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Monnereau A, Slager SL, Hughes AM, Smith A, Glimelius B, Habermann TM, Berndt SI, Staines A, Norman AD, Cerhan JR, Sampson JN, Morton LM, Clavel J. Medical history, lifestyle, and occupational risk factors for hairy cell leukemia: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2014; 2014:115-24. [PMID: 25174032 PMCID: PMC4155459 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the etiology of hairy cell leukemia (HCL), a rare B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with marked male predominance. Our aim was to identify key risk factors for HCL. METHODS A pooled analysis of individual-level data for 154 histologically confirmed HCL cases and 8834 controls from five case-control studies, conducted in Europe and Australia, was undertaken. Age-, race and/or ethnicity-, sex-, and study-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS The usual patterns for age and sex in HCL were observed, with a median age of 55 years and sex ratio of 3.7 males to females. Cigarette smoking was inversely associated with HCL (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.37 to 0.71) with dose-response relationships observed for duration, frequency, and lifetime cigarette smoking (P(trend) < .001). In contrast, occupation as a farmer was positively associated with HCL (OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.36 to 4.01), with a dose-response relationship observed for duration (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 0.85 to 3.88 for ≤ 10 years vs never; and OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.50 to 5.93 for >10 years vs never; P(trend) = .025). Adult height was also positively associated with HCL (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.39 to 5.29 for upper vs lower quartile of height). The observed associations remained consistent in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our observations of an increased risk of HCL from farming exposures and decreased risk from smoking exposures, independent of one another, support a multifactorial origin and an etiological specificity of HCL compared with other non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes. The positive association with height is a novel finding that needs replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Monnereau
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Group and Univ Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (AM, JC); Registry of Hematological Malignancies in Gironde, Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France (AM); Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS, TMH, ADN, JRC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (BG); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (SIB, JNS, LMM); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt).
| | - Susan L Slager
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Group and Univ Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (AM, JC); Registry of Hematological Malignancies in Gironde, Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France (AM); Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS, TMH, ADN, JRC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (BG); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (SIB, JNS, LMM); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt)
| | - Ann Maree Hughes
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Group and Univ Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (AM, JC); Registry of Hematological Malignancies in Gironde, Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France (AM); Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS, TMH, ADN, JRC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (BG); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (SIB, JNS, LMM); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt)
| | - Alex Smith
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Group and Univ Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (AM, JC); Registry of Hematological Malignancies in Gironde, Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France (AM); Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS, TMH, ADN, JRC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (BG); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (SIB, JNS, LMM); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt)
| | - Bengt Glimelius
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Group and Univ Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (AM, JC); Registry of Hematological Malignancies in Gironde, Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France (AM); Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS, TMH, ADN, JRC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (BG); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (SIB, JNS, LMM); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt)
| | - Thomas M Habermann
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Group and Univ Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (AM, JC); Registry of Hematological Malignancies in Gironde, Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France (AM); Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS, TMH, ADN, JRC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (BG); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (SIB, JNS, LMM); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt)
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Group and Univ Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (AM, JC); Registry of Hematological Malignancies in Gironde, Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France (AM); Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS, TMH, ADN, JRC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (BG); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (SIB, JNS, LMM); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt)
| | - Anthony Staines
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Group and Univ Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (AM, JC); Registry of Hematological Malignancies in Gironde, Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France (AM); Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS, TMH, ADN, JRC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (BG); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (SIB, JNS, LMM); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt)
| | - Aaron D Norman
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Group and Univ Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (AM, JC); Registry of Hematological Malignancies in Gironde, Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France (AM); Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS, TMH, ADN, JRC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (BG); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (SIB, JNS, LMM); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt)
| | - James R Cerhan
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Group and Univ Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (AM, JC); Registry of Hematological Malignancies in Gironde, Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France (AM); Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS, TMH, ADN, JRC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (BG); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (SIB, JNS, LMM); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt)
| | - Joshua N Sampson
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Group and Univ Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (AM, JC); Registry of Hematological Malignancies in Gironde, Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France (AM); Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS, TMH, ADN, JRC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (BG); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (SIB, JNS, LMM); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt)
| | - Lindsay M Morton
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Group and Univ Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (AM, JC); Registry of Hematological Malignancies in Gironde, Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France (AM); Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS, TMH, ADN, JRC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (BG); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (SIB, JNS, LMM); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt)
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Group and Univ Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (AM, JC); Registry of Hematological Malignancies in Gironde, Bergonié Institute, Bordeaux, France (AM); Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS, TMH, ADN, JRC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (BG); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (SIB, JNS, LMM); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt)
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