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Zarei B, Elyasi S. Saffron nephroprotective effects against medications and toxins: A review of preclinical data. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:419-434. [PMID: 35656071 PMCID: PMC9150802 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.61344.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Toxin and drug-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN) account for about 25% of all acute kidney injury cases and are associated with morbidity and increased utilization of healthcare services. No approved preventive compound is available for DIN. Saffron (Crocus sativus) has important biological properties like antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The protective effects of saffron and its main constituents in different tissues including the brain, heart, liver, kidney, and lung have been confirmed against some toxic materials or drugs in animal studies. This review covers all aspects of saffron’s preventive and therapeutic effects against toxins and DIN including proposed mechanism of action, dosing schedule, and effects on renal biomarkers and histological changes. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched by these search terms: “saffron” OR “Crocus sativus” OR “crocetin” OR “crocin “OR “safranal” AND “Drug induced nephrotoxicity” OR “Renal Injury” OR “Kidney Injury” OR “Nephrotoxicity”. All 25 relevant in vitro and in vivo studies up to the date of publication were included. Promising protective effects were reported particularly on aminoglycosides, cisplatin, and ethanol. Saffron and its constituents significantly prevented biochemical and histopathological changes, mediating via antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite success in animal models, no human study is available in this field and further well-designed clinical trials are necessary for better judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batool Zarei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sepideh Elyasi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Sepideh Elyasi. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-51-31801588; Fax: +98-51-38823251;
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Aljaeid BM, El-Moselhy MA. Loading of Gentamicin and Alpha Lipoic Acid on a Biodegradable Polymer for More Effective and Less Nephrotoxic Formula. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2018.796.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Apaydin Yildirim B, Kordali S, Terim Kapakin KA, Yildirim F, Aktas Senocak E, Altun S. Effect of Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum ethanol extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 18:501-511. [PMID: 28585426 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible therapeutic or protective effects of Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum ethanol extract (HPE) against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Thirty-six Sprague Dawley male rats weighing between 200 and 250 g were used as live material. They were formed into six groups containing 6 rats each and were allowed to adapt to laboratory conditions for 7 d. Group I: control, 5% DMSO intraperitoneal (i.p.); Group II: HPE 100 mg/(kg·d) i.p.; Group III: HPE 200 mg/(kg·d) i.p.; Group IV: gentamicin as 80 mg/(kg·d) i.p.; Group V: gentamicin as 80 mg/(kg·d) i.p.+HPE 100 mg/(kg·d) i.p.; and Group VI: gentamicin as 80 mg/(kg·d) i.p.+HPE 200 mg/(kg·d) i.p. for 8 d. Following treatment, serum, liver, and kidney tissues were used to assess blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and lipid peroxidation. Gentamicin significantly increased serum BUN, creatinin, and liver and kidney levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). It also decreased the activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Treatment with the HPE 100 mg/kg reversed gentamicin-induced alterations as evidenced by decreased serum BUN and creatinin, liver and kidney oxidant marker, and tubular necrosis as well as by an increase in antioxidant enzymes. It was found that HPE 200 mg/kg significantly increased liver and kidney tissue MDA levels in nephrotoxicity in rats. As a result, these findings support the proposition that HPE in 100 mg/kg dose demonstrates in the kidney and liver as free radicals and scavenger to prevent the toxic effects of gentamicin in both the biochemical and histopathology parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Apaydin Yildirim
- Department of Biochemistry, Veterinary Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Saban Kordali
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Fatih Yildirim
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Esra Aktas Senocak
- Department of Biochemistry, Veterinary Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serdar Altun
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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4
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Gupta RC, Chang D, Nammi S, Bensoussan A, Bilinski K, Roufogalis BD. Interactions between antidiabetic drugs and herbs: an overview of mechanisms of action and clinical implications. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2017; 9:59. [PMID: 28770011 PMCID: PMC5527439 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-017-0254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a complex condition with a variety of causes and pathophysiologies. The current single target approach has not provided ideal clinical outcomes for the treatment of the disease and its complications. Herbal medicine has been used for the management of various diseases such as diabetes over centuries. Many diabetic patients are known to use herbal medicines with antidiabetic properties in addition to their mainstream treatments, which may present both a benefit as well as potential risk to effective management of their disease. In this review we evaluate the clinical and experimental literature on herb-drug interactions in the treatment of diabetes. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between drugs and herbs are discussed, and some commonly used herbs which can interact with antidiabetic drugs summarised. Herb-drug interactions can be a double-edged sword presenting both risks (adverse drug events) and benefits (through enhancement). There is a general lack of data on herb-drug interactions. As such, more rigorous scientific research is urgently needed to guide clinical practice as well as to safeguard the wellbeing of diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh C. Gupta
- NICM, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 1797 Australia
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Nagaland University, Medziphema, 797 106 India
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 1797 Australia
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 1797 Australia
| | - Srinivas Nammi
- NICM, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 1797 Australia
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 1797 Australia
| | - Alan Bensoussan
- NICM, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 1797 Australia
| | - Kellie Bilinski
- NICM, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 1797 Australia
| | - Basil D. Roufogalis
- NICM, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 1797 Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
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Rodríguez Salgueiro S, González Núñez L. Morphological methods to evaluate protective agents against aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity. J Renal Inj Prev 2015; 4:1-3. [PMID: 25848637 PMCID: PMC4381029 DOI: 10.12861/jrip.2015.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Rafieian Kopaei M, Baradaran A. Protective effects of metformin on renal tubular cells. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 16:e11662. [PMID: 25593707 PMCID: PMC4270682 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.11662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Rafieian Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, IR Iran
| | - Azar Baradaran
- Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Azar Baradaran, Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-3813346692, E-mail:
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Nasri H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Kidney tubular cell protection; recent findings. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2014; 24:781-3. [PMID: 26019788 PMCID: PMC4442844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Nasri
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Nephro pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran,Corresponding Author; Address: Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Sharekord, Iran, E-mail:
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Talebi A, Karimi A, Ouguerram K, Vahidi-Ataabadi N, Eshraghi-Jazi F, Mansouri A, Nematbakhsh M. Lack of nephroprotective efficacy of althaea officinalis flower extract against gentamicin renal toxicity in male rats. Int J Prev Med 2014; 5:1360-3. [PMID: 25538830 PMCID: PMC4274541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gentamicin (GM) is used as antibiotic for Gram-negative infections, but its administration is limited due to a side-effect of nephrotoxicity. It was attempted to investigate the effect of Althaea officinalis flower extract (AOFE) against nephrotoxicity induced by GM in male rats. METHODS 30-year-old male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. Group 1 as a negative control group received AOFE 250 mg/kg/day. Groups 2-5 received saline, AOFE 50 mg/kg/day, AOFE 250 mg/kg/day, and AOFE 500 mg/kg/day for 9 days, respectively, and GM (100 mg/kg/day) was added from the 3(rd) day on. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained, animals were sacrificed, and the kidneys were removed immediately. RESULTS Gentamicin (in group 2) significantly increased serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine as well as the pathological damage score (P < 0.05) when compared with group 1. Low dose of AOFE did not decrease the nephrotoxicity induced by GM while the high dose of AOFE aggravated renal toxicity (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although AOFE acts as an antioxidant, at the doses used in the current study did not ameliorate nephrotoxicity induced by GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardeshir Talebi
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Department of Clinical Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Fatemeh Eshraghi-Jazi
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azam Mansouri
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nematbakhsh
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Isfahan™ Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences Research, Isfahan, Iran,Correspondence to: Prof. Mehdi Nematbakhsh, Department of Physiology, Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
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Nasri H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Metformin and diabetic kidney disease: a mini-review on recent findings. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2014; 24:565-8. [PMID: 25793062 PMCID: PMC4359408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Metformin, an oral anti-diabetic agent in the biguanide class is a widely prescribed drug to treat high blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin has three different roles, including blood glucose regulatory effect, protection of kidney tubular cell by acting as an effective antioxidant and finally ameliorative effect on diabetic kidney disease through saving the podocytes. Therefore, diabetic patients may benefit from all of these three distinct ameliorative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Nasri
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Nephropathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran,Corresponding Author:Address: Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Sharekord, Iran
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Nasri H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Metformin: Current knowledge. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 19:658-64. [PMID: 25364368 PMCID: PMC4214027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders in which the blood glucose is higher than normal levels, due to insufficiency of insulin release or improper response of cells to insulin, resulting in high blood pressure. The resultant hyperglycemia produces sever complications. Metformin drug has been shown to prevent diabetes in people who are at high risk and decrease most of the diabetic complications. Recent reports on metformin, not only indicate some implications such as renoprotective properties have been suggested for metformin, but some reports indicate its adverse effects as well that are negligible when its benefits are brought into account. We aimed here to review the new implications of metformin and discuss about the concerns in the use of metformin, referring to the recently published papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Nasri
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Nephropathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Beyond the liver protective efficacy of silymarin; bright renoprotective effect on diabetic kidney disease. J Nephropharmacol 2014; 3:25-26. [PMID: 28197456 PMCID: PMC5297522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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12
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Rafieian-Kopaei M. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties of ten Iranian medicinal plants. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e10264. [PMID: 25068040 PMCID: PMC4102973 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.10264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Sharekord, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei, Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Sharekord, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9131811842, Fax: +98-3813330709, E-mail:
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13
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Rafieian-Kopaei M, Nasri H, Baradaran A. Teucrium polium: Liver and kidney effects. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 19:478-9. [PMID: 25097635 PMCID: PMC4116584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid Nasri
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Nephropathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azar Baradaran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Azar Baradaran, Department of Clinical Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
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14
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Baradaran A, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Re: Protective Role of Silymarin and Deferoxamine against Iron Dextran - Induced Renal Iron Deposition in Male Rats. Int J Prev Med 2014; 5:245-6. [PMID: 24627756 PMCID: PMC3950752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Azar Baradaran
- Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran,Correspondence to: Prof. Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei, Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Sharekord, Iran. E-mail:
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15
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Baradaran A, Nasri H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Erythropoietin and renal protection. Daru 2013; 21:78. [PMID: 24359941 PMCID: PMC3878168 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-21-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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16
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Comment on: A model for prediction of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity by kidney weight in experimental rats. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 18:1119-20. [PMID: 24523810 PMCID: PMC3908540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II), as one of the most applicable and potent anticancer medication, is used in the treatment of a various pediatric and adult malignancies. However, it gives side-effects such as renal toxicity which is dose-dependent, and thus limited its usage. Treatment with cisplatin induces the inflammatory mechanisms, which leads to a reduction in the antioxidant levels, leading to a failure of the antioxidant protection against free-radical damage generated by antitumor drugs. The oxidative stress, induced by cisplatin in the kidney was partially inhibited by antioxidant therapy using selenium, glutathione, flavonoids, and superoxide dismutase.
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Comment on: The effects of Vitamin E and Selenium on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in cancer patients treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 18:922-3. [PMID: 24497869 PMCID: PMC3897082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nasri H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Tubular Kidney Protection by Antioxidants. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 42:1194-6. [PMID: 26060631 PMCID: PMC4436551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Nasri
- 1. Dept. of Nephrology, Division of Nephropathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- 2. Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran,* Corresponding Author:
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Ardalan MR, Nasri H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Comment on: Protective Role of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Kidney and Lung Injury Following Renal Bilateral Ischemia-reperfusion in Rat Model. Int J Prev Med 2013; 4:1226-7. [PMID: 24319567 PMCID: PMC3843314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Ardalan
- Department of Nephrology, Chronic Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Correspondence to: Prof. Mohammad Rafieian-Kopaei, Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Sharekord, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Hamid Nasri
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Nephropathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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