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Perioperative Administration of Cystine and Theanine Suppresses Inflammation and Facilitates Early Rehabilitation and Recovery after Esophagectomy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112319. [PMID: 35684118 PMCID: PMC9182838 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of cystine and theanine (CT) increases glutathione levels to modulate the inflammatory response, which has yet to be sufficiently explored for patients’ recovery and early rehabilitation. We planned a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine whether perioperative oral administration of CT promotes recovery after esophagectomy. Patients were randomized into either CT or placebo groups, who received preoperative and postoperative treatments for 4 and 13 days, respectively. The main outcome measures were triaxial accelerometer readings, inflammation indicators, a 6 min walk test (6MWT), and a quality of life questionnaire (QoR-40). The study involved 32 patients. Although the CT group (n = 16) showed better patient activity across the investigated period, there was no significant difference between the two groups. However, white blood cell count on postoperative days (POD) 2 and 10, neutrophil count (POD 2, 7, and 10), and C-reactive protein level (POD 13) in the CT group were significantly lower than in the placebo group. Furthermore, 6MWT on POD 7 and QoR-40 on POD 13 were significantly higher in the CT group than those in the placebo group. This study suggests that perioperative administration of CT may contribute to early recovery and rehabilitation after esophagectomy via suppression of inflammatory response.
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Tsuchiya T, Kurihara S. Cystine and Theanine as Stress-Reducing Amino Acids-Perioperative Use for Early Recovery after Surgical Stress. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010129. [PMID: 35011010 PMCID: PMC8746811 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative nutritional therapy requires the consideration of metabolic changes, and it is desirable to reduce stress aiming at early metabolic normalization. Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine. It is one of the strongest antioxidants in the body and important for adjusting immune function. Cystine and theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide) provide substrates of GSH, cysteine and glutamic acid, promoting the synthesis of GSH. It has been reported that the ingestion of cystine (700 mg) and theanine (280 mg) exhibits inhibitory effects against excess inflammation after strong exercise loads in athletes, based on which its application for invasive surgery has been tried. In patients undergoing gastrectomy, ingestion of cystine (700 mg) and theanine (280 mg) for 10 days from 5 days before surgery inhibited a postoperative increase in resting energy expenditure, promoted recovery from changes in interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, lymphocyte ratio, and granulocyte ratio and inhibited an increase in body temperature. In a mouse small intestine manipulation model, preoperative 5-day administration of cystine/theanine inhibited a postoperative decrease in GSH in the small intestine and promoted recovery from a decrease in behavior quantity. Based on the above, cystine/theanine reduces surgical stress, being useful for perioperative management as stress-reducing amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuchiya
- Department of Surgery, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai 983-0824, Japan;
| | - Shigekazu Kurihara
- Nutrition Care Group, Quick Nourishment Department, Food Products Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Tokyo 104-8315, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-80-2158-8086
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Juszkiewicz A, Glapa A, Basta P, Petriczko E, Żołnowski K, Machaliński B, Trzeciak J, Łuczkowska K, Skarpańska-Stejnborn A. The effect of L-theanine supplementation on the immune system of athletes exposed to strenuous physical exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:7. [PMID: 30770758 PMCID: PMC6377763 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to analyze the response of selected components of the immune system in rowers to maximal physical exercise, and to verify if this response could be modulated by supplementation with L-theanine. Method The double-blind study included 20 members of the Polish Rowing Team. The subjects were randomly assigned to the supplemented group (n = 10), receiving 150 mg of L-theanine extract for 6 weeks, or to the placebo group (n = 10). The participants performed a 2000-m test on a rowing ergometer at the beginning (1st examination) and at the end of the supplementation period (2nd examination). Blood samples were obtained from the antecubital vein before each exercise test, 1 min after completing the test, and after a 24-h recovery. Subpopulations of T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs) (CD4+/CD25+/CD127-), cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) (CD8+/TCRαβ+), natural killer (NK) cells (CD3-/CD16+/CD56+) and TCRδγ-positive (Tδγ) cells were determined by means of flow cytometry. The levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interferon gamma (INF-ɤ) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined with commercially available diagnostic kits. Results Supplementation with L-theanine contributed to a significant post-exercise decrease in IL-10 concentration, which was reflected by higher values of IL-2 to IL-10 and IFN-γ to IL-10 ratios. Moreover, a significant post-recovery decrease in CTL count, Treg to NK and Treg to CTL ratios was observed in the supplemented group. Conclusion Despite the decrease in the number of some cytotoxic cells (CTLs) and an increase in the proportion of Tregs to CTLs, supplementation with LTE seems to exert a beneficial effect on a disrupted Th1/Th2 balance in elite athletes, as shown by the decrease in IL-10 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Juszkiewicz
- Department of Morphological and Health Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wielkopolski, 13 Estkowskiego Str, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - A Glapa
- Department of Morphological and Health Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wielkopolski, 13 Estkowskiego Str, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - P Basta
- Department of Water Sports, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wielkopolski, 13 Estkowskiego Str, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - E Petriczko
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Disorders and Cardiology of Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej Str, 71-252, Szczecin, Poland
| | - K Żołnowski
- Department of Morphological and Health Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wielkopolski, 13 Estkowskiego Str, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - B Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 72 Powstanców Wielkopolskich Alley, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - J Trzeciak
- Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wielkopolski, 13 Estkowskiego Str, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - K Łuczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 72 Powstanców Wielkopolskich Alley, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Skarpańska-Stejnborn
- Department of Morphological and Health Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wielkopolski, 13 Estkowskiego Str, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland.
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Post-Game High Protein Intake May Improve Recovery of Football-Specific Performance during a Congested Game Fixture: Results from the PRO-FOOTBALL Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040494. [PMID: 29659539 PMCID: PMC5946279 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of protein supplementation on performance recovery and inflammatory responses during a simulated one-week in-season microcycle with two games (G1, G2) performed three days apart were examined. Twenty football players participated in two trials, receiving either milk protein concentrate (1.15 and 0.26 g/kg on game and training days, respectively) (PRO) or an energy-matched placebo (1.37 and 0.31 g/kg of carbohydrate on game and training days, respectively) (PLA) according to a randomized, repeated-measures, crossover, double-blind design. Each trial included two games and four daily practices. Speed, jump height, isokinetic peak torque, and muscle soreness of knee flexors (KF) and extensors (KE) were measured before G1 and daily thereafter for six days. Blood was drawn before G1 and daily thereafter. Football-specific locomotor activity and heart rate were monitored using GPS technology during games and practices. The two games resulted in reduced speed (by 3–17%), strength of knee flexors (by 12–23%), and jumping performance (by 3–10%) throughout recovery, in both trials. Average heart rate and total distance covered during games remained unchanged in PRO but not in PLA. Moreover, PRO resulted in a change of smaller magnitude in high-intensity running at the end of G2 (75–90 min vs. 0–15 min) compared to PLA (P = 0.012). KE concentric strength demonstrated a more prolonged decline in PLA (days 1 and 2 after G1, P = 0.014–0.018; days 1, 2 and 3 after G2, P = 0.016–0.037) compared to PRO (days 1 after G1, P = 0.013; days 1 and 2 after G2, P = 0.014–0.033) following both games. KF eccentric strength decreased throughout recovery after G1 (PLA: P=0.001–0.047—PRO: P =0.004–0.22) in both trials, whereas after G2 it declined throughout recovery in PLA (P = 0.000–0.013) but only during the first two days (P = 0.000–0.014) in PRO. No treatment effect was observed for delayed onset of muscle soreness, leukocyte counts, and creatine kinase activity. PRO resulted in a faster recovery of protein and lipid peroxidation markers after both games. Reduced glutathione demonstrated a more short-lived reduction after G2 in PRO compared to PLA. In summary, these results provide evidence that protein feeding may more efficiently restore football-specific performance and strength and provide antioxidant protection during a congested game fixture.
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Zeng WJ, Tan Z, Lai XF, Xu YN, Mai CL, Zhang J, Lin ZJ, Liu XG, Sun SL, Zhou LJ. Topical delivery of l-theanine ameliorates TPA-induced acute skin inflammation via downregulating endothelial PECAM-1 and neutrophil infiltration and activation. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 284:69-79. [PMID: 29458014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
l-theanine, the most abundant free amino acid in tea, has been documented to possess many different bioactive properties through oral or intragastrical delivery. However, little is known about the effect of topical delivery of l-theanine on acute inflammation. In the present study, by using 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, 2.5 μg/ear)-induced ear edema model in mice, we first found that single-dose local pretreatment of l-theanine 30 min before TPA time- and dose-dependently suppressed the increases in both skin thickness and weight. Subsequently l-theanine ameliorated TPA-induced erythema, vascular permeability increase, epidermal and dermal hyperplasia, neutrophil infiltration and activation via downregulating the expression of PECAM-1 (a platelet endothelial adhesion molecule-1) in blood vessels and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and mediator cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is mainly expressed in neutrophils. It highlighted the potential of l-theanine as a locally administrable therapeutic agent for acute cutaneous inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhi Tan
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xing-Fei Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dafeng Road 6th, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ya-Nan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chun-Lin Mai
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhen-Jia Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xian-Guo Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shi-Li Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dafeng Road 6th, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Li-Jun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Abstract
Many countries are facing aging populations, with those over 65 years of age likely to represent the largest population over the next 10-20 years. Living longer often comes with poor health and, in particular, a decline in the immune function characterized by poor vaccine responses and increased risk of infection and certain cancers. Aging and diet represent major intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the makeup and activity of resident intestinal microbes, the microbiota, the efficient functioning of which is essential for sustaining overall health and the effectiveness of the immune system. The provision of elderly specific dietary recommendations appears to be lacking but is necessary since this population has an altered microbiota and immune response and may not respond in the same way as their healthy and younger counterparts. We have reviewed the evidence supporting the role of diet and, in particular, dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat in influencing the microbiota and its generation of key metabolites that influence the efficient functioning of immune cells during aging, and how dietary intervention might be of benefit in improving the intestinal health and immune status in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Clements
- a Gut Health & Food Safety Research Programme , Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , Norfolk , NR4 7UA
| | - Simon R Carding
- a Gut Health & Food Safety Research Programme , Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , Norfolk , NR4 7UA.,b Norwich Medical School , University of East Anglia , Norwich , Norfolk , UK
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l-Theanine as a Functional Food Additive: Its Role in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. BEVERAGES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages2020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cystine improves survival rates in a LPS-induced sepsis mouse model. Clin Nutr 2015; 34:1159-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kurihara S, Shibakusa T, Tanaka KA. Cystine and theanine: amino acids as oral immunomodulative nutrients. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:635. [PMID: 24312747 PMCID: PMC3851524 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The decreases in the glutathione (GSH) level in the mouse spleen and liver after immune stimulation are suppressed by the oral administration of cystine and theanine (CT). GSH is considered to be important for the control of immune responses. Antibody production in mice after infection is enhanced by the oral administration of CT. In humans, also, the oral administration of CT has been confirmed to enhance antibody production after vaccination against Flu and also reduce the incidence of cold. However, the GSH level is reduced by intense exercise and surgery. In clinical studies of body-builders and long-distance runners, the intake of CT suppressed excessive inflammatory reactions and a decline in immune functions after intense training. Surgery as well as intense exercise induces excessive inflammatory reactions. In mice, the preoperative administration of CT suppressed excessive inflammatory reactions associated with surgery and promoted the postoperative recovery. Moreover, in clinical studies of gastrectomized patients, CT intake suppressed excessive postoperative inflammatory reactions and induced early recovery. If infection is regarded as invasive stress, CT intake is considered to exhibit an immunomodulatory effect by suppressing the decrease in GSH due to invasive stress. The clarification of their detailed action mechanisms and their application as medical or function foods is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Kurihara
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co, Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-8681 Japan
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Physiological effects of L-theanine on Drosophila melanogaster. Molecules 2013; 18:13175-87. [PMID: 24284483 PMCID: PMC6270322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea has been consumed as the most popular drink in East Asia for centuries, and is believed to have a wide range of health benefits. l-Theanine, the major component of the free amino acids in green tea, has been reported to display neuronal protection and tumor inhibition in vitro, but its physiological effects on animal development and behavior remain elusive. In this report, we used Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, as a model organism to investigate the physiological effects of l-theanine. Flies were fed with three different concentrations of theanine as a dietary supplement after eclosion, and were examined for a variety of physiological parameters at different time points. We found theanine treatment results in significantly increased locomotion and courtship ability, and decreased resistance against wet and dry starvation in males, but not in females. Furthermore, theanine application diminished UV tolerance in females, but not in males. However, we did not perceive distinguishable effect of theanine on animal development, life span, weight, and tolerance of heat and anoxia. This work represents the first comprehensive physiological investigation of l-theanine at the whole animal level, and shall shed light on the mechanistic study of theanine in the future.
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Miyachi T, Tsuchiya T, Oyama A, Tsuchiya T, Abe N, Sato A, Chiba Y, Kurihara S, Shibakusa T, Mikami T. Perioperative Oral Administration of Cystine and Theanine Enhances Recovery After Distal Gastrectomy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012; 37:384-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607112458798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Miyachi
- Department of Surgery, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuchiya
- Department of Surgery, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Oyama
- Department of Surgery, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Naomi Abe
- Department of Nutritional Management, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsuko Sato
- Department of Nutritional Management, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Chiba
- Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co, Inc, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Kurihara
- Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co, Inc, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shibakusa
- Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co, Inc, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Mikami
- Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co, Inc, Kanagawa, Japan
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Gunzer W, Konrad M, Pail E. Exercise-induced immunodepression in endurance athletes and nutritional intervention with carbohydrate, protein and fat-what is possible, what is not? Nutrients 2012; 4:1187-1212. [PMID: 23112908 PMCID: PMC3475230 DOI: 10.3390/nu4091187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavily exercising endurance athletes experience extreme physiologic stress, which is associated with temporary immunodepression and higher risk of infection, particularly upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). The aim of this review is to provide a critical up-to-date review of existing evidence on the immunomodulatory potential of selected macronutrients and to evaluate their efficacy. The results of 66 placebo-controlled and/or crossover trials were compared and analysed. Among macronutrients, the most effective approach to maintain immune function in athletes is to consume ≥6% carbohydrate during prolonged exercise. Because inadequate nutrition affects almost all aspects of the immune system, a well-balanced diet is also important. Evidence of beneficial effects from other macronutrients is scarce and results are often inconsistent. Using a single nutrient may not be as effective as a mixture of several nutritional supplements. Due to limited research evidence, with the exception of carbohydrate, no explicit recommendations to reduce post-exercise URTI symptoms with single macronutrients can be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Konrad
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +43-316-5453-6762; Fax: +43-316-5453-6741
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Cawood AL, Elia M, Stratton RJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of high protein oral nutritional supplements. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:278-96. [PMID: 22212388 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disease-related malnutrition is common, detrimentally affecting the patient and healthcare economy. Although use of high protein oral nutritional supplements (ONS) has been recommended to counteract the catabolic effects of disease and to facilitate recovery from illness, there is a lack of systematically obtained evidence to support these recommendations. This systematic review involving 36 randomised controlled trials (RCT) (n=3790) (mean age 74 years; 83% of trials in patients >65 years) and a series of meta-analyses of high protein ONS (>20% energy from protein) demonstrated a range of effects across settings and patient groups in favour of the high protein ONS group. These included reduced complications (odds ratio (OR) 0.68 (95%CI 0.55-0.83), p<0.001, 10 RCT, n=1830); reduced readmissions to hospital (OR 0.59 (95%CI 0.41-0.84), p=0.004, 2 RCT, n=546); improved grip strength (1.76 kg (95%CI 0.36-3.17), p<0.014, 4 RCT, n=219); increased intake of protein (p<0.001) and energy (p<0.001) with little reduction in normal food intake and improvements in weight (p<0.001). There was inadequate information to compare standard ONS (<20% energy from protein) with high protein ONS (>20% energy from protein). The systematic review and meta-analysis provides evidence that high protein supplements produce clinical benefits, with economic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Cawood
- Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, UK.
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Shibakusa T, Mikami T, Kurihara S, Chiba Y, Tsuchiya T, Miyachi T, Oyama A, Tanaka KAK, Koyama N. Enhancement of postoperative recovery by preoperative oral co-administration of the amino acids, cystine and theanine, in a mouse surgical model. Clin Nutr 2012; 31:555-61. [PMID: 22348870 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Glutathione (GSH) is important in the control of immune responses, and its levels decline following trauma. We previously reported that the oral administration of cystine/theanine (CT) increased GSH synthesis and that CT intake inhibited intense exercise-induced inflammation. Based on these results, we hypothesised that CT inhibits surgically induced inflammation and promotes postoperative recovery. Our aim was to confirm this hypothesis using a mouse surgical model. METHODS CT or a vehicle (V) was administered orally to mice once a day for 5 days, until the day of surgery. On the day of surgery, a sham operation or an intestinal manipulation was performed 2 h after the oral administration of CT or V. Levels of IL-6 in the blood and GSH in the intestine were analysed 2 h after surgery. Behavioural analysis was also undertaken after surgery. RESULTS Treatment with CT inhibited the manipulation-induced increase in IL-6 in the blood and decrease in GSH in the intestine. There was a significant negative correlation between IL-6 in the blood and GSH in the intestine. In addition, behavioural analysis revealed that CT administration improved locomotor activity and food intake after surgery. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CT suppresses inflammatory responses by inhibiting the surgically induced decrease in GSH in the small intestine and promotes postoperative recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Shibakusa
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co, Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
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Nakamura YK, Dubick MA, Omaye ST. γ-Glutamylcysteine inhibits oxidative stress in human endothelial cells. Life Sci 2012; 90:116-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Murakami S, Kurihara S, Titchenal CA, Ohtani M. Suppression of exercise-induced neutrophilia and lymphopenia in athletes by cystine/theanine intake: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7:23. [PMID: 20525371 PMCID: PMC2892463 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intense exercise induces increased blood neutrophil counts and decreased lymphocyte counts, and leads to inflammation and immunosuppression. It was previously reported that cystine and theanine (CT) supplementation by long-distance runners before a training camp suppressed the changes of these blood parameters observed in un-supplemented control subjects after the camp. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of CT supplementation on the inflammatory response and immune state before and after intense endurance exercise in long-distance runners at a training camp. METHODS Sixteen long-distance runners were allocated to one of two groups given CT supplements (700 mg cystine + 280 mg theanine daily) or placebo (8 in each group) for 7 days prior to and during a 9-day training camp. Daily run training averaged 19.9 km/day prior to the camp and 28.6 km/day during the camp. On the initial and final days of the camp, blood samples were collected before and after 15 km morning interval running workouts (1000 m x 15 times) and analyzed for neutrophil and lymphocyte counts and myoglobin. RESULTS The relative change in exercise-induced blood neutrophil count (% of pre-exercise values) was significantly lower in the CT group than in the placebo group (163.3 +/- 43.2% vs. 200.4 +/- 19.6%, p = 0.044) on the initial day of camp, but not on the last day. The decline in lymphocyte count (% of pre-exercise values) was significantly less in the CT group than in the placebo group (60.2 +/- 19.2% vs. 36.2 +/- 12.0%, p = 0.010) on the initial day of camp, but not on the last day. In blood myoglobin, there was a trend toward lower % of pre-exercise values in the CT group (p < 0.09) on both measurement days. CONCLUSION CT supplementation significantly attenuated the increase in neutrophil count and the reduction in lymphocyte count induced by intense endurance exercise. These results suggest that CT supplementation may suppress the exercise-induced fluctuation of the blood immunocompetent cells and may help to reduce the alteration of the immune state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Murakami
- Department of Sports Science, School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Kurihara
- Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Ohtani
- Department of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
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Kurihara S, Hiraoka T, Akutsu M, Sukegawa E, Bannai M, Shibahara S. Effects of (L)-cystine and (L)-theanine supplementation on the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2010; 2010:307475. [PMID: 22331996 PMCID: PMC3275984 DOI: 10.4061/2010/307475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The common cold is one of the most frequent illnesses caused by viral infection. Recently, we have reported that oral administration of cystine and theanine (CT) to mice enhanced the humoral immune response associated with antibody production. Based on this mouse study, we investigated the effects of CT supplementation on the common cold in humans as a pilot study. A total of 176 healthy male volunteers were randomized to receive either placebo or CT (490 mg) tablets twice daily for 35 days. The incidence outcome was assessed using the definition in our laboratory based on questionnaires regarding cold symptoms. The incidence of subjects with colds during the trial was significantly lower in the CT group than in the placebo group, although the duration of the colds was not significantly different between the groups. These results suggest that CT supplementation may be useful for the prevention of the common cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Kurihara
- Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Takenori Hiraoka
- Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Masahisa Akutsu
- Wellness Promotion Center, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Eiji Sukegawa
- Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Makoto Bannai
- Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Susumu Shibahara
- Research Institute for Health Fundamentals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
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