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Nugent L, Ofori-Frimpong B, Martin PE, Green CR, Wright CS. Cx31.1 expression is modulated in HaCaT cells exposed to UV-induced damage and scrape-wounding. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:911-920. [PMID: 32592185 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Connexin31.1 (Cx31.1) is a gap junction protein associated with apoptosis. In the skin, apoptosis is modulated by diabetes. A HaCaT skin model investigated whether normal (NGI) and high glucose and insulin (HGI; diabetic) conditions altered Cx31.1 expression, and if these were apoptosis linked. Cx31.1 was found in HaCaT and HeLa Ohio cells, with HaCaT Cx31.1 protein increased in HGI conditions, and around apoptotic cells. HeLa Cx31.1 channels were noncommunicative. Post scrape-wounding, Cx31.1 increased at wound edges. Caspase 3/7 in scrape-wounds media (containing cells) elevated in HGI. UV exposure raised Cx31.1, and caspase 3/7, in NGI and HGI. UV reduced cell viability in NGI cells, although not significantly in HGI. Cx31.1 is modulated during HaCaT cell wound closure, and associated with 'diabetic' conditions. Cx31.1 expression matched apoptosis levels, higher in HGI cultures. Cx31.1 is noncommunicating, modulated after wounding, linked to apoptosis, and may be associated with tissue turn-over around diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Nugent
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Boatemaa Ofori-Frimpong
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Patricia E Martin
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Opthamology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Catherine S Wright
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
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2
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Rolon S, Huynh C, Guenther M, Gardezi M, Phillips J, Gehrand AL, Raff H. The effects of flutamide on the neonatal rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and gonadal axes in response to hypoxia. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14318. [PMID: 31876126 PMCID: PMC6930936 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is common with preterm birth and may lead to long-term effects on the adult hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that are sexually dimorphic due to neonatal androgens. Although the adult rat adrenal does not express appreciable CYP17 activity, the neonatal rat adrenal may synthesize androgens that could be a critical local factor in the development of adrenal function. We evaluated these phenomena by pretreating the neonatal rats on postnatal days (PD) 1, 6, 13, 20 with flutamide (a nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist) at a standard or a high dose (10 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg) compared to vehicle control. One day later, neonatal rats were exposed to acute hypoxia and blood was sampled. We found that (a) in PD2 pups, flutamide augmented corticosterone responses in a sexually dimorphic pattern and without an increase in ACTH, (b) PD7 and PD14 pups had the smallest corticosterone response to hypoxia (c) PD21 pups had an adult-like corticosterone response to hypoxia that was sexually dimorphic, (d) flutamide attenuated ACTH responses in PD7 hypoxic pups, and (e) high-dose flutamide suppressed the HPA axis, FSH, and estradiol. Flutamide demonstrated mixed antagonist and agonist effects that changed during the first three weeks of neonatal life. We conclude that the use of flutamide in neonatal rats to evaluate androgen-induced programming of subsequent adult behavior is not optimal. However, our studies suggest neonatal androgens play a role in regulation of adrenal function that is sexually dimorphic and changes during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Rolon
- Endocrine Research LaboratoryAurora St. Luke’s Medical CenterAurora Research InstituteMilwaukeeWisconsin
- Department of MedicineMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsin
| | - Christine Huynh
- Endocrine Research LaboratoryAurora St. Luke’s Medical CenterAurora Research InstituteMilwaukeeWisconsin
| | - Maya Guenther
- Endocrine Research LaboratoryAurora St. Luke’s Medical CenterAurora Research InstituteMilwaukeeWisconsin
| | - Minhal Gardezi
- Endocrine Research LaboratoryAurora St. Luke’s Medical CenterAurora Research InstituteMilwaukeeWisconsin
| | - Jonathan Phillips
- Endocrine Research LaboratoryAurora St. Luke’s Medical CenterAurora Research InstituteMilwaukeeWisconsin
| | - Ashley L. Gehrand
- Endocrine Research LaboratoryAurora St. Luke’s Medical CenterAurora Research InstituteMilwaukeeWisconsin
| | - Hershel Raff
- Endocrine Research LaboratoryAurora St. Luke’s Medical CenterAurora Research InstituteMilwaukeeWisconsin
- Department of MedicineMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsin
- Department of SurgeryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsin
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsin
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3
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Gurel C, Kuscu GC, Buhur A, Dagdeviren M, Oltulu F, Karabay Yavasoglu NU, Yavasoglu A. Fluvastatin attenuates doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity in rats by reducing oxidative stress and regulating the blood–testis barrier via mTOR signaling pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:1329-1343. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327119862006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline derivative antibiotic that still frequently used in the treatment of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The clinical use of DOX is largely restricted due to acute and chronic renal, cardiac, hematological, and testicular toxicities. Previous studies have indicated that oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis in germ cells are the main factors in DOX-induced testicular toxicity, but the entire molecular mechanisms that responsible for DOX-induced testicular damage are not yet fully understood. Fluvastatin is a cholesterol-lowering agent that acts by inhibiting hydroxylmethyl glutaryl coenzyme A, the key enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis. In addition to its cholesterol-lowering effect, fluvastatin showed an antioxidant effect by cleaning hydroxyl and superoxide radicals and this drug could have a protective effect by acting on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal pathway in testicular damage caused by obesity. This study aimed to investigate the possible protective and therapeutic effects of fluvastatin on the DOX-induced testicular toxicity model by histochemical, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. The present study indicates that fluvastatin may have a protective and therapeutic effect by removing reactive oxygen species and by regulating the mTOR, connexin 43, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 protein and messenger ribonucleic acid expressions, which play an important role in regulating the blood–testis barrier. On the other hand, the use of fluvastatin as a protective/prophylactic agent was found to be more effective than the use of this drug for treatment. In light of this information, fluvastatin may be a candidate agent that can be used to prevent testicular toxicity observed in men receiving DOX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevik Gurel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gokce Ceren Kuscu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aylin Buhur
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Melih Dagdeviren
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatih Oltulu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Altug Yavasoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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4
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Hejmej A, Bilinska B. The effects of flutamide on cell-cell junctions in the testis, epididymis, and prostate. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 81:1-16. [PMID: 29958919 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize recent findings on the effect of the anti-androgen flutamide on cell-cell junctions in the male reproductive system. We outline developmental aspects of flutamide action on the testis, epididymis, and prostate, and describe changes in junction protein expression and organization of junctional complexes in the adult boar following prenatal and postnatal exposure. We also discuss findings on the mechanisms by which flutamide induces alterations in cell-cell junctions in reproductive tissues of adult males, with special emphasis on cytoplasmic effects. Based on the results from in vivo and in vitro studies in the rat, we propose that flutamide affects the expression of junction proteins and junction complex structure not only by inhibiting androgen receptor activity, but equally important by modulating protein kinase-dependent signaling in testicular cells. Additionally, results from studies on prostate cancer cell lines point to a role for the cellular molecular outfit in response to flutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hejmej
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Bilinska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Lee KH. Aberrant Expression of Cx Isoforms in the Adult Caput Epididymis exposed to Estradiol Benzoate or Flutamide at the Weaning. Dev Reprod 2017; 21:379-389. [PMID: 29354784 PMCID: PMC5769132 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2017.21.4.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Connexin (Cx) involves in the regulation of various physiological functions of tissue by forming a channel, a gap junction which allows direct cell-cell communication, between adjacent cells. The effect of a single subcutaneous treatment of estradiol benzoate (EB) or flutamide (Flu) at the weaning age on the expression of Cx isoforms in the adult caput epididymis was evaluated in this research. Using quantitative real-time PCR analysis, a low-dose of EB [0.015 μg/kg body weight (BW)] caused significant decreases of Cx30.3, Cx32, Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45 mRNA levels and no change of Cx26, Cx31, Cx31.1, Cx37 transcript levels. The treatment of a high-dose EB (1.5 μg/kg BW) resulted in reduced expression of Cx30.3, Cx31, Cx43, and Cx45 but increased expression of Cx37 and Cx40. Expression of all Cx isoforms examined, except Cx31, was significantly increased by the treatment of a low-dose Flu (500 μg/kg BW). However, the treatment of a high-dose Flu (5 mg/kg BW) led significant expressional suppression of Cx30.3, Cx31, Cx31.1, Cx32, Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45 but an increase of Cx37 transcript level. With the comparison of previous findings, the expression of Cx isoforms in the adult epididymis after the exposure to EB or Flu is likely differentially regulated in regional-specific and/or exposed postnatal age-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Ho Lee
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea
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6
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Lee KH. Expressional Changes of Connexin Isoform Genes in the Rat Caput Epididymis Exposed to Flutamide or Estradiol Benzoate at the Early Postnatal Age. Dev Reprod 2017; 21:317-325. [PMID: 29082347 PMCID: PMC5651698 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2017.21.3.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Direct communication between neighboring cells through connexin
(Cx)-based gap junction is a crucial biolo–gical manner to
regulate functions of a tissue consisting of multi-cell types. The present
research evaluated expressional changes of Cx isoforms in the
caput epididymis of adult rat exposed to estradiol benzoate (EB) or flutamide
(Flu) at the early postnatal age. A single subcutaneous administration of EB at
a low-dose [0.015 µg /kg body weight (BW)] or a high-dose (1.5 µg/kg BW) or Flu
at a low-dose (500 µg/kg BW) or a high-dose (5 mg/kg BW) was performed to an
animal at 1 week of age. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was employed to
determine expressional changes of Cx isoforms. The transcript
levels of Cxs30.3 and 37 were decreased by a low-dose EB
treatment, while decreases of Cxs31, 31.1, 32, 40, and 45
transcript levels were observed with a low-dose EB treatment. The treatment of a
high-dose EB resulted in expressional reduction of Cxs30.3, 31,
31.1, 37, 40, 43, and 45. The Flu treatment at a low dose caused increases of
Cxs26, 37, and 40 transcript levels but decreases of
Cxs31.1, 43, and 45 transcript levels. Increases of
Cxs30.3, 31, 37, and 40 mRNA amounts were induced by a
high-dose Flu treatment. However, exposure to a high-dose Flu produced
expressional decreases of Cxs31.1, 32, and 43 in the adult
caput epididymis. These observations suggest that exposure to EB or Flu at the
neonatal period could lead to aberrant expression of Cx
isoforms in the adult caput epididymis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 301-746, Korea
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Lee KH. Effects of Exposure to Estradiol Benzoate or Flutamide at the Weaning Age on Expression of Connexins in the Caudal Epididymis of Adult Rat. Dev Reprod 2016; 20:349-357. [PMID: 28144639 PMCID: PMC5270609 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2016.20.4.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present research was chiefly designed to determine the effect of the treatment of estrogenic
agonist, estradiol benzoate (EB), or antiandrogenic compound, flutamide (Flu), at the weaning age on
the expression of connexin (Cx) isoforms in the caudal epididymis of adult male
rat. Animals were subcutaneously administrated with a single shot of either EB at a low-dose (0.015
µg of EB/kg body weight (BW)) or a high-dose (1.5 µg of EB/kg BW) or Flu at a low-dose (500 µg of
EB/kg BW) or a high-dose (5 mg of EB/kg BW). Expressional changes of Cx isoforms in
the adult caudal epididymis were examined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The treatment of a
low-dose EB caused significant increases of Cx30.3, Cx31,
Cx32, and Cx43 transcript levels but reduction of
Cx31.1, Cx37, and Cx45 expression. Exposure
to a high-dose EB resulted in very close responses observed in a low-dose EB treatment, except no
significant expressional change of Cx37 and a significant induction of
Cx40. Expression of all Cx isoforms, except
Cx45, was significantly increased by a low-dose Flu treatment. Expressional
increases of all Cx isoforms were detected by a high-dose Flu treatment. The
current study demonstrates that a single exposure to estrogenic or antiandrogenic compound during
the early postnatal developmental period is sufficient to disrupt normal expression of
Cx isoforms in the adult caudal epididymis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 301-746, Korea
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