. Recombinant BvMTS, BvMTH, and fusion gene BvMTSH, constructed by insertion of an adenylate in the overlapping region, were expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified BvMTS protein catalyzed conversion of maltopentaose to maltotriosyltrehalose, which was further hydrolyzed by BvMTH protein to produce trehalose and maltotriose. The enzymes shortened maltooligosaccharides by two glucose units per cycle of sequential reactions and released trehalose. Maltotriose and maltose were not catalyzed further and thus remained in the reaction mixtures depending on whether the substrates had an odd or even number of glucose units. The bifunctional in-frame fusion enzyme, BvMTSH, catalyzed the sequential reactions more efficiently than an equimolar mixture of the two individual enzymes did, presumably due to a proximity effect on the catalytic sites of the enzymes. The recombinant enzymes produced trehalose from soluble starch, an abundant natural source for trehalose production. Addition of alpha-amylase to the enzyme reaction mixture dramatically increased trehalose production by partial hydrolysis of the starch to provide more reducing ends accessible to the BvMTS catalytic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Kim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, Korea
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Feese MD, Kato Y, Tamada T, Kato M, Komeda T, Miura Y, Hirose M, Hondo K, Kobayashi K, Kuroki R. Crystal structure of glycosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase from the hyperthermophilic archaeum Sulfolobus solfataricus. J Mol Biol 2000; 301:451-64. [PMID: 10926520 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of glycosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase from the hyperthermophilic archaeum Sulfolobus solfataricus KM1 has been solved by multiple isomorphous replacement. The enzyme is an alpha-amylase (family 13) with unique exo-amylolytic activity for glycosyltrehalosides. It cleaves the alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond adjacent to the trehalose moiety to release trehalose and maltooligo saccharide. Unlike most other family 13 glycosidases, the enzyme does not require Ca(2+) for activity, and it contains an N-terminal extension of approximately 100 amino acid residues that is homologous to N-terminal domains found in many glycosidases that recognize branched oligosaccharides. Crystallography revealed the enzyme to exist as a homodimer covalently linked by an intermolecular disulfide bond at residue C298. The existence of the intermolecular disulfide bond was confirmed by biochemical analysis and mutagenesis. The N-terminal extension forms an independent domain connected to the catalytic domain by an extended linker. The functionally essential Ca(2+) binding site found in the B domain of alpha-amylases and many other family 13 glycosidases was found to be replaced by hydrophobic packing interactions. The enzyme also contains a very unusual excursion in the (beta/alpha)(8) barrel structure of the catalytic domain. This excursion originates from the bottom of the (beta/alpha)(8) barrel between helix 6 and strand 7, but folds upward in a distorted alpha-hairpin structure to form a part of the substrate binding cleft wall that is possibly critical for the enzyme's unique substrate selectivity. Participation of an alpha-beta loop in the formation of the substrate binding cleft is a novel feature that is not observed in other known (beta/alpha)(8) enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Feese
- Central Laboratories for Key Technology, Kirin Brewery Co. Ltd, 1-13-5 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama 236, Japan
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Kato M. Trehalose production with a new enzymatic system from Sulfolobus solfataricus KM1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(98)00132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Production of trehalose from starch by novel trehalose-producing enzymes from Sulfolobus solfataricus KM1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(97)80996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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