1
|
Trisrivirat D, Sutthaphirom C, Pimviriyakul P, Chaiyen P. Dual activities of oxidation and oxidative decarboxylation by flavoenzymes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100666. [PMID: 35040514 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Specific flavoenzyme oxidases catalyze oxidative decarboxylation in addition to their classical oxidation reactions in the same active sites. The mechanisms underlying oxidative decarboxylation by these enzymes and how they control their two activities are not clearly known. This article reviews the current state of knowledge of four enzymes from the l-amino acid oxidase and l-hydroxy acid oxidase families, including l-tryptophan 2-monooxygenase, l-phenylalanine 2-oxidase and l-lysine oxidase/monooxygenase and lactate monooxygenase which catalyze substrate oxidation and oxidative decarboxylation. Apart from specific interactions to allow substrate oxidation by the flavin cofactor, specific binding of oxidized product in the active sites appears to be important for enabling subsequent decarboxylation by these enzymes. Based on recent findings of l-lysine oxidase/monooxygenase, we propose that nucleophilic attack of H2O2 on the imino acid product is the mechanism enabling oxidative decarboxylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duangthip Trisrivirat
- VISTEC: Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Biomolecular Science and Engineering, THAILAND
| | - Chalermroj Sutthaphirom
- VISTEC: Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Biomolecular Science and Engineering, THAILAND
| | | | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, 21210, Wangchan District, THAILAND
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sabotič J, Brzin J, Erjavec J, Dreo T, Tušek Žnidarič M, Ravnikar M, Kos J. L-Amino Acid Oxidases From Mushrooms Show Antibacterial Activity Against the Phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:977. [PMID: 32508788 PMCID: PMC7248570 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanaceraum is the quarantine plant pathogenic bacterium that causes bacterial wilt in over 200 host plants, which include economically important crops such as potato, tomato, tobacco, banana, and ginger. Alternative biological methods of disease control that can be used in integrated pest management are extensively studied. In search of new proteins with antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum, we identified L-amino acid oxidases (LAOs) from fruiting bodies of Amanita phalloides (ApLAO) and Infundibulicybe geotropa (CgLAO). We describe an optimized isolation procedure for their biochemical characterization, and show that they are dimeric proteins with estimated monomer molecular masses of 72 and 66 kDa, respectively, with isoelectric point of pH 6.5. They have broad substrate specificities for hydrophobic and charged amino acids, with highest Km for L-Leu, and broad pH optima at pH 5 and pH 6, respectively. An enzyme with similar properties is also characterized from the mycelia of I. geotropa (CgmycLAO). Fractionated aqueous extracts of 15 species of mushrooms show that LAO activity against L-Leu correlates with antibacterial activity. We confirm that the LAO activities mediate the antibacterial actions of ApLAO, CgLAO, and CgmycLAO. Their antibacterial activities are greater against Gram-negative versus Gram-positive bacteria, with inhibition of growth rate, prolongation of lag-phase, and decreased endpoint biomass. In Gram-positive bacteria, they mainly prolong the lag phase. These in vitro antibacterial activities of CgLAO and CgmycLAO are confirmed in vivo in tomato plants, while ApLAO has no effect on disease progression in planta. Transmission electron microscopy shows morphological changes of R. solanacearum upon LAO treatments. Finally, broad specificity of the antibacterial activities of these purified LAOs were seen for in vitro screening against 14 phytopathogenic bacteria. Therefore, these fungal LAOs show great potential as new biological phytoprotective agents and show the fruiting bodies of higher fungi to be a valuable source of antimicrobials with unique features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Brzin
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Erjavec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Dreo
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Magda Tušek Žnidarič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Ravnikar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yamaguchi H, Tatsumi M, Takahashi K, Tagami U, Sugiki M, Kashiwagi T, Kameya M, Okazaki S, Mizukoshi T, Asano Y. Protein engineering for improving the thermostability of tryptophan oxidase and insights from structural analysis. J Biochem 2018; 164:359-367. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamaguchi
- Fundamental Technology Labs., Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Moemi Tatsumi
- Fundamental Technology Labs., Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Fundamental Technology Labs., Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Uno Tagami
- Fundamental Technology Labs., Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sugiki
- Fundamental Technology Labs., Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Kashiwagi
- Fundamental Technology Labs., Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kameya
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Japan
- Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Okazaki
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Japan
- Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshimi Mizukoshi
- Fundamental Technology Labs., Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Asano
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Japan
- Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Higher fungi are a rich source of L-amino acid oxidases. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:230. [PMID: 28685478 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Amino acid oxidases (LAO) are widely distributed enzymes but those from snake venoms have been studied the most. We describe a method for in-gel detection of LAO activities based on H2O2 detection by a horseradish peroxidase-coupled reaction using o-phenylenediamine. Complex substrates and single L-amino acids were used successfully for screening LAO activities in higher fungi using crude aqueous extracts of fruiting bodies of 22 basidiomycetes and 1 ascomycete. Half of these samples exhibited one to two bands of LAO activities with mostly broad substrate specificities and a variety of apparent molecular masses ranging from 25 to 200 kDa that were generally more active at pH 5.5 than at pH 8.0. Mushrooms are shown to be a rich source of LAOs that could find use in various medical and biotechnological applications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodrigues EP, Soares CDP, Galvão PG, Imada EL, Simões-Araújo JL, Rouws LFM, de Oliveira ALM, Vidal MS, Baldani JI. Identification of Genes Involved in Indole-3-Acetic Acid Biosynthesis by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5 Strain Using Transposon Mutagenesis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1572. [PMID: 27774087 PMCID: PMC5053998 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a beneficial nitrogen-fixing endophyte found in association with sugarcane plants and other important crops. Beneficial effects of G. diazotrophicus on sugarcane growth and productivity have been attributed to biological nitrogen fixation process and production of phytohormones especially indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); however, information about the biosynthesis and function of IAA in G. diazotrophicus is still scarce. Therefore, the aim of this work was to identify genes and pathways involved in IAA biosynthesis in this bacterium. In our study, the screening of two independent Tn5 mutant libraries of PAL5T strain using the Salkowski colorimetric assay revealed two mutants (Gdiaa34 and Gdiaa01), which exhibited 95% less indolic compounds than the parental strain when grown in LGIP medium supplemented with L-tryptophan. HPLC chromatograms of the wild-type strain revealed the presence of IAA and of the biosynthetic intermediates indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) and indole-3-lactate (ILA). In contrast, the HPLC profiles of both mutants showed no IAA but only a large peak of non-metabolized tryptophan and low levels of IPyA and ILA were detected. Molecular characterization revealed that Gdiaa01 and Gdiaa34 mutants had unique Tn5 insertions at different sites within the GDI2456 open read frame, which is predicted to encode a L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO). GDI2456 (lao gene) forms a cluster with GDI2455 and GDI2454 ORFs, which are predicted to encode a cytochrome C and an RidA protein, respectively. RT-qPCR showed that transcript levels of lao. cccA, and ridA genes were reduced in the Gdiaa01 as compared to PAL5T. In addition, rice plants inoculated with Gdiaa01 showed significantly smaller root development (length, surface area, number of forks and tips) than those plants inoculated with PAL5T. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that G. diazotrophicus PAL5T produces IAA via the IPyA pathway in cultures supplemented with tryptophan and provides evidence for the involvement of an L-amino acid oxidase gene cluster in the biosynthesis of IAA. Furthermore, we showed that the mutant strains with reduction in IAA biosynthesis ability, in consequence of the lower transcription levels of genes of the lao cluster, had remarkable effects on development of rice roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisete P Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Genética de Microrganismos, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eddie L Imada
- Laboratório de Genética de Microrganismos, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - André L M de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Campillo-Brocal JC, Lucas-Elío P, Sanchez-Amat A. Distribution in Different Organisms of Amino Acid Oxidases with FAD or a Quinone As Cofactor and Their Role as Antimicrobial Proteins in Marine Bacteria. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:7403-18. [PMID: 26694422 PMCID: PMC4699246 DOI: 10.3390/md13127073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid oxidases (AAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of amino acids releasing ammonium and hydrogen peroxide. Several kinds of these enzymes have been reported. Depending on the amino acid isomer used as a substrate, it is possible to differentiate between l-amino acid oxidases and d-amino acid oxidases. Both use FAD as cofactor and oxidize the amino acid in the alpha position releasing the corresponding keto acid. Recently, a novel class of AAOs has been described that does not contain FAD as cofactor, but a quinone generated by post-translational modification of residues in the same protein. These proteins are named as LodA-like proteins, after the first member of this group described, LodA, a lysine epsilon oxidase synthesized by the marine bacterium Marinomonas mediterranea. In this review, a phylogenetic analysis of all the enzymes described with AAO activity has been performed. It is shown that it is possible to recognize different groups of these enzymes and those containing the quinone cofactor are clearly differentiated. In marine bacteria, particularly in the genus Pseudoalteromonas, most of the proteins described as antimicrobial because of their capacity to generate hydrogen peroxide belong to the group of LodA-like proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan C Campillo-Brocal
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Patricia Lucas-Elío
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Antonio Sanchez-Amat
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Advances in Detection Methods of l-Amino Acid Oxidase Activity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:13-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
8
|
Kameya M, Onaka H, Asano Y. Selective tryptophan determination using tryptophan oxidases involved in bis-indole antibiotic biosynthesis. Anal Biochem 2013; 438:124-32. [PMID: 23545192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel tryptophan assay was developed using tryptophan oxidases. Although many l-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) have been reported to catalyze tryptophan oxidation, most of them have broad substrate specificity and oxidize multiple amino acids besides tryptophan. To obtain a tryptophan-specific LAAO, we focused on bis-indole antibiotic biosynthesis, a bacterial secondary metabolic pathway. A putative LAAO from Streptomyces sp. TP-A0274, StaO involved in staurosporine biosynthesis, was heterologously expressed, biochemically characterized, and shown to serve as a selective tryptophan oxidase for the first time. In addition, another LAAO, VioA involved in violacein biosynthesis in Chromobacterium violaceum, was characterized for comparison with StaO. Interestingly, StaO and VioA share similar properties, namely narrow substrate specificity and high affinity for l-tryptophan, despite the phylogenetic distance between these enzymes. Owing to these features, uncommon among known LAAOs, StaO and VioA assays can be used for selective and accurate quantification of l-tryptophan via a coupled colorimetric reaction. Indeed, StaO and VioA assays provided tryptophan concentrations in human plasma as accurately as those obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography. Therefore, these enzymes were clearly shown to offer an effective method for determining tryptophan in biological samples rapidly, inexpensively, and accurately. The results shown here also suggest the possibility of metabolism-oriented screening as a strategy to obtain enzymes highly selective for individual biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Kameya
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chiu HT, Lin YC, Lee MN, Chen YL, Wang MS, Lai CC. Biochemical characterization and substrate specificity of the gene cluster for biosyntheses of K-252a and its analogs by in vitro heterologous expression system of Escherichia coli. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:1192-203. [DOI: 10.1039/b912395b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Shinoda K, Hasegawa T, Sato H, Shinozaki M, Kuramoto H, Takamiya Y, Sato T, Nikaidou N, Watanabe T, Hoshino T. Biosynthesis of violacein: a genuine intermediate, protoviolaceinic acid, produced by VioABDE, and insight into VioC function. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:4140-2. [PMID: 17925955 DOI: 10.1039/b705358d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A biosynthetic intermediate of violacein produced by the mixed enzymes of VioABDE was elucidated to be 5-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, named protoviolaceinic acid, indicating that VioC, responsible for the final biosynthetic step, works to oxygenate at the 2-position of the right side indole ring, and that the oxygenation reaction to form the central pyrrolidone core proceeds in a non-enzymatic fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Shinoda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nishizawa T, Aldrich CC, Sherman DH. Molecular analysis of the rebeccamycin L-amino acid oxidase from Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes ATCC 39243. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:2084-92. [PMID: 15743957 PMCID: PMC1064027 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.6.2084-2092.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rebeccamycin, a member of the tryptophan-derived indolocarbazole family, is produced by Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes ATCC 39243. The biosynthetic pathway that specifies biosynthesis of this important metabolite is comprised of 11 genes spanning 18 kb of DNA. A presumed early enzyme involved in elaboration of the rebeccamycin aglycone is encoded by rebO, located at the left-hand region of the reb gene cluster. The deduced protein product, RebO (51.9 kDa), is an L-amino acid oxidase (L-AAO) that has 27% identity to an L-AAO from Scomber japonicus (animal, mackerel) and is a member of the family of FAD-dependent oxidase enzymes. In order to study the biochemical properties of this key enzyme, the rebO gene was overexpressed and purified from Escherichia coli. Biochemical characterization showed that RebO is dimeric, with a molecular mass of approximately 101 kDa. Further analysis revealed that the enzyme contains a noncovalently bound FAD cofactor and is reoxidized at the expense of molecular oxygen by producing one molecule of hydrogen peroxide. Based on kinetic studies, RebO shows significant preference for 7-chloro-L-tryptophan, suggesting its likely role as the natural early pathway substrate. Furthermore, the native RebO enzyme has evident, albeit limited, flexibility as shown by bioconversion studies with unnatural substrates. This work provides the first analysis of a structural enzyme involved in construction of this important class of indolocarbazole natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Nishizawa
- Life Science Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|