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Zheng CW, Luo YH, Lai YJS, Ilhan ZE, Ontiveros-Valencia A, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Jin Y, Gu H, Long X, Zhou D, Rittmann BE. Identifying biodegradation pathways of cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) using metagenome, metatranscriptome, and metabolome tri-omics integration. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 246:120738. [PMID: 37866246 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Traditional research on biodegradation of emerging organic pollutants involves slow and labor-intensive experimentation. Currently, fast-developing metagenome, metatranscriptome, and metabolome technologies promise to expedite mechanistic research on biodegradation of emerging organic pollutants. Integrating the metagenome, metatranscriptome, and metabolome (i.e., tri-omics) makes it possible to link gene abundance and expression with the biotransformation of the contaminant and the formation of metabolites from this biotransformation. In this study, we used this tri-omics approach to study the biotransformation pathways for cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) under aerobic conditions. The tri-omics analysis showed that CTAB undergoes three parallel first-step mono-/di-oxygenations (to the α, β, and ω-carbons); intermediate metabolites and expressed enzymes were identified for all three pathways, and the β-carbon mono-/di-oxygenation is a novel pathway; and the genes related to CTAB biodegradation were associated with Pseudomonas spp. Four metabolites - palmitic acid, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), myristic acid, and betaine - were the key identified biodegradation intermediates of CTAB, and they were associated with first-step mono-/di-oxygenations at the α/β-C. This tri-omics approach with CTAB demonstrates its power for identifying promising paths for future research on the biodegradation of complex organics by microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Zheng
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Yi-Hao Luo
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA; Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery of Jilin Province, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Yen-Jung Sean Lai
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA.
| | - Zehra Esra Ilhan
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA; INRAE, Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Aura Ontiveros-Valencia
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA; Division de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa de San José 2055, ZC, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA; Biodesign Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Xiangxing Long
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA; Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery of Jilin Province, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Bruce E Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
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Fang S, Li T, Zhang P, Liu C, Cong B, Liu S. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal the adaptation of Antarctic moss Pohlia nutans to drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:924162. [PMID: 36035699 PMCID: PMC9403716 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.924162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most regions of the Antarctic continent are experiencing increased dryness due to global climate change. Mosses and lichens are the dominant vegetation of the ice-free areas of Antarctica. However, the molecular mechanisms of these Antarctic plants adapting to drought stress are less documented. Here, transcriptome and metabolome analyses were employed to reveal the responses of an Antarctic moss (Pohlia nutans subsp. LIU) to drought stress. We found that drought stress made the gametophytes turn yellow and curled, and enhanced the contents of malondialdehyde and proline, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Totally, 2,451 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were uncovered under drought treatment. The representative DEGs are mainly involved in ROS-scavenging and detoxification, flavonoid metabolism pathway, plant hormone signaling pathway, lipids metabolism pathway, transcription factors and signal-related genes. Meanwhile, a total of 354 differentially changed metabolites (DCMs) were detected in the metabolome analysis. Flavonoids and lipids were the most abundant metabolites and they accounted for 41.53% of the significantly changed metabolites. In addition, integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed co-expression patterns of flavonoid and long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis genes and their metabolites. Finally, qPCR analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of stress-related genes were significantly increased. These genes included those involved in ABA signaling pathway (NCED3, PP2C, PYL, and SnAK2), jasmonate signaling pathway (AOC, AOS, JAZ, and OPR), flavonoid pathway (CHS, F3',5'H, F3H, FLS, FNS, and UFGT), antioxidant and detoxifying functions (POD, GSH-Px, Prx and DTX), and transcription factors (ERF and DREB). In summary, we speculated that P. nutans were highly dependent on ABA and jasmonate signaling pathways, ROS scavenging, flavonoids and fatty acid metabolism in response to drought stress. These findings present an important knowledge for assessing the impact of coastal climate change on Antarctic basal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Fang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Pengying Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Bailin Cong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, China
| | - Shenghao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, China
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Nagano M, Kakuta C, Fukao Y, Fujiwara M, Uchimiya H, Kawai-Yamada M. Arabidopsis Bax inhibitor-1 interacts with enzymes related to very-long-chain fatty acid synthesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:131-143. [PMID: 30604175 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-01081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is a widely conserved cell death regulator that confers resistance to environmental stress in plants. Previous studies suggest that Arabidopsis thaliana BI-1 (AtBI-1) modifies sphingolipids by interacting with cytochrome b5 (AtCb5), an electron-transfer protein. To reveal how AtBI-1 regulates sphingolipid synthesis, we screened yeast sphingolipid-deficient mutants and identified yeast ELO2 and ELO3 as novel enzymes that are essential for AtBI-1 function. ELO2 and ELO3 are condensing enzymes that synthesize very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), major fatty acids in plant sphingolipids. In Arabidopsis, we identified four ELO homologs (AtELO1-AtELO4), localized in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Of those AtELOs, AtELO1 and AtELO2 had a characteristic histidine motif and were bound to AtCb5-B. This result suggests that AtBI-1 interacts with AtELO1 and AtELO2 through AtCb5. AtELO2 and AtCb5-B also interact with KCR1, PAS2, and CER10, which are essential for the synthesis of VLCFAs. Therefore, AtELO2 may participate in VLCFA synthesis with AtCb5 in Arabidopsis. In addition, our co-immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that AtBI-1 forms a complex with AtELO2, KCR1, PAS2, CER10, and AtCb5-D. Furthermore, AtBI-1 contributes to the rapid synthesis of 2-hydroxylated VLCFAs in response to oxidative stress. These results indicate that AtBI-1 regulates VLCFA synthesis by interacting with VLCFA-synthesizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nagano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Chikako Kakuta
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujiwara
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
- YANMAR Co., Ltd, Chayamachi 1-32, Kita-ku, Osaka, 530-8311, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Uchimiya
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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Singh S, Das S, Geeta R. A segmental duplication in the common ancestor of Brassicaceae is responsible for the origin of the paralogs KCS6-KCS5, which are not shared with other angiosperms. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 126:331-345. [PMID: 29698723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel morphological structures allowed adaptation to dry conditions in early land plants. The cuticle, one such novelty, plays diverse roles in tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses and plant development. Cuticular waxes represent a major constituent of the cuticle and are comprised of an assortment of chemicals that include, among others, very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Members of the β-ketoacyl coenzyme A synthases (KCS) gene family code for enzymes that are essential for fatty acid biosynthesis. The gene KCS6 (CUT1) is known to be a key player in the production of VLCFA precursors essential for the synthesis of cuticular waxes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae). Despite its functional importance, relatively little is known about the evolutionary history of KCS6 or its paralog KCS5 in Brassicaceae or beyond. This lacuna becomes important when we extrapolate understanding of mechanisms gained from the model plant to its containing clades Brassicaceae, flowering plants, or beyond. The Brassicaceae, with several sequenced genomes and a known history of paleoploidy, mesopolyploidy and neopolyploidy, offer a system in which to study the evolution and diversification of the KCS6-KCS5 paralogy. Our phylogenetic analyses across green plants, combined with comparative genomic, microsynteny and evolutionary rates analyses across nine genomes of Brassicaceae, reveal that (1) the KCS6-KCS5 paralogy arose as the result of a large segmental duplication in the ancestral Brassicaceae, (2) the KCS6-KCS5 lineage is represented by a single copy in other flowering plant lineages, (3) the duplicated segments undergo different degrees of retention and loss, and (4) most of the genes in the KCS6 and KCS5 gene blocks (including KCS6 and KCS5 themselves) are under purifying selection. The last also true for most members of the KCS gene family in Brassicaceae, except for KCS8, KCS9 and KCS17, which are under positive selection and may be undergoing functional evolution, meriting further investigation. Overall, our results clearly establish that the ancestral KCS6/5 gene duplicated in the Brassicaceae lineage. It is possible that any specialized functions of KCS5 found in Brassicaceae are either part of a set of KCS6/5 gene functions in the rest of the flowering plants, or unique to Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Sandip Das
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - R Geeta
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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5
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Monte I, Ishida S, Zamarreño AM, Hamberg M, Franco-Zorrilla JM, García-Casado G, Gouhier-Darimont C, Reymond P, Takahashi K, García-Mina JM, Nishihama R, Kohchi T, Solano R. Ligand-receptor co-evolution shaped the jasmonate pathway in land plants. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:480-488. [PMID: 29632411 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormone jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) regulates defense, growth and developmental responses in vascular plants. Bryophytes have conserved sequences for all JA-Ile signaling pathway components but lack JA-Ile. We show that, in spite of 450 million years of independent evolution, the JA-Ile receptor COI1 is functionally conserved between the bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha and the eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana but COI1 responds to different ligands in each species. We identified the ligand of Marchantia MpCOI1 as two isomeric forms of the JA-Ile precursor dinor-OPDA (dinor-cis-OPDA and dinor-iso-OPDA). We demonstrate that AtCOI1 functionally complements Mpcoi1 mutation and confers JA-Ile responsiveness and that a single-residue substitution in MpCOI1 is responsible for the evolutionary switch in ligand specificity. Our results identify the ancestral bioactive jasmonate and clarify its biosynthetic pathway, demonstrate the functional conservation of its signaling pathway, and show that JA-Ile and COI1 emergence in vascular plants required co-evolution of hormone biosynthetic complexity and receptor specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Monte
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sakiko Ishida
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Angel M Zamarreño
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José M Franco-Zorrilla
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria García-Casado
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kosaku Takahashi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Division of Applied Bioscience, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Roberto Solano
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Evolution of the KCS gene family in plants: the history of gene duplication, sub/neofunctionalization and redundancy. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 291:739-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Coexpression of multiple genes reconstitutes two pathways of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Pichia pastoris. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1843-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Ma LQ, Guo YW, Gao DY, Ma DM, Wang YN, Li GF, Liu BY, Wang H, Ye HC. Identification of a Polygonum cuspidatum three-intron gene encoding a type III polyketide synthase producing both naringenin and p-hydroxybenzalacetone. PLANTA 2009; 229:1077-86. [PMID: 19225805 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzalacetone synthase (BAS) is a member of the plant-specific type III PKS superfamily that catalyzes a one-step decarboxylative condensation of 4-coumaroyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA to produce p-hydroxybenzalacetone. In our recent work (Ma et al. in Planta 229(3):457-469, 2008), a three-intron type III PKS gene (PcPKS2) was isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. Phylogenetic and functional analyses revealed this recombinant PcPKS2 to be a BAS. In this study, another three-intron type III PKS gene (PcPKS1) and its corresponding cDNA were isolated from P. cuspidatum. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that PcPKS1 is a chalcone sythase (CHS). However, functional and enzymatic analyses showed that recombinant PcPKS1 is a bifunctional enzyme with both, CHS and BAS activity. DNA gel blot analysis indicated that there are two to four CHS copies in the P. cuspidatum genome. RNA gel blot analysis revealed that PcPKS1 is highly expressed in the rhizomes and in young leaves, but not in the roots of the plant. PcPKS1 transcripts in leaves were inducible by pathogen infection and wounding. BAS is thought to play a crucial role in the construction of the C(6)-C(4) moiety found in a variety of phenylbutanoids, yet so far phenylbutanoids have not been isolated from P. cuspidatum. However, since PcPKS1 and PcPKS2 (Ma et al. in Planta 229(3):457-469, 2008) have been identified in P. cuspidatum, it is possible that such compounds are also produced in that plant, albeit in low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Qing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20#, Xiangshan, Haidian District, 100093 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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9
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Ma LQ, Pang XB, Shen HY, Pu GB, Wang HH, Lei CY, Wang H, Li GF, Liu BY, Ye HC. A novel type III polyketide synthase encoded by a three-intron gene from Polygonum cuspidatum. PLANTA 2009; 229:457-69. [PMID: 18998157 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A type III polyketide synthase cDNA and the corresponding gene (PcPKS2) were cloned from Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. Sequencing results showed that the ORF of PcPKS2 was interrupted by three introns, which was an unexpected finding because all type III PKS genes studied so far contained only one intron at a conserved site in flowering plants, except for an Antirrhinum majus chalcone synthase gene. Besides the unusual gene structure, PcPKS2 showed some interesting characteristics: (1) the CHS "gatekeepers" Phe215 and Phe265 are uniquely replaced by Leu and Cys, respectively; (2) recombinant PcPKS2 overexpressed in Escherichia coli efficiently afforded 4-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone (CTAL) as a major product along with bis-noryangonin (BNY) and p-hydroxybenzalacetone at low pH; however, it effectively yielded p-hydroxybenzalacetone as a dominant product along with CTAL and BNY at high pH. Beside p-hydroxybenzalacetone, CTAL and BNY, a trace amount of naringenin chalcone could be detected in assays at different pH. Furthermore, 4-coumaroyl-CoA and feruloyl-CoA were the only cinnamoyl-CoA derivatives accepted as starter substrates. PcPKS2 did not accept isobutyryl-CoA, isovaleryl-CoA or acetyl-CoA as substrate. DNA gel blot analysis indicated that there are two to four PcPKS2 copies in the P. cuspidatum genome. RNA gel blot analysis revealed that PcPKS2 is highly expressed in the rhizomes and in young leaves, but not in the roots of the plant. PcPKS2 transcripts in leaves were induced by pathogen infection, but not by wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Qing Ma
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian District, 100093, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Chiyoda S, Ishizaki K, Kataoka H, Yamato KT, Kohchi T. Direct transformation of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. by particle bombardment using immature thalli developing from spores. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:1467-73. [PMID: 18553085 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha L., belongs to a group of basal land plants and is an emerging model for plant biology. We established a procedure to prepare sporangia of M. polymorpha under laboratory conditions by promoting its transition to reproductive development by far-red light irradiation. Here we report an improved direct transformation system of M. polymorpha using immature thalli developing from spores. Hygromycin-resistant transformants were obtained on selective media by transformation with a plasmid carrying the hygromycin-phosphotransferase gene (hpt) conferring hygromycin resistance in 4 weeks. The aminoglycoside-3''-adenyltransferase gene (aadA) conferring spectinomycin resistance was also successfully used as an additional selectable marker for nuclear transformation of M. polymorpha. The availability of the aadA gene in addition to the hpt gene should make M. polymorpha a versatile host for genetic manipulation. DNA gel-blot analyses indicated that transformed thalli carried a variable number of copies of the transgene integrated into the genome. Although the previous system using thalli grown from gemmae required a two-step selection in liquid and solid media for 8 weeks, the system reported here using thalli developing from spores allows generation of transformants in half the time by direct selection on solid media, facilitating genetic analyses in this model plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Chiyoda
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of the Haploid Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L., an Emerging Model for Plant Biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 49:1084-91. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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