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Schettini F, Corona SP, Giudici F, Strina C, Sirico M, Bernocchi O, Milani M, Ziglioli N, Aguggini S, Azzini C, Barbieri G, Cervoni V, Cappelletti MR, Molteni A, Lazzari MC, Ferrero G, Ungari M, Marasco E, Bruson A, Xumerle L, Zago E, Cerra D, Loddo M, Williams GH, Paris I, Scambia G, Generali D. Clinical, Radiometabolic and Immunologic Effects of Olaparib in Locally Advanced Triple Negative Breast Cancer: The OLTRE Window of Opportunity Trial. Front Oncol 2021; 11:686776. [PMID: 34262869 PMCID: PMC8273330 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.686776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olaparib is effective in metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) carrying germline mutations in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes BRCA1/2 (gBRCA-mut). The OLTRE window-of-opportunity trial preliminarily investigated potential pathologic, radiometabolic and immune biomarkers of early-response to olaparib in gBRCA-wild-type (wt) TNBC and, as proof-of-concept in gBRCA-mut HER2-negative BC. METHODS Patients received olaparib for 3 weeks (3w) before standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy and underwent multiple FDG18-PET/CT scan (basal, after olaparib), clinical assessments (basal, every 3w), tumor biopsies and blood samplings (baseline, after olaparib). Clinical and radiometabolic responses were evaluated according to RECIST1.1 and PERCIST criteria. RESULTS 27 patients with gBRCA-wt TNBC and 8 with gBRCA-mut BC (6 TNBC, 2 HR+/HER2-negative) were enrolled. Three (11.1%) patients showed mutations in non-BRCA1/2 DDR genes and 4 (14.8%) in other genes. 3w olaparib induced 16/35 and 15/27 partial clinical and radiometabolic responses, including in 40.7% and 50.0% gBRCA-wt patients. gBRCA-mut tumors presented numerically higher tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) levels and PD-L1 positive tumors. Clinical responders experienced a reduction in T-regs/T-eff ratio (p=0.05), B and NK lymphocytes (p=0.003 both), with an average increase in T-helpers rate (p<0.001) and CD4/CD8 ratio (p=0.02). Ki67% and TILs did not vary significantly (p=0.67 and p=0.77). A numerical increase in PD-L1 positive cases after olaparib was observed, though non-significant (p=0.134). No differences were observed according to gBRCA status and type of response. CONCLUSIONS Early-stage TNBC might be a target population for olaparib, irrespective of gBRCA mutations. Future trials should combine TILs, PD-L1 and gBRCA status to better identify candidates for escalated/de-escalated treatment strategies including olaparib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Schettini
- Translational genomics and targeted therapies in solid tumors, August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Paola Corona
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Fabiola Giudici
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Carla Strina
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Marianna Sirico
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Ottavia Bernocchi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Manuela Milani
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ziglioli
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Sergio Aguggini
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Carlo Azzini
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barbieri
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Valeria Cervoni
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Cappelletti
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Alfredo Molteni
- Unitá Operativa Ematologia e CTMO, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Lazzari
- Unitá Operativa Ematologia e CTMO, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | | | - Marco Ungari
- UO Anatomia Patologica ASST di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco Loddo
- Oncologica UK Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ida Paris
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Breast Pathology and Translational Research, Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy
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Chitwood DG, Wang Q, Elliott K, Bullock A, Jordana D, Li Z, Wu C, Harcum SW, Saski CA. Characterization of metabolic responses, genetic variations, and microsatellite instability in ammonia-stressed CHO cells grown in fed-batch cultures. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:4. [PMID: 33419422 PMCID: PMC7791692 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As bioprocess intensification has increased over the last 30 years, yields from mammalian cell processes have increased from 10's of milligrams to over 10's of grams per liter. Most of these gains in productivity can be attributed to increasing cell densities within bioreactors. As such, strategies have been developed to minimize accumulation of metabolic wastes, such as lactate and ammonia. Unfortunately, neither cell growth nor biopharmaceutical production can occur without some waste metabolite accumulation. Inevitably, metabolic waste accumulation leads to decline and termination of the culture. While it is understood that the accumulation of these unwanted compounds imparts a suboptimal culture environment, little is known about the genotoxic properties of these compounds that may lead to global genome instability. In this study, we examined the effects of high and moderate extracellular ammonia on the physiology and genomic integrity of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. RESULTS Through whole genome sequencing, we discovered 2394 variant sites within functional genes comprised of both single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion/deletion mutations as a result of ammonia stress with high or moderate impact on functional genes. Furthermore, several of these de novo mutations were found in genes whose functions are to maintain genome stability, such as Tp53, Tnfsf11, Brca1, as well as Nfkb1. Furthermore, we characterized microsatellite content of the cultures using the CriGri-PICR Chinese hamster genome assembly and discovered an abundance of microsatellite loci that are not replicated faithfully in the ammonia-stressed cultures. Unfaithful replication of these loci is a signature of microsatellite instability. With rigorous filtering, we found 124 candidate microsatellite loci that may be suitable for further investigation to determine whether these loci may be reliable biomarkers to predict genome instability in CHO cultures. CONCLUSION This study advances our knowledge with regards to the effects of ammonia accumulation on CHO cell culture performance by identifying ammonia-sensitive genes linked to genome stability and lays the foundation for the development of a new diagnostic tool for assessing genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Chitwood
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Center for Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Kathryn Elliott
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Aiyana Bullock
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Science & Technology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA
| | - Dwon Jordana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA, 71245, USA
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Cathy Wu
- Center for Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Sarah W Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Christopher A Saski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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Narayanan S, Kawaguchi T, Yan L, Peng X, Qi Q, Takabe K. Cytolytic Activity Score to Assess Anticancer Immunity in Colorectal Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:2323-2331. [PMID: 29770915 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within the tumor microenvironment is a known positive prognostic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC). We hypothesized that since cytotoxic T cells release cytolytic proteins such as perforin (PRF1) and pro-apoptotic granzymes (GZMA) to attack cancer cells, a cytolytic activity score (CYT) would be a useful tool to assess anticancer immunity. METHODS Genomic expression data were obtained from 456 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). CYT was defined by GZMA and PRF1 expression, and CIBERSORT was used to evaluate intratumoral immune cell composition. RESULTS High CYT was associated with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), as well as high levels of activated memory CD4+T cells, gamma-delta T cells, and M1 macrophages. CYT-high CRC patients had improved overall survival (p = 0.019) and disease-free survival (p = 0.016) compared with CYT-low CRC patients, especially in TIL-positive tumors. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that CYT- high associates with improved survival independently after controlling for age, lymphovascular invasion, colonic location, microsatellite instability, and TIL positivity. The levels of immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs)-programmed death-1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)-correlated significantly with CYT (p < 0.0001); with improved survival in CYT-high and ICM-low patients, and poorer survival in ICM-high patients. CONCLUSIONS High CYT within CRC is associated with improved survival, likely due to increased immunity and cytolytic activity of T cells and M1 macrophages. High CYT is also associated with high expression of ICMs; thus, further studies to elucidate the role of CYT as a predictive biomarker of the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Narayanan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tsutomu Kawaguchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xuan Peng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Qianya Qi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan. .,Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
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Natarajan V. Regulation of DNA repair by non-coding miRNAs. Noncoding RNA Res 2016; 1:64-68. [PMID: 30159412 PMCID: PMC6096415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair is an important signaling mechanism that is necessary to maintain genomic stability. Various types of DNA repair proteins are involved in the repair of different types of DNA damage. However, most of the DNA repair proteins are modified post-translation in order to activate their repair function, such as, ubiquitination, phosphorylation, acetylation, etc. Similarly, DNA repair proteins are also regulated by posttranscriptional modifications. Non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) induced posttranscriptional regulation of mRNAs has gained attention in recent years. MiRNA-induced regulation of DNA repair proteins is of great interest, owing to its potential role in cancer therapy. In this review, we have summarized the role of different miRNAs in the regulation of various types of DNA repair proteins, which are essential for the maintenance of genomic stability.
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Key Words
- ATM, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated
- ATR, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated related
- BER, base excision repair
- DNA damage
- DNA repair
- DSB repair
- DSB, double strand break
- FA, Fanconi anemia
- Genomic instability
- HR, homologous recombination
- MIS, micro-instability syndrome
- NER
- NER, nucleotide excision repair
- NHEJ, non-homologous end joining
- TLS, translesion synthesis
- miRNAs
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswaran Natarajan
- Diagnostic Molecular Oncology Centre, Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore
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Abdalla H, Bagchi A, Bandagi S. Rheumatoid Arthritis as a Therapeutic Challenge in a Patient with Lynch Syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2015; 16:390-2. [PMID: 26107741 PMCID: PMC4494568 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.892906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Female, 63 Final Diagnosis: Lynch syndrome Symptoms: — Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Medication adjustement Specialty: Rheumatology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Abdalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Queens Hospital Center, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Arindam Bagchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Queens Hospital Center, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Sabiha Bandagi
- Department of Rheumatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Queens Hospital Center, Queens, NY, USA
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Abdul Murad NA, Othman Z, Khalid M, Abdul Razak Z, Hussain R, Nadesan S, Sagap I, Mohamed Rose I, Wan Ngah WZ, Jamal R. Missense mutations in MLH1, MSH2, KRAS, and APC genes in colorectal cancer patients in Malaysia. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:2863-72. [PMID: 22669205 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide with approximately 1 million cases diagnosed annually. In Malaysia, CRC is the second most common cancer in women and ranked first in men. The underlying cause of CRC remains unknown. AIMS The aim of this study was to analyze the mutations in genes involved in CRC including MLH1, MSH2, KRAS, and APC genes. METHODS A total of 76 patients were recruited. We used the polymerase chain reaction-denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography for the detection of mutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) and APC genes and the PCR single-strand conformation polymorphism for screening of the KRAS gene mutations. RESULTS We identified 17 types of missense mutations in 38 out of 76 patients in our patients. Nine mutations were identified in the APC gene, five mutations were detected in the KRAS gene, and two mutations were identified in the MSH2 gene. Only one mutation was identified in MLH1. Out of these 17 mutations, eight mutations (47 %) were predicted to be pathogenic. Seven patients were identified with multiple mutations (3: MSH2 and KRAS, 1: KRAS and APC, 1: MLH1 and APC, 2: APC and APC). CONCLUSIONS We have established the PCR-DHPLC and PCR-SSCP for screening of mutations in CRC patients. This study has given a snapshot of the spectrum of mutations in the four genes that were analyzed. Mutation screening in patients and their family members will help in the early detection of CRC and hence will reduce mortality due to CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Azian Abdul Murad
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Nagahashi M, Ajioka Y, Lang I, Szentirmay Z, Kasler M, Nakadaira H, Yokoyama N, Watanabe G, Nishikura K, Wakai T, Shirai Y, Hatakeyama K, Yamamoto M. Genetic changes of p53, K- ras, and microsatellite instability in gallbladder carcinoma in high-incidence areas of Japan and Hungary. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:70-5. [PMID: 18176964 PMCID: PMC2673394 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To disclose geographic differences in genetic changes involved in gallbladder carcinogenesis between two distinct high-incidence areas of Japan and Hungary.
METHODS: We examined 42 cases of gallbladder carcinoma: 22 Japanese and 20 Hungarian cases. p53 mutations at exons 5 to 8 and K-ras mutations at codon 12 were tested by direct sequencing. Microsatellite instability was determined from fluorescent dye-labeled PCR amplifications of five-microsatellite markers (BAT-25, BAT-26, D2S123, D5S346, and D17S250).
RESULTS: Mutations of p53 were detected in 11 of 22 Japanese cases and 6 of 18 Hungarian cases (11/22 vs 6/18, P = 0.348). Transition at CpG sites was found in none of 11 Japanese cases and 2 of 6 Hungarian cases; the difference was marginally significant (0/11 vs 2/6, P = 0.110). K-ras mutations were detected in only one of the Hungarian cases. Eight of 19 (42.1%) Japanese cases were MSI-high (presence of novel peaks in more than one of the five loci analyzed), whereas only 1 of 15 (6.7%) Hungarian cases was MSI-high (P = 0.047).
CONCLUSION: It appears that the p53 mutations and MSI differ in patients with gallbladder carcinoma between two distinct high-incidence areas. Geographic variation might exist in the process of gallbladder carcinogenesis.
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Hegde M, Blazo M, Chong B, Prior T, Richards C. Assay validation for identification of hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer-causing mutations in mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6. J Mol Diagn 2005; 7:525-34. [PMID: 16237223 PMCID: PMC1888496 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 114500) is an autosomal dominant disorder that is genetically heterogeneous because of underlying mutations in mismatch repair genes, primarily MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6. One challenge to correctly diagnosing HNPCC is that the large size of the causative genes makes identification of mutations both labor intensive and expensive. We evaluated the usefulness of denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) for scanning mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6) for point mutations, small deletions, and insertions. Our assay consisted of 51 sets of primers designed to amplify all exons of these genes. All polymerase chain reaction reactions were amplified simultaneously using the same reaction conditions in a 96-well format. The amplified products were analyzed by DHPLC across a range of optimum temperatures for partial fragment denaturation based on the melting profile of each specific fragment. DNA specimens from 23 previously studied HNPCC patients were analyzed by DHPLC, and all mutations were correctly identified and confirmed by sequence analysis. Here, we present our validation studies of the DHPLC platform for HNPCC mutation analysis and compare its merits with other scanning technologies. This approach provides greater sensitivity and more directed molecular analysis for clinical testing in HNPCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Hegde
- Diagnostic Sequencing Laboratory, Medical Genetics Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine-NAB 2015, One Baylor Plaza, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Kassem HS, Varley JM, Hamam SM, Margison GP. Immunohistochemical analysis of expression and allelotype of mismatch repair genes (hMLH1 and hMSH2) in bladder cancer. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:321-8. [PMID: 11161395 PMCID: PMC2363732 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of human homologues of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes in tumours has been shown to be associated with the phenomenon of microsatellite instability (MSI). Several studies have reported the occurrence of MSI in bladder cancer, but evidence of involvement of MMR genes in the pathogenesis of this cancer is still unclear. We therefore utilized quantitative immunohistochemical (IHC) image analysis and PCR-based allelotype analysis to determine hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes alteration in a cohort of Egyptian bladder cancer samples. IHC analysis of 24 TCC and 12 SCC revealed marked- intra and intertumour heterogeneity in the levels of expression of the two MMR proteins. One TCC lost MLH1 expression and one lost MSH2, (1/24, 4%), and one SCC lost MSH2 (1/12, 8%). A large proportion of analysed tumours revealed a percentage positivity of less than 50% for MLH1 and MSH2 expression (44% and 69%, respectively). Complete loss of heterozygosity in three dinucleotide repeats lying within, or in close proximity to, hMLH1 and hMSH2 was rare (2/57, (4%) for MLH1; and 1/55, (2%) for MSH2), however allelic imbalance was detected in 11/57 (hMLH1) and 10/55 (hMSH2) at any of the informative microsatellite loci. These alterations in structure and expression of DNA MMR genes suggest their possible involvement in the tumorigenesis and/or progression of bladder cancer.
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Lynch HT, de la Chapelle A. Genetic susceptibility to non-polyposis colorectal cancer. J Med Genet 2000. [PMID: 10544223 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.36.11.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Familial colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health problem by virtue of its relatively high frequency. Some 15-20% of all CRCs are familial. Among these, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), caused by germline mutations in the APC gene, accounts for less than 1%. Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also called Lynch syndrome, accounts for approximately 5-8% of all CRC patients. Among these, some 3% are mutation positive, that is, caused by germline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair genes that have so far been implicated (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS1, and PMS2). Most of the remaining patients belonging to HNPCC or HNPCC-like families are still molecularly unexplained. Among the remaining familial CRCs, a large proportion is probably caused by gene mutations and polymorphisms of low penetrance, of which the I1307K polymorphism in the APC gene is a prime example. Molecular genetic findings have enabled hereditary CRC to be divided into two groups: (1) tumours that show microsatellite instability (MSI), occur more frequently in the right colon, have diploid DNA, harbour characteristic mutations such as transforming growth factor beta type II receptor and BAX, and behave indolently, of which HNPCC is an example; and (2) tumours with chromosomal instability (CIN), which tend to be left sided, show aneuploid DNA, harbour characteristic mutations such as K-ras, APC, and p53, and behave aggressively, of which FAP is an example. This review focuses most heavily on the clinical features, pathology, molecular genetics, surveillance, and management including prophylactic surgery in HNPCC. Because of the difficulty in diagnosing HNPCC, a detailed differential diagnosis of the several hereditary CRC variants is provided. The extant genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in CRC leads to the conclusion that it is no longer appropriate to discuss the genetics of CRC without defining the specific hereditary CRC syndrome of concern. Therefore, it is important to ascertain cancer of all anatomical sites, as well as non-cancer phenotypic stigmata (such as the perioral and mucosal pigmentations in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome), when taking a family cancer history.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Lynch
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
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Barrett JC, Vainio H, Peakall D, Goldstein BD. 12th meeting of the Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals: susceptibility to environmental hazards. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1997; 105 Suppl 4:699-737. [PMID: 9255554 DOI: 10.2307/3433276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The 12th meeting of the Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC) considered the topic of methodologies for determining human and ecosystem susceptibility to environmental hazards. The report prepared at the meeting describes measurement of susceptibility through the use of biological markers of exposure, biological markers of effect, and biomarkers directly indicative of susceptibility of humans or of ecosystems. The utility and validity of these biological markers for the study of susceptibility are evaluated, as are opportunities for developing newer approaches for the study of humans or of ecosystems. For the first time a SGOMSEC workshop also formally considered the issue of ethics in relation to methodology, an issue of particular concern for studies of susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Barrett
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Barrett JC, Vainio H, Peakall D, Goldstein BD. 12th meeting of the Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals: susceptibility to environmental hazards. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1997; 105 Suppl 4:699-737. [PMID: 9255554 PMCID: PMC1470055 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.97105s4699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The 12th meeting of the Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC) considered the topic of methodologies for determining human and ecosystem susceptibility to environmental hazards. The report prepared at the meeting describes measurement of susceptibility through the use of biological markers of exposure, biological markers of effect, and biomarkers directly indicative of susceptibility of humans or of ecosystems. The utility and validity of these biological markers for the study of susceptibility are evaluated, as are opportunities for developing newer approaches for the study of humans or of ecosystems. For the first time a SGOMSEC workshop also formally considered the issue of ethics in relation to methodology, an issue of particular concern for studies of susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Barrett
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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