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Maloney KN, Botts RT, Davis TS, Okada BK, Maloney EM, Leber CA, Alvarado O, Brayton C, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Chari JV, Chicoine B, Crompton JC, Davis SR, Gromek SM, Kurnianda V, Quach K, Samples RM, Shieh V, Sultana CM, Tanaka J, Dorrestein PC, Balunas MJ, McFadden CS. Cryptic Species Account for the Seemingly Idiosyncratic Secondary Metabolism of Sarcophyton glaucum Specimens Collected in Palau. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:693-705. [PMID: 31971803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sarcophyton glaucum is one of the most abundant and chemically studied soft corals with over 100 natural products reported in the literature, primarily cembrane diterpenoids. Yet, wide variation in the chemistry observed from S. glaucum over the past 50 years has led to its reputation as a capricious producer of bioactive metabolites. Recent molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that S. glaucum is not a single species but a complex of at least seven genetically distinct species not distinguishable using traditional taxonomic criteria. We hypothesized that perceived intraspecific chemical variation observed in S. glaucum was actually due to differences between cryptic species (interspecific variation). To test this hypothesis, we collected Sarcophyton samples in Palau, performed molecular phylogenetic analysis, and prepared chemical profiles of sample extracts using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Both unsupervised (principal component analysis) and supervised (linear discriminant analysis) statistical analyses of these profiles revealed a strong relationship between cryptic species membership and chemical profiles. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry-based analysis using feature-based molecular networking permitted identification of the chemical drivers of this difference between clades, including cembranoid diterpenes (2R,11R,12R)-isosarcophytoxide (5), (2S,11R,12R)-isosarcophytoxide (6), and isosarcophine (7). Our results suggest that early chemical studies of Sarcophyton may have unknowingly conflated different cryptic species of S. glaucum, leading to apparently idiosyncratic chemical variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Maloney
- Department of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, California 92106, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Ryan T Botts
- Department of Mathematical, Information, and Computer Sciences, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, California 92106, United States
| | - Taylor S Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, California 92106, United States
| | - Bethany K Okada
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Maloney
- Department of Mathematical, Information, and Computer Sciences, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, California 92106, United States
| | - Christopher A Leber
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Oscar Alvarado
- Department of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, California 92106, United States
| | - Charlie Brayton
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Andrés Mauricio Caraballo-Rodríguez
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jason V Chari
- Department of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, California 92106, United States
| | - Brent Chicoine
- Department of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, California 92106, United States
| | - J Chance Crompton
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Sydney R Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, California 92106, United States
| | - Samantha M Gromek
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Viqqi Kurnianda
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Kim Quach
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Robert M Samples
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Vincent Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Camille M Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Marcy J Balunas
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Catherine S McFadden
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
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Bogdanov A, Hertzer C, Kehraus S, Nietzer S, Rohde S, Schupp PJ, Wägele H, König GM. Secondary metabolome and its defensive role in the aeolidoidean Phyllodesmium longicirrum, (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia). Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:502-519. [PMID: 28405231 PMCID: PMC5372768 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllodesmium longicirrum is the largest aeolidoidean species known to date, and extremely rich in terpenoid chemistry. Herein we report the isolation of a total of 19 secondary metabolites from a single specimen of this species, i.e., steroids 1-4, cembranoid diterpenes 5-13, complex biscembranoids 14 and 15, and the chatancin-type diterpenes 16-19. These compounds resemble those from soft corals of the genus Sarcophyton, of which to date, however, only S. trocheliophorum is described as a food source for P. longicirrum. Fish feeding deterrent activity was determined using the tropical puffer fish Canthigaster solandri, and showed activity for (2S)-isosarcophytoxide (10), cembranoid bisepoxide 12 and 4-oxochatancin (16). Determining the metabolome of P. longicirrum and its bioactivity, makes it evident that this seemingly vulnerable soft bodied animal is well protected from fish by its chemical arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bogdanov
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Cora Hertzer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Nietzer
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Sven Rohde
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Peter J Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Heike Wägele
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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He Q, Sun R, Liu H, Geng Z, Chen D, Li Y, Han J, Lin W, Du S, Deng Z. NMR-based metabolomic analysis of spatial variation in soft corals. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:1876-90. [PMID: 24686560 PMCID: PMC4012446 DOI: 10.3390/md12041876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft corals are common marine organisms that inhabit tropical and subtropical oceans. They are shown to be rich source of secondary metabolites with biological activities. In this work, soft corals from two geographical locations were investigated using ¹H-NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis at the metabolic level. A partial least-squares discriminant analysis showed clear separation among extracts of soft corals grown in Sanya Bay and Weizhou Island. The specific markers that contributed to discrimination between soft corals in two origins belonged to terpenes, sterols and N-containing compounds. The satisfied precision of classification obtained indicates this approach using combined ¹H-NMR and chemometrics is effective to discriminate soft corals collected in different geographical locations. The results revealed that metabolites of soft corals evidently depended on living environmental condition, which would provide valuable information for further relevant coastal marine environment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Beijing Forensic Science Institute, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zhufeng Geng
- Analytic and Testing Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Dawei Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Yinping Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jiao Han
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shushan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- Analytic and Testing Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Soft coral Sarcophyton (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia) species diversity and chemotypes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30410. [PMID: 22272344 PMCID: PMC3260304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the soft coral genus Sarcophyton extends over a wide range of fields, including marine natural products and the isolation of a number of cembranoid diterpenes. However, it is still unknown how soft corals produce this diverse array of metabolites, and the relationship between soft coral diversity and cembranoid diterpene production is not clear. In order to understand this relationship, we examined Sarcophyton specimens from Okinawa, Japan, by utilizing three methods: morphological examination of sclerites, chemotype identification, and phylogenetic examination of both Sarcophyton (utilizing mitochondrial protein-coding genes MutS homolog: msh1) and their endosymbiotic Symbiodinium spp. (utilizing nuclear internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA: ITS- rDNA). Chemotypes, molecular phylogenetic clades, and sclerites of Sarcophyton trocheliophorum specimens formed a clear and distinct group, but the relationships between chemotypes, molecular phylogenetic clade types and sclerites of the most common species, Sarcophyton glaucum, was not clear. S. glaucum was divided into four clades. A characteristic chemotype was observed within one phylogenetic clade of S. glaucum. Identities of symbiotic algae Symbiodinium spp. had no apparent relation to chemotypes of Sarcophyton spp. This study demonstrates that the complex results observed for S. glaucum are due to the incomplete and complex taxonomy of this species group. Our novel method of identification should help contribute to classification and taxonomic reassessment of this diverse soft coral genus.
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