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Ngo KJ, Paul KC, Wong D, Kusters CDJ, Bronstein JM, Ritz B, Fogel BL. Lysosomal genes contribute to Parkinson's disease near agriculture with high intensity pesticide use. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:87. [PMID: 38664407 PMCID: PMC11045791 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, develops sporadically, likely through a combination of polygenic and environmental factors. Previous studies associate pesticide exposure and genes involved in lysosomal function with PD risk. We evaluated the frequency of variants in lysosomal function genes among patients from the Parkinson's, Environment, and Genes (PEG) study with ambient pesticide exposure from agricultural sources. 757 PD patients, primarily of White European/non-Hispanic ancestry (75%), were screened for variants in 85 genes using a custom amplicon panel. Variant enrichment was calculated against the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). Enriched exonic variants were prioritized by exposure to a cluster of pesticides used on cotton and severity of disease progression in a subset of 386 patients subdivided by race/ethnicity. Gene enrichment analysis identified 36 variants in 26 genes in PEG PD patients. Twelve of the identified genes (12/26, 46%) had multiple enriched variants and/or a single enriched variant present in multiple individuals, representing 61% (22/36) of the observed variation in the cohort. The majority of enriched variants (26/36, 72%) were found in genes contributing to lysosomal function, particularly autophagy, and were bioinformatically deemed functionally deleterious (31/36, 86%). We conclude that, in this study, variants in genes associated with lysosomal function, notably autophagy, were enriched in PD patients exposed to agricultural pesticides suggesting that altered lysosomal function may generate an underlying susceptibility for developing PD with pesticide exposure. Further study of gene-environment interactions targeting lysosomal function may improve understanding of PD risk in individuals exposed to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathie J Ngo
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kimberly C Paul
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Darice Wong
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Clinical Neurogenomics Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Cynthia D J Kusters
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeff M Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brent L Fogel
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Clinical Neurogenomics Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Silva RH, Lopes-Silva LB, Cunha DG, Becegato M, Ribeiro AM, Santos JR. Animal Approaches to Studying Risk Factors for Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2024; 14:156. [PMID: 38391730 PMCID: PMC10887213 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite recent efforts to search for biomarkers for the pre-symptomatic diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD), the presence of risk factors, prodromal signs, and family history still support the classification of individuals at risk for this disease. Human epidemiological studies are useful in this search but fail to provide causality. The study of well-known risk factors for PD in animal models can help elucidate mechanisms related to the disease's etiology and contribute to future prevention or treatment approaches. This narrative review aims to discuss animal studies that investigated four of the main risk factors and/or prodromal signs related to PD: advanced age, male sex, sleep alterations, and depression. Different databases were used to search the studies, which were included based on their relevance to the topic. Although still in a reduced number, such studies are of great relevance in the search for evidence that leads to a possible early diagnosis and improvements in methods of prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Silva
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - L B Lopes-Silva
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - D G Cunha
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - M Becegato
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - A M Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Bioprospecting of Natural Products, Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos 11015-020, SP, Brazil
| | - J R Santos
- Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana 49500-000, SE, Brazil
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Zhao H, Xie J, Wu S, Zhao X, Sánchez OF, Min S, Rochet JC, Freeman JL, Yuan C. Elevated parkinsonism pathological markers in dopaminergic neurons with developmental exposure to atrazine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168307. [PMID: 37949145 PMCID: PMC10843769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) is one of the most used herbicides in the US and a known endocrine disruptor. ATZ is frequently detected in drinking water, especially in Midwestern regions of the United States, exceeding the EPA regulation of maximum contamination level (MCL) of 3 ppb. Epidemiology studies have suggested an association between ATZ exposure and neurodegeneration. Less, however, is known about the neurotoxic mechanism of ATZ, particularly for exposures at a developmental stage. Here, we exposed floor plate progenitors (FPPs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to low concentrations of ATZ at 0.3 and 3 ppb for two days followed by differentiation into dopaminergic (DA) neurons in ATZ-free medium. We then examined the morphology, activity, pathological protein aggregation, and transcriptomic changes of differentiated DA neurons. We observed significant decrease in the complexity of neurite network, increase of neuronal activity, and elevated tau- and α-synuclein (aSyn) pathologies after ATZ exposure. The ATZ-induced neuronal changes observed here align with pathological characteristics in Parkinson's disease (PD). Transcriptomic analysis further corroborates our findings; and collectively provides a strong evidence base that low-concentration ATZ exposure during development can elicit increased risk of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhao
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Junkai Xie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Shichen Wu
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Xihui Zhao
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Oscar F Sánchez
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Sehong Min
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America; Purdue Institute of Integrated Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L Freeman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America; Purdue Institute of Integrated Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Chongli Yuan
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America; Purdue Institute of Integrated Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America; Purdue Center of Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America.
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4
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Zaichick S, Caraveo G. Harnessing IGF-1 and IL-2 as biomarkers for calcineurin activity to tailor optimal FK506 dosage in α-synucleinopathies. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1292555. [PMID: 38094080 PMCID: PMC10716490 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1292555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rise in Calcium (Ca2+) and hyperactive Ca2+-dependent phosphatase calcineurin represent two key determinants of a-synuclein (a-syn) pathobiology implicated in Parkinson's Disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Calcineurin activity can be inhibited with FK506, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compound. Our previous work demonstrated a protective effect of low doses of FK506 against a-syn pathology in various models of a-syn related pathobiology. Methods: Control and a-syn-expressing mice (12-18 months old) were injected with vehicle or two single doses of FK506 administered 4 days apart. Cerebral cortex and serum from these mice were collected and assayed using a meso scale discovery quickplex SQ 120 for cytokines and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IGF-1. Results: In this study we present evidence that reducing calcineurin activity with FK506 in a-syn transgenic mice increased insulin growth factor (IGF-1), while simultaneously decreasing IL-2 levels in both cerebral cortex and serum. Discussion: The highly conserved Ca2+/calcineurin signaling pathway is known to be affected in a-syn-dependent human disease. FK506, an already approved drug for other uses, exhibits high brain penetrance and a proven safety profile. IL-2 and IGF-1 are produced throughout life and can be measured using standard clinical methods. Our findings provide two potential biomarkers that could guide a clinical trial of FK506 in PD patients, without posing significant logistical or regulatory challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Caraveo
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Kocak Y, Oto G, Huyut Z, Alp HH, Turkan F, Onay E. Effects of fluoride on oxidative DNA damage, nitric oxide level, lipid peroxidation and cholinesterase enzyme activity in a rotenone-induced experimental Parkinson's model. Neurol Res 2023; 45:979-987. [PMID: 37699078 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2257452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Environmental toxins are known to be one of the important factors in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study was designed to investigate the possible contribution of fluoride (F) exposure to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in rats with PD induced by rotenone (ROT). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 72 Wistar albino male rats were used in the experiment and 9 groups were formed with 8 animals in each group. ROT (2 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously (sc) for 28 days. Different doses of sodium fluoride (NaF) (25, 50 and 100 ug/mL) were given orally (po) for 4 weeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) and cholinesterase (AChE/BChE) enzyme activities were evaluated in serum and brain tissue homogenates. RESULTS Rats treated with ROT and NaF had significant increases in serum and brain MDA, NO content, and decreases in GSH. In addition, the combination of ROT and NaF triggered oxidative DNA damage and resulted in increased AChE/BChE activity. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that NaF and ROT may interact synergistically leading to oxidative damage and neuronal cell loss. As a result, we believe that exposure to pesticides in combination with NaF is one of the environmental factors that should not be ignored in the etiology of neurological diseases such as PD in populations in areas with endemic fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilmaz Kocak
- Department of Physical therapy and rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Oto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Zubeyir Huyut
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Hamit Hakan Alp
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Fikret Turkan
- Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Dentistry, Igdir University, Iğdır, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Onay
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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Boyd SL, Kuhn NC, Patterson JR, Stoll AC, Zimmerman SA, Kolanowski MR, Neubecker JJ, Luk KC, Ramsson ES, Sortwell CE, Bernstein AI. Developmental exposure to the Parkinson's disease-associated organochlorine pesticide dieldrin alters dopamine neurotransmission in α-synuclein pre-formed fibril (PFF)-injected mice. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:99-111. [PMID: 37607008 PMCID: PMC10613968 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the fastest-growing neurological disease worldwide, with increases outpacing aging and occurring most rapidly in recently industrialized areas, suggesting a role of environmental factors. Epidemiological, post-mortem, and mechanistic studies suggest that persistent organic pollutants, including the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin, increase PD risk. In mice, developmental dieldrin exposure causes male-specific exacerbation of neuronal susceptibility to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and synucleinopathy. Specifically, in the α-synuclein (α-syn) pre-formed fibril (PFF) model, exposure leads to increased deficits in striatal dopamine (DA) turnover and motor deficits on the challenging beam. Here, we hypothesized that alterations in DA handling contribute to the observed changes and assessed vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) function and DA release in this dieldrin/PFF 2-hit model. Female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 0.3 mg/kg dieldrin or vehicle every 3 days by feeding, starting at 8 weeks of age and continuing throughout breeding, gestation, and lactation. Male offspring from independent litters underwent unilateral, intrastriatal injections of α-syn PFFs at 12 weeks of age, and vesicular 3H-DA uptake assays and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry were performed 4 months post-PFF injection. Dieldrin-induced an increase in DA release in striatal slices in PFF-injected animals, but no change in VMAT2 activity. These results suggest that developmental dieldrin exposure increases a compensatory response to synucleinopathy-triggered striatal DA loss. These findings are consistent with silent neurotoxicity, where developmental exposure to dieldrin primes the nigrostriatal striatal system to have an exacerbated response to synucleinopathy in the absence of observable changes in typical markers of nigrostriatal dysfunction and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra L Boyd
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nathan C Kuhn
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Joseph R Patterson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Anna C Stoll
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sydney A Zimmerman
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Mason R Kolanowski
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Joseph J Neubecker
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric S Ramsson
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Alison I Bernstein
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Liu Z, Kang K, Shan S, Wang S, Li X, Yong H, Huang Z, Yang Y, Liu Z, Sun Y, Bai Y, Song F. Chronic carbon disulfide exposure induces parkinsonian pathology via α-synuclein aggregation and necrosome complex interaction. iScience 2023; 26:107787. [PMID: 37731606 PMCID: PMC10507234 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to carbon disulfide (CS2) has been associated with an increased incidence of parkinsonism in workers, but the mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. Using a rat model, we investigated the effects of chronic CS2 exposure on parkinsonian pathology. Our results showed that CS2 exposure leads to significant motor impairment and neuronal damage, including loss of dopaminergic neurons and degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The immunoassays revealed that exposure to CS2 induces aggregation of α-synuclein and phosphorylated α-synuclein, as well as activation of necroptosis in the SNpc. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the interaction between α-synuclein and the necrosome complex (RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL) is responsible for the loss of neuronal cells after CS2 exposure. Taken together, our results demonstrate that CS2-mediated α-synuclein aggregation can induce dopaminergic neuron damage and parkinsonian behavior through interaction with the necrosome complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidan Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Kang Kang
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, China
| | - Shulin Shan
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xianjie Li
- Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510075, China
| | - Hui Yong
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, China
| | - Zhengcheng Huang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yiyu Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhaoxiong Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yao Bai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Jain J, Hasan W, Jat D, Biswas P, Yadav RS. Delayed in sensorimotor reflex ontogeny, slow physical growth, and impairments in behaviour as well as dopaminergic neuronal death in mice offspring following prenatally rotenone administration. Int J Dev Neurosci 2023; 83:518-531. [PMID: 37337287 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The environment is varying day by day with the introduction of chemicals such as pesticides, most of which have not been effectively studied for their influence on a susceptible group of population involving infants and pregnant females. Rotenone is an organic pesticide used to prepare Parkinson's disease models. A lot of literature is available on the toxicity of rotenone on the adult brain, but to the best of our knowledge, effect of rotenone on prenatally exposed mice has never been investigated yet. Therefore, the recent work aims to evaluate the toxic effect of rotenone on mice, exposed prenatally. We exposed female mice to rotenone at the dose of 5 mg/Kg b.w. throughout the gestational period with oral gavage. We then investigated the effects of rotenone on neonate's central nervous systems as well as on postnatal day (PD) 35 offspring. In the rotenone group, we observed slow physical growth, delays in physical milestones and sensorimotor reflex in neonates and induction of anxiety and impairment in cognitive performances of offspring at PD-35. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis revealed a marked reduction in TH-positive neurons in substantia nigra. Histological examination of the cerebellum revealed a decrease in Purkinje neurons in the rotenone exposed group as compared to the control. The data from the study showed that prenatally exposure to rotenone affects growth, physical milestones, neuronal population and behaviour of mice when indirectly exposed to the offspring through their mother. This study could provide a great contribution to researchers to find out the molecular mechanism and participating signalling pathway behind these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Jain
- Neuroscience Research Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Whidul Hasan
- Neurology Department, Harward Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Deepali Jat
- Neuroscience Research Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Pronit Biswas
- Department of Life Sciences, Christ (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, India
| | - Rajesh Singh Yadav
- School of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University, Bhopal, India
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Lee J, Sung KW, Bae EJ, Yoon D, Kim D, Lee JS, Park DH, Park DY, Mun SR, Kwon SC, Kim HY, Min JO, Lee SJ, Suh YH, Kwon YT. Targeted degradation of ⍺-synuclein aggregates in Parkinson's disease using the AUTOTAC technology. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:41. [PMID: 37355598 PMCID: PMC10290391 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently no disease-modifying therapeutics for Parkinson's disease (PD). Although extensive efforts were undertaken to develop therapeutic approaches to delay the symptoms of PD, untreated α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates cause cellular toxicity and stimulate further disease progression. PROTAC (Proteolysis-Targeting Chimera) has drawn attention as a therapeutic modality to target α-syn. However, no PROTACs have yet shown to selectively degrade α-syn aggregates mainly owing to the limited capacity of the proteasome to degrade aggregates, necessitating the development of novel approaches to fundamentally eliminate α-syn aggregates. METHODS We employed AUTOTAC (Autophagy-Targeting Chimera), a macroautophagy-based targeted protein degradation (TPD) platform developed in our earlier studies. A series of AUTOTAC chemicals was synthesized as chimeras that bind both α-syn aggregates and p62/SQSTM1/Sequestosome-1, an autophagic receptor. The efficacy of Autotacs was evaluated to target α-syn aggregates to phagophores and subsequently lysosomes for hydrolysis via p62-dependent macroautophagy. The target engagement was monitored by oligomerization and localization of p62 and autophagic markers. The therapeutic efficacy to rescue PD symptoms was characterized in cultured cells and mice. The PK/PD (pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics) profiles were investigated to develop an oral drug for PD. RESULTS ATC161 induced selective degradation of α-syn aggregates at DC50 of ~ 100 nM. No apparent degradation was observed with monomeric α-syn. ATC161 mediated the targeting of α-syn aggregates to p62 by binding the ZZ domain and accelerating p62 self-polymerization. These p62-cargo complexes were delivered to autophagic membranes for lysosomal degradation. In PD cellular models, ATC161 exhibited therapeutic efficacy to reduce cell-to-cell transmission of α-syn and to rescue cells from the damages in DNA and mitochondria. In PD mice established by injecting α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into brain striata via stereotaxic surgery, oral administration of ATC161 at 10 mg/kg induced the degradation of α-syn aggregates and reduced their propagation. ATC161 also mitigated the associated glial inflammatory response and improved muscle strength and locomotive activity. CONCLUSION AUTOTAC provides a platform to develop drugs for PD. ATC161, an oral drug with excellent PK/PD profiles, induces selective degradation of α-syn aggregates in vitro and in vivo. We suggest that ATC161 is a disease-modifying drug that degrades the pathogenic cause of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Lee
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkyunggung-Ro 254, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03077, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Woon Sung
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkyunggung-Ro 254, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03077, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Bae
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dabin Yoon
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkyunggung-Ro 254, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03077, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasarang Kim
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkyunggung-Ro 254, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03077, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Saem Lee
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkyunggung-Ro 254, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03077, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Youngjae Park
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ran Mun
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Chul Kwon
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Kim
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ok Min
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Neuramedy Co. Ltd, Seoul, 04796, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Suh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkyunggung-Ro 254, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03077, Republic of Korea.
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Jiménez-Salvador I, Meade P, Iglesias E, Bayona-Bafaluy P, Ruiz-Pesini E. Developmental origins of Parkinson disease: Improving the rodent models. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101880. [PMID: 36773760 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous pesticides are inhibitors of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction adversely affects neurogenesis and often accompanies Parkinson disease. Since brain development occurs mainly in the prenatal period, early exposure to pesticides could alter the development of the nervous system and increase the risk of Parkinson disease. Different rodent models have been used to confirm this hypothesis. However, more precise considerations of the selected strain, the xenobiotic, its mode of administration, and the timing of animal analysis, are necessary to resemble the model to the human clinical condition and obtain more reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Jiménez-Salvador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Patricia Meade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Eldris Iglesias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Pilar Bayona-Bafaluy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Chambers-Richards T, Su Y, Chireh B, D'Arcy C. Exposure to toxic occupations and their association with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:65-83. [PMID: 34796708 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Earlier longitudinal reviews on environmental and occupational toxins and Parkinson's disease (PD) risk have limitations. This study aimed to determine the strength of association between three types of toxic occupational exposures and the occurrence of PD by diagnostic methods. METHODS A search was conducted of EMBASE, PubMed/Medline, Toxnet, LILACS, and Cochrane Library databases for longitudinal studies that assessed toxic occupational exposure, Parkinsonian, or related disorders, diagnosed by International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes, medical records, or confirmation by a neurologist/nurse, and published in the English language from January 1990 to July 2021. Pooled risk ratios (RR) estimates were produced using random-effects models. Systematic review with meta-analysis synthesized the results. Study quality, heterogeneity, and publication bias were examined. High-quality articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. RESULTS Twenty-four articles were used in the analyses. The pooled RR for electromagnetic exposure and PD were (RR=1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91-1.16) while the pooled RR between PD and metal and pesticide exposure were (RR=1.07, 95% CI 0.92-1.24) and (RR=1.41, 95% CI 1.20-1.65), respectively. Pooled RR for methods of diagnosis and their associations with PD were: confirmation by a neurologist or nurse (RR=2.17, 95% CI 1.32-3.54); ICD codes (RR=1.14, 95% CI 1.03-1.26), and medical records (RR=1.06, 95% CI 0.92-1.21). CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review provides robust evidence that toxic occupational exposures are significant risk factors for PD especially those diagnosed by neurologists or nurses using standardized methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingying Su
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Carl D'Arcy
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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12
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Mathas N, Poncet G, Laurent C, Larigot L, Le-Grand B, Gonis E, Birman S, Galardon E, Sari MA, Tiouaini M, Nioche P, Barouki R, Coumoul X, Mansuy D, Dairou J. Inhibition by pesticides of the DJ-1/Park7 protein related to Parkinson disease. Toxicology 2023; 487:153467. [PMID: 36842454 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a severe neurodegenerative disease. Several environmental contaminants such as pesticides have been suspected to favor the appearance of this pathology. The protein DJ-1 (or Park7) protects against the development of Parkinson's disease. Thus, the possible inhibitory effects of about a hundred pesticides on human DJ-1 have been studied. We identified fifteen of them as strong inhibitors of DJ-1 with IC50 values between 0.02 and 30 µM. Thiocarbamates are particularly good inhibitors, as shown by thiram that acts as an irreversible inhibitor of an esterase activity of DJ-1 with an IC50 value of 0.02 µM. Thiram was also found as a good inhibitor of the protective activity of DJ-1 against glycation. Such inhibitory effects could be one of the various biological effects of these pesticides that may explain their involvement in the development of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mathas
- Université Paris cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Gabrielle Poncet
- Université Paris cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Laurent
- Université Paris cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Larigot
- Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR-S1124, T3S, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Le-Grand
- Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR-S1124, T3S, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Gonis
- Université Paris cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France; Genes Circuits Rhythms and Neuropathology, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Serge Birman
- Genes Circuits Rhythms and Neuropathology, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Galardon
- Université Paris cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Sari
- Université Paris cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Mounira Tiouaini
- Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR-S1124, T3S, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France; Structural and Molecular Analysis Platform, BioMedTech Facilities INSERM US36-CNRS UMS2009, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Nioche
- Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR-S1124, T3S, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France; Structural and Molecular Analysis Platform, BioMedTech Facilities INSERM US36-CNRS UMS2009, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR-S1124, T3S, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR-S1124, T3S, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Mansuy
- Université Paris cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Julien Dairou
- Université Paris cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France.
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13
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Neupane S, De Cecco E, Aguzzi A. The Hidden Cell-to-Cell Trail of α-Synuclein Aggregates. J Mol Biol 2022:167930. [PMID: 36566800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The progressive accumulation of insoluble aggregates of the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy, and Dementia with Lewy Bodies, commonly referred to as synucleinopathies. Despite considerable progress on the structural biology of these aggregates, the molecular mechanisms mediating their cell-to-cell transmission, propagation, and neurotoxicity remain only partially understood. Numerous studies have highlighted the stereotypical spatiotemporal spreading of pathological α-Syn aggregates across different tissues and anatomically connected brain regions over time. Experimental evidence from various cellular and animal models indicate that α-Syn transfer occurs in two defined steps: the release of pathogenic α-Syn species from infected cells, and their uptake via passive or active endocytic pathways. Once α-Syn aggregates have been internalized, little is known about what drives their toxicity or how they interact with the endogenous protein to promote its misfolding and subsequent aggregation. Similarly, unknown genetic factors modulate different cellular responses to the aggregation and accumulation of pathogenic α-Syn species. Here we discuss the current understanding of the molecular phenomena associated with the intercellular spreading of pathogenic α-Syn seeds and summarize the evidence supporting the transmission hypothesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in α-Syn aggregates transmission is essential to develop novel targeted therapeutics against PD and related synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Neupane
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. https://twitter.com/neuron_sandesh
| | - Elena De Cecco
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Huang M, Bargues-Carot A, Riaz Z, Wickham H, Zenitsky G, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Impact of Environmental Risk Factors on Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Neuroinflammation, Protein Misfolding, and Oxidative Stress in the Etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810808. [PMID: 36142718 PMCID: PMC9505762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a prevalent progressive neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the neuropathological hallmark of the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DAergic) innervation and the appearance of Lewy bodies with aggregated α-synuclein. Although several familial forms of PD have been reported to be associated with several gene variants, most cases in nature are sporadic, triggered by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors. Numerous epidemiological studies during the past two decades have shown positive associations between PD and several environmental factors, including exposure to neurotoxic pesticides/herbicides and heavy metals as well as traumatic brain injury. Other environmental factors that have been implicated as potential risk factors for PD include industrial chemicals, wood pulp mills, farming, well-water consumption, and rural residence. In this review, we summarize the environmental toxicology of PD with the focus on the elaboration of chemical toxicity and the underlying pathogenic mechanisms associated with exposure to several neurotoxic chemicals, specifically 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), rotenone, paraquat (PQ), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), dieldrin, manganese (Mn), and vanadium (V). Our overview of the current findings from cellular, animal, and human studies of PD provides information for possible intervention strategies aimed at halting the initiation and exacerbation of environmentally linked PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Alejandra Bargues-Carot
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zainab Riaz
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hannah Wickham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Gary Zenitsky
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-542-2380; Fax: +1-706-542-4412
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15
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Naraine AS, Aker R, Sweeney I, Kalvey M, Surtel A, Shanbhag V, Dawson-Scully K. Roundup and glyphosate's impact on GABA to elicit extended proconvulsant behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13655. [PMID: 35999230 PMCID: PMC9399239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17537-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As 3 billion pounds of herbicides are sprayed over farmlands every year, it is essential to advance our understanding how pesticides may influence neurological health and physiology of both humans and other animals. Studies are often one-dimensional as the majority examine glyphosate by itself. Farmers and the public use commercial products, like Roundup, containing a myriad of chemicals in addition to glyphosate. Currently, there are no neurological targets proposed for glyphosate and little comparison to Roundup. To investigate this, we compared how glyphosate and Roundup affect convulsant behavior in C.elegans and found that glyphosate and Roundup increased seizure-like behavior. Key to our initial hypothesis, we found that treatment with an antiepileptic drug rescued the prolonged convulsions. We also discovered over a third of nematodes exposed to Roundup did not recover from their convulsions, but drug treatment resulted in full recovery. Notably, these effects were found at concentrations that are 1,000-fold dilutions of previous findings of neurotoxicity, using over 300-fold less herbicide than the lowest concentration recommended for consumer use. Exploring mechanisms behind our observations, we found significant evidence that glyphosate targets GABA-A receptors. Pharmacological experiments which paired subeffective dosages of glyphosate and a GABA-A antagonist yielded a 24% increase in non-recovery compared to the antagonist alone. GABA mutant strain experiments showed no effect in a GABA-A depleted strain, but a significant, increased effect in a glutamic acid decarboxylase depleted strain. Our findings characterize glyphosate’s exacerbation of convulsions and propose the GABA-A receptor as a neurological target for the observed physiological changes. It also highlights glyphosate’s potential to dysregulate inhibitory neurological circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay S Naraine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA. .,IMPRS for Synapses and Circuits, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA.
| | - Rebecca Aker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Isis Sweeney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Meghan Kalvey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Alexis Surtel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Venkatesh Shanbhag
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Ken Dawson-Scully
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
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16
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Jin P, Jiang J, Zhou L, Huang Z, Nice EC, Huang C, Fu L. Mitochondrial adaptation in cancer drug resistance: prevalence, mechanisms, and management. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:97. [PMID: 35851420 PMCID: PMC9290242 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance represents a major obstacle in cancer management, and the mechanisms underlying stress adaptation of cancer cells in response to therapy-induced hostile environment are largely unknown. As the central organelle for cellular energy supply, mitochondria can rapidly undergo dynamic changes and integrate cellular signaling pathways to provide bioenergetic and biosynthetic flexibility for cancer cells, which contributes to multiple aspects of tumor characteristics, including drug resistance. Therefore, targeting mitochondria for cancer therapy and overcoming drug resistance has attracted increasing attention for various types of cancer. Multiple mitochondrial adaptation processes, including mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial metabolism, and mitochondrial apoptotic regulatory machinery, have been demonstrated to be potential targets. However, recent increasing insights into mitochondria have revealed the complexity of mitochondrial structure and functions, the elusive functions of mitochondria in tumor biology, and the targeting inaccessibility of mitochondria, which have posed challenges for the clinical application of mitochondrial-based cancer therapeutic strategies. Therefore, discovery of both novel mitochondria-targeting agents and innovative mitochondria-targeting approaches is urgently required. Here, we review the most recent literature to summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial stress adaptation and their intricate connection with cancer drug resistance. In addition, an overview of the emerging strategies to target mitochondria for effectively overcoming chemoresistance is highlighted, with an emphasis on drug repositioning and mitochondrial drug delivery approaches, which may accelerate the application of mitochondria-targeting compounds for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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17
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A Comprehensive Study on the Mechanistic Way of Hexaflumuron and Hymexazol Induced Neurobehavioral Toxicity in Rats. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3051-3062. [PMID: 35773501 PMCID: PMC9470636 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03654-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in agriculture to kill pests, but their action is non-selective and results in several hazardous effects on humans and animals. Pesticide toxicity has been demonstrated to alter a variety of neurological functions and predisposes to various neurodegenerative diseases. Although, there is no data available for hexaflumuron (HFM) and hymexazol (HML) neurotoxicity. Hence, the present study aims to investigate the possible mechanisms of HFM and HML neurotoxicity. 21 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups and daily received the treatment via oral gavage for 14 days as follows: group (1) normal saline, group (2) HFM (1/100LD50), and group (3) HML (1/100 LD50). Our results revealed that both HFM and HML produced a significant increase in MDA levels and a decrease in GSH and CAT activity in some brain areas. There were severe histopathological alterations mainly neuronal necrosis and gliosis in different examined areas. Upregulation of mRNA levels of JNK and Bax with downregulation of Bcl-2 was also recorded in both pesticides exposed groups. In all studied toxicological parameters, HML produced neurotoxicity more than HFM. HFM targets the cerebral cortex and striatum, while HML targets the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum. We can conclude that both HFM and HML provoke neurobehavioral toxicity through oxidative stress that impairs the mitochondrial function and activates the JNK-dependent apoptosis pathway.
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18
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Zoratto Romoli JC, Palma Scanferla DT, Gomes Aguera R, Lini RS, Pante GC, Bueno Junior CR, Castro JC, Mossini SAG, Marchioni C, Junior MM. Analytical and toxicological aspects of dithiocarbamates: an overview of the last 10 years. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:637-649. [PMID: 35387549 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2063096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Compilation studies related to toxicological aspects and also biological monitoring and analysis methods for specific fungicides and, mainly, those that belong to the class of the dithiocarbamates (DTCs) have not been carried out at least in the last ten years. DTCs - dimethyldithiocarbamates, ethylenebisditiocarbamates, propylenebisditiocarbamates - are organosulfur compounds that form complexes due to the presence of different chemical elements, which bind strongly and inhibit enzymes that are essential to the functioning of the organism, causing a serious proven adverse effect on biological systems, such as alteration of thyroid hormones, teratogenesis and neurotoxicity. It is still evident, as shown by world data, that the growing consumption of fungicides has increasingly exposed the population in general and, in particular, workers who deal with these substances. There is a scarcity of studies in the literature discussing the toxicological and analytical aspects that are important for understanding the real effects of DTCs and monitoring human exposure to them. Therefore, the aim of this work was to expose, in a comprehensive way and through a narrative review, the negligence of research related to the fungicides of the DTCs class, their metabolites, as well as the toxicological and analytical aspects involved. The review is divided into two parts: (1) Toxicological aspects, including toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics and toxidromes; and (2) Analytical Toxicology, which comprises biomarkers, sample preparation and identification/quantification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Cristina Zoratto Romoli
- Department of Basic Health Science, State University of Maringa, Avenida Colombo N° 5790, Maringa, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Deborah Thais Palma Scanferla
- Department of Basic Health Science, State University of Maringa, Avenida Colombo N° 5790, Maringa, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Raul Gomes Aguera
- Department of Basic Health Science, State University of Maringa, Avenida Colombo N° 5790, Maringa, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Sano Lini
- Department of Basic Health Science, State University of Maringa, Avenida Colombo N° 5790, Maringa, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Giseli Cristina Pante
- Department of Basic Health Science, State University of Maringa, Avenida Colombo N° 5790, Maringa, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Bueno Junior
- Department of Basic Health Science, State University of Maringa, Avenida Colombo N° 5790, Maringa, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cristina Castro
- Department of Basic Health Science, State University of Maringa, Avenida Colombo N° 5790, Maringa, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Marchioni
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rua Delfino Conti S/N, Florianopolis, SC, CEP 88040-370, Brazil
| | - Miguel Machinski Junior
- Department of Basic Health Science, State University of Maringa, Avenida Colombo N° 5790, Maringa, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
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19
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Flønes IH, Tzoulis C. Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Dysfunction—A Hallmark Pathology of Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:874596. [PMID: 35433702 PMCID: PMC9010539 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.874596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common age-dependent neurodegenerative synucleinopathy. Loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, together with region- and cell-specific aggregations of α-synuclein are considered main pathological hallmarks of PD, but its etiopathogenesis remains largely unknown. Mitochondrial dysfunction, in particular quantitative and/or functional deficiencies of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC), has been associated with the disease. However, after decades of research in this field, the pervasiveness and anatomical extent of MRC dysfunction in PD remain largely unknown. Moreover, it is not known whether the observed MRC defects are pathogenic, compensatory responses, or secondary epiphenomena. In this perspective, we give an overview of current evidence for MRC dysfunction in PD, highlight pertinent knowledge gaps, and propose potential strategies for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene H. Flønes
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- K.G Jebsen Center for Translational Research in Parkinson’s Disease, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Charalampos Tzoulis
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- K.G Jebsen Center for Translational Research in Parkinson’s Disease, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Charalampos Tzoulis,
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20
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Chen R, Liu J, Li S, Li X, Huo Y, Yao YG, Xiao X, Li M, Luo XJ. Functional genomics elucidates regulatory mechanisms of Parkinson's disease-associated variants. BMC Med 2022; 20:68. [PMID: 35168626 PMCID: PMC8848643 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02264-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified multiple risk loci for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, identifying the functional (or potential causal) variants in the reported risk loci and elucidating their roles in PD pathogenesis remain major challenges. To identify the potential causal (or functional) variants in the reported PD risk loci and to elucidate their regulatory mechanisms, we report a functional genomics study of PD. METHODS We first integrated chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) (from neuronal cells and human brain tissues) data and GWAS-identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PD risk loci. We then conducted a series of experiments and analyses to validate the regulatory effects of these (i.e., functional) SNPs, including reporter gene assays, allele-specific expression (ASE), transcription factor (TF) knockdown, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing, and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis. RESULTS We identified 44 SNPs (from 11 risk loci) affecting the binding of 12 TFs and we validated the regulatory effects of 15 TF binding-disrupting SNPs. In addition, we also identified the potential target genes regulated by these TF binding-disrupting SNPs through eQTL analysis. Finally, we showed that 4 eQTL genes of these TF binding-disrupting SNPs were dysregulated in PD cases compared with controls. CONCLUSION Our study systematically reveals the gene regulatory mechanisms of PD risk variants (including widespread disruption of CTCF binding), generates the landscape of potential PD causal variants, and pinpoints promising candidate genes for further functional characterization and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Shiwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongxia Huo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong-Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China. .,Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China. .,KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
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21
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Sule RO, Condon L, Gomes AV. A Common Feature of Pesticides: Oxidative Stress-The Role of Oxidative Stress in Pesticide-Induced Toxicity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5563759. [PMID: 35096268 PMCID: PMC8791758 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5563759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are important chemicals or biological agents that deter or kill pests. The use of pesticides has continued to increase as it is still considered the most effective method to reduce pests and increase crop growth. However, pesticides have other consequences, including potential toxicity to humans and wildlife. Pesticides have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and birth defects. Labels on pesticides also suggest limiting exposure to these hazardous chemicals. Based on experimental evidence, various types of pesticides all seem to have a common effect, the induction of oxidative stress in different cell types and animal models. Pesticide-induced oxidative stress is caused by both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which are associated with several diseases including cancer, inflammation, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. ROS and RNS can activate at least five independent signaling pathways including mitochondrial-induced apoptosis. Limited in vitro studies also suggest that exogenous antioxidants can reduce or prevent the deleterious effects of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheed O. Sule
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Liam Condon
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aldrin V. Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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22
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Ramachandra VH, Sivanesan S, Koppal A, Anandakumar S, Howell MD, Sukumar E, Vijayaraghavan R. Embelin and levodopa combination therapy for improved Parkinson's disease treatment. Transl Neurosci 2022; 13:145-162. [PMID: 35855085 PMCID: PMC9245559 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, affects dopaminergic neurons. Oxidative stress and gut damage play critical roles in PD pathogenesis. Inhibition of oxidative stress and gut damage can prevent neuronal death and delay PD progression. The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of embelin or the combination with levodopa (LD) in a rotenone-induced PD mouse model. At the end of experimentation, the mice were sacrificed and the midbrain was used to evaluate various biochemical parameters, such as nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, urea, and lipid peroxidation. In the substantia nigra (midbrain), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression was examined by immunohistochemistry, and Nurr1 expression was evaluated by western blotting. Gut histopathology was evaluated on tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In silico molecular docking studies of embelin and α-synuclein (α-syn) fibrils were also performed. Embelin alone or in combination with LD ameliorated oxidative stress and gut damage. TH and Nurr1 protein levels were also significantly restored. Docking studies confirmed the affinity of embelin toward α-syn. Taken together, embelin could be a promising drug for the treatment of PD, especially when combined with LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagdevi Hangarakatte Ramachandra
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamilnadu, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Shivamogga 577222, Karnataka, India
| | - Senthilkumar Sivanesan
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Anand Koppal
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamilnadu, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Shivamogga 577222, Karnataka, India
| | - Shanmugam Anandakumar
- Department of Phytoinformatics, Yukai Care Solutions LLP, Chennai 600011, Tamilnadu, India.,Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Matthew D Howell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Ethirajan Sukumar
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamilnadu, India
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23
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Li P, Yao LY, Jiang YJ, Wang DD, Wang T, Wu YP, Li BX, Li XT. Soybean isoflavones protect SH-SY5Y neurons from atrazine-induced toxicity by activating mitophagy through stimulation of the BEX2/BNIP3/NIX pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112886. [PMID: 34673406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used herbicide that can induce the degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in a Parkinson's disease-like syndrome. Despite the high risk of environmental exposure, few studies have investigated strategies for the prevention of ATR neurotoxicity. Our previous studies demonstrated that ATR can impair mitochondrial function, leading to metabolic failure. Cells maintain mitochondrial quality through selective autophagic elimination, termed mitophagy. Soybean isoflavones (SI) possess multiple beneficial bioactivities, including preservation of mitochondria function, so it was hypothesized that SI can protect neurons against ATR toxicity by promoting mitophagy. Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y neurons with SI prevented ATR-induced metabolic failure and cytotoxicity as assessed by intracellular ATP, Na+-K+-ATPase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell viability assays. The neuroprotective efficacy of SI was superior to the major individual components genistein, daidzein, and glycitein. Ultrastructural analyses revealed that ATR induced mitochondrial damage, while SI promoted the sequestration of damaged mitochondria into autophagic vesicles. Soybean isoflavones also induced mitophagy as evidenced by upregulated expression of BNIP3/NIX, BEX2, and LC3-II, while co-treatment with the mitophagy inhibitor Mdivi-1 blocked SI-mediated neuroprotection and prevented SI from reversing ATR-induced BEX2 downregulation. Furthermore, BEX2 knockdown inhibited SI-induced activation of the BNIP3/NIX pathway, mitophagy, and neuroprotection. These findings suggest that SI protects against ATR-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotoxicity by activating the BEX2/BNIP3/NIX pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Li-Yan Yao
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Yu-Jia Jiang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Yan-Ping Wu
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Bai-Xiang Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Xue-Ting Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
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24
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Wei J, Ho G, Takamatsu Y, Masliah E, Hashimoto M. Therapeutic Potential of α-Synuclein Evolvability for Autosomal Recessive Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2021; 2021:6318067. [PMID: 34858569 PMCID: PMC8632460 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6318067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The majority of Parkinson's disease (PD) is sporadic in elderly and is characterized by α-synuclein (αS) aggregation and other alterations involving mitochondria, ubiquitin-proteasome, and autophagy. The remaining are familial PD associated with gene mutations of either autosomal dominant or recessive inheritances. However, the former ones are similar to sporadic PD, and the latter ones are accompanied by impaired mitophagy during the reproductive stage. Since no radical therapies are available for PD, the objective of this paper is to discuss a mechanistic role for amyloidogenic evolvability, a putative physiological function of αS, among PD subtypes, and the potential relevance to therapy. Presumably, αS evolvability might benefit familial PD due to autosomal dominant genes and also sporadic PD during reproduction, which may manifest as neurodegenerative diseases through antagonistic pleiotropy mechanism in aging. Indeed, there are some reports describing that αS prevents apoptosis and mitochondrial alteration under the oxidative stress conditions, notwithstanding myriads of papers on the neuropathology of αS. Importantly, β-synuclein (βS), the nonamyloidogenic homologue of αS, might buffer against evolvability of αS protofibrils associated with neurotoxicity. Finally, it is intriguing to predict that increased αS evolvability through suppression of βS expression might protect against autosomal recessive PD. Collectively, further studies are warranted to better understand αS evolvability in PD pathogenesis, leading to rational therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshe Wei
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Gilbert Ho
- PCND Neuroscience Research Institute, Poway 92064, CA, USA
| | - Yoshiki Takamatsu
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Division of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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25
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Genetically Targeted Clinical Trials in Parkinson's Disease: Learning from the Successes Made in Oncology. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101529. [PMID: 34680924 PMCID: PMC8535305 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials in neurodegenerative disorders have been associated with high rate of failures, while in oncology, the implementation of precision medicine and focus on genetically defined subtypes of disease and targets for drug development have seen an unprecedented success. With more than 20 genes associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD), most of which are highly penetrant and often cause early onset or atypical signs and symptoms, and an increasing understanding of the associated pathophysiology culminating in dopaminergic neurodegeneration, applying the technologies and designs into the field of neurodegeneration seems a logical step. This review describes some of the methods used in oncology clinical trials and some attempts in Parkinson’s disease and the potential of further implementing genetics, biomarkers and smart clinical trial designs in this disease area.
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26
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Tatjana V, Domitille S, Jean-Charles S. Paraquat-induced cholesterol biosynthesis proteins dysregulation in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18137. [PMID: 34518572 PMCID: PMC8438088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97175-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite Paraquat (PQ) being banned in several countries, it is still one of the most commonly used herbicides in agriculture. This compound is known to induce damaging effects on human and animal brain cells by generating Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). However, there is few evidence of PQ effect on Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HBMECs), one of the major component of the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB). The present study aimed at unraveling biological mechanisms associated to the exposure of 1, 10 and 100 µM of PQ for 24 h on HBMECs. High-throughput mass spectrometry-based proteomics using data-independent acquisition (DIA) was applied. Biological pathway enrichment and cellular assays such as mitochondrial respiration and cholesterol level were performed to verify proteomics results. A total of 3753 proteins were quantified out of which 419 were significantly modulated by paraquat exposure. Biological pathway enrichment revealed the ubiquinone metabolism, a pathway directly linked to mitochondrial complex I proteins, confirming the well-known mechanism of PQ inducing oxidative stress. Additionally, this study also described the cholesterol biosynthesis modulation on HBMECs not yet described. In conclusion, our data indicate the toxic effect of PQ on HBMECs by downregulating proteins involved in mitochondrial complex I and cholesterol pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vujić Tatjana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Schvartz Domitille
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sanchez Jean-Charles
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland.
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27
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Does paraquat cause Parkinson's disease? A review of reviews. Neurotoxicology 2021; 86:180-184. [PMID: 34400206 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To examine the extent to which a consensus exists in the scientific community regarding the relationship between exposure to paraquat and Parkinson's disease, a critical review of reviews was undertaken focusing on reviews published between 2006 and the present that offered opinions on the issue of causation. Systematic searches were undertaken of scientific databases along with searches of published bibliographies to identify English language reviews on the topic of paraquat and Parkinson's disease including those on the broader topic of environmental and occupational risk factors for Parkinson's disease. Of the 269 publications identified in the searches, there were twelve reviews, some with meta-analyses, that met the inclusion criteria. Information on methods used by the reviewers, if any, and source of funding was collected; the quality of the reviews was considered. No author of any published review stated that it has been established that exposure to paraquat causes Parkinson's disease, regardless of methods used and independent of funding source. A consensus exists in the scientific community that the available evidence does not warrant a claim that paraquat causes Parkinson's disease. Future research on this topic should focus on improving the quality of epidemiological studies including better exposure measures and identifying specific mechanisms of action. Future reviews of emerging evidence should be structured as systematic narrative reviews with meta-analysis if appropriate.
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28
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Yang H, Lin Q, Chen N, Luo Z, Zheng C, Li J, Zheng F, Guo Z, Cai P, Wu S, Wang YL, Li H. LncRNA NR_030777 Alleviates Paraquat-Induced Neurotoxicity by Regulating Zfp326 and Cpne5. Toxicol Sci 2021; 178:173-188. [PMID: 32735315 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is herbicide widely used in agricultural production. It is identified as an environmental toxicant that could lead to neurodegeneration damage. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a central nervous system degenerative disease that occurs in the elderly. Main risk factors for PD include genetic and environmental variables, but its specific mechanism is still not well understood. Emerging evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in PD. LncRNA NR_030777 has a full length of 2208 bp and is highly conserved among species. RNA profiling showed a significant alteration in lncRNA NR_030777 expression upon PQ-induced neurotoxicity. However, little is known on the functional relevance of lncRNA NR_030777 in the development of PQ. In this study, we discovered a vital protective role of lncRNA NR_030777 in PQ-induced neurotoxicity. The expression of NR_030777 correlates with elevated level of reactive oxygen species induced by PQ. In addition, activated expression of NR_030777 alleviates neurotoxicity by regulating the expression of Zfp326 and Copine 5. We report that lncRNA NR_030777 has a vital protective role in neurotoxicity induced by environmental toxicants such as PQ. This study could serve as an exemplary case for lncRNAs to be considered as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of PQ-induced neurodegenerative disorders such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.,Department of Labor Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingxia Lin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Nengzhou Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Zhousong Luo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Chunyan Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Fuli Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.,The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health
| | - Zhenkun Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer
| | - Ping Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer.,Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine
| | - Siying Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yuan-Liang Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.,The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.,The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer
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29
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Hammond SL, Bantle CM, Popichak KA, Wright KA, Thompson D, Forero C, Kirkley KS, Damale PU, Chong EKP, Tjalkens RB. NF-κB Signaling in Astrocytes Modulates Brain Inflammation and Neuronal Injury Following Sequential Exposure to Manganese and MPTP During Development and Aging. Toxicol Sci 2021; 177:506-520. [PMID: 32692843 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to manganese (Mn) is associated with neuroinflammation and extrapyramidal motor deficits resembling features of Parkinson's disease. Activation of astrocytes and microglia is implicated in neuronal injury from Mn but it is not known whether early life exposure to Mn may predispose glia to more severe inflammatory responses during aging. We therefore examined astrocyte nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in mediating innate immune inflammatory responses during multiple neurotoxic exposures spanning juvenile development into adulthood. MnCl2 was given in drinking water for 30-day postweaning to both wildtype mice and astrocyte-specific knockout (KO) mice lacking I kappa B kinase 2, the central upstream activator of NF-κB. Following juvenile exposure to Mn, mice were subsequently administered 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) at 4 months of age. Animals were evaluated for behavioral alterations and brain tissue was analyzed for catecholamine neurotransmitters. Stereological analysis of neuronal and glial cell counts from multiple brain regions indicated that juvenile exposure to Mn amplified glial activation and neuronal loss from MPTP exposure in the caudate-putamen and globus pallidus, as well as increased the severity of neurobehavioral deficits in open field activity assays. These alterations were prevented in astrocyte-specific I kappa B kinase 2 KO mice. Juvenile exposure to Mn increased the number of neurotoxic A1 astrocytes expressing C3 as well as the number of activated microglia in adult mice following MPTP challenge, both of which were inhibited in KO mice. These results demonstrate that exposure to Mn during juvenile development heightens the innate immune inflammatory response in glia during a subsequent neurotoxic challenge through NF-κB signaling in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L Hammond
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Collin M Bantle
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Katriana A Popichak
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Katie A Wright
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Delaney Thompson
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Catalina Forero
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Kelly S Kirkley
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Pranav U Damale
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1680
| | - Edwin K P Chong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1680
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
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MiR-20a-5p Regulates MPP +-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in HT22 Cells by Targeting IRF9/NF- κB Axis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6621206. [PMID: 34249133 PMCID: PMC8238586 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6621206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) can be used as biological markers of Parkinson's disease (PD) and contribute to the risk assessment, early diagnosis, and treatment. We aimed to explore the role and potential mechanism of miR-20a-5p on inflammation and oxidative stress in 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine ion- (MPP+-) induced HT22 cells. HT22 cells were pretreated with miR-20a-5p mimic and/or pcDNA-IRF9 for 24 h and then treated with MPP+ (0.5 mM) for 24 h. The cell viability and apoptosis were determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and Annexin V FITC/PI staining flow cytometry assay, respectively. The expression and secretion of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress-related factors were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expression levels were detected using Western blot analysis. Here, we discovered that MPP+ led to mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and cell damage of HT22 cells, which were alleviated by miR-20a-5p overexpression. We further clarified that interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) was a target gene of miR-20a-5p. IRF9 contributed to MPP+-induced mitochondrial disruption, inflammation, and cell apoptosis. Moreover, IRF9 hindered the improvement of miR-20a-5p overexpression on MPP+-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, the decrease of p-P65 level induced by miR-20a-5p mimic was significantly reversed by IRF9 overexpression. These findings demonstrate that miR-20a-5p contributes to MPP+-induced mitochondrial disruption and cell damage, and miR-20a-5p might be a novel therapeutic target for PD.
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Roberts MC, Fohner AE, Landry L, Olstad DL, Smit AK, Turbitt E, Allen CG. Advancing precision public health using human genomics: examples from the field and future research opportunities. Genome Med 2021; 13:97. [PMID: 34074326 PMCID: PMC8168000 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision public health is a relatively new field that integrates components of precision medicine, such as human genomics research, with public health concepts to help improve population health. Despite interest in advancing precision public health initiatives using human genomics research, current and future opportunities in this emerging field remain largely undescribed. To that end, we provide examples of promising opportunities and current applications of genomics research within precision public health and outline future directions within five major domains of public health: biostatistics, environmental health, epidemiology, health policy and health services, and social and behavioral science. To further extend applications of genomics within precision public health research, three key cross-cutting challenges will need to be addressed: developing policies that implement precision public health initiatives at multiple levels, improving data integration and developing more rigorous methodologies, and incorporating initiatives that address health equity. Realizing the potential to better integrate human genomics within precision public health will require transdisciplinary efforts that leverage the strengths of both precision medicine and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. Roberts
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Alison E. Fohner
- Department of Epidemiology and Institute of Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Ave, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Latrice Landry
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital &The Division of Population Sciences in Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215-5450 USA
| | - Dana Lee Olstad
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Amelia K. Smit
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 119-143 Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Erin Turbitt
- Discipline of Genetic Counselling, The University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2008 Australia
| | - Caitlin G. Allen
- Department of Behavioral Social and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Ubiquinone Metabolism and Transcription HIF-1 Targets Pathway Are Toxicity Signature Pathways Present in Extracellular Vesicles of Paraquat-Exposed Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105065. [PMID: 34064677 PMCID: PMC8150401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the knowledge in extracellular vesicles (EVs) biogenesis and modulation has increasingly grown. As their content reflects the physiological state of their donor cells, these “intercellular messengers” progressively became a potential source of biomarker reflecting the host cell state. However, little is known about EVs released from the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). The current study aimed to isolate and characterize EVs from HBMECs and to analyze their EVs proteome modulation after paraquat (PQ) stimulation, a widely used herbicide known for its neurotoxic effect. Size distribution, concentration and presence of well-known EV markers were assessed. Identification and quantification of PQ-exposed EV proteins was conducted by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS). Signature pathways of PQ-treated EVs were analyzed by gene ontology terms and pathway enrichment. Results highlighted that EVs exposed to PQ have modulated pathways, namely the ubiquinone metabolism and the transcription HIF-1 targets. These pathways may be potential molecular signatures of the PQ-induced toxicity carried by EVs that are reflecting their cell of origin by transporting with them irreversible functional changes.
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Phytochemicals as Regulators of Genes Involved in Synucleinopathies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050624. [PMID: 33922207 PMCID: PMC8145209 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates in neurons, nerve fibers or glial cells. Three main types of diseases belong to the synucleinopathies: Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. All of them develop as a result of an interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in the development of synucleinopathies. Since there is no disease-modifying treatment for these disorders at this time, interest is growing in plant-derived chemicals as a potential treatment option. Phytochemicals are substances of plant origin that possess biological activity, which might have effects on human health. Phytochemicals with neuroprotective activity target different elements in pathogenic pathways due to their antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties, and ability to reduce cellular stress. Multiple recent studies demonstrate that the beneficial effects of phytochemicals may be explained by their ability to modulate the expression of genes implicated in synucleinopathies and other diseases. These substances may regulate transcription directly via transcription factors (TFs) or play the role of epigenetic regulators through their effect on histone modification, DNA methylation, and RNA-based mechanisms. Here, we summarize new data about the impact of phytochemicals on the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies through regulation of gene expression.
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Rani L, Thapa K, Kanojia N, Sharma N, Singh S, Grewal AS, Srivastav AL, Kaushal J. An extensive review on the consequences of chemical pesticides on human health and environment. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2021. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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Proteotoxicity: A Fatal Consequence of Environmental Pollutants-Induced Impairments in Protein Clearance Machinery. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020069. [PMID: 33503824 PMCID: PMC7912547 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A tightly regulated protein quality control (PQC) system maintains a healthy balance between correctly folded and misfolded protein species. This PQC system work with the help of a complex network comprised of molecular chaperones and proteostasis. Any intruder, especially environmental pollutants, disrupt the PQC network and lead to PQCs disruption, thus generating damaged and infectious protein. These misfolded/unfolded proteins are linked to several diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and cataracts. Numerous studies on proteins misfolding and disruption of PQCs by environmental pollutants highlight the necessity of detailed knowledge. This review represents the PQCs network and environmental pollutants' impact on the PQC network, especially through the protein clearance system.
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36
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Guan H. Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction of Multiresidue Pesticides in Food and Water Samples. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2326:289-299. [PMID: 34097277 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1514-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides has become an essential part of our life and have entered and bioaccumulated in water, air, soil ecosystem, and food. However, the majority of the pesticides are not biodegradable and eco-friendly, and the accumulation of them in food and the ecosystem could constitute a serious risk to human and environmental health. It is critical to understand pesticides' identities and level of residues present in environment and food. Robust analytical techniques that offer easy, fast, and reliable extraction of multiresidue pesticides in water, soil and food with matrix interference-free quantification are necessary for proper risk assessment. Although various methods have been reported for pesticides extraction in food and environment samples, dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) has become the most popular sample preparation method for pesticides analysis today. Multiresidue pesticides extraction in food and environmental sample using a novel d-SPE method, dispersive pipette extraction (DPX), is described step-by-step in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Guan
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA, USA.
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Shi Y, Zhang K, Ye M. Well-Water Consumption and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis of 15 Observational Studies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:3705-3714. [PMID: 34938078 PMCID: PMC8687678 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s336939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between the risk of Parkinson disease and well-water consumption has been extensively studied, but the results have been contradictory. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies to systematically assess the relationship between well-water consumption and Parkinson disease risk. METHODS We followed the PRISMA checklist in completing the meta-analysis. We searched two electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCO, EMBASE and Cochrane) from establishment to October, 2021, to identify relevant studies linking well-water drinking to Parkinson risk. We used a random-effects model to calculate the overall odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). To reduce intragroup heterogeneity, we conducted subgroup analyses according to the research design and geographic area. RESULTS After careful review, a total of 15 case-control-designed studies included data suitable for our meta-analysis. The total number of cases and total controls that contribute to the combined OR were 2182 and 2456. The combined OR for ever well-water drinkers versus non-drinkers was 1.16 (95% CI: 0.97-1.39, I2 = 44.52%). In subgroup analysis by geographic area, a significant association was observed in studies conducted in Asia (OR 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05-1.58, I2 = 0.0%, p for heterogeneity = 0.460) but not in studies conducted in America (OR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.76-1.24, I2 = 41.2%, p for heterogeneity = 0.164). In subgroup analysis by study design, a borderline significant association emerged in hospital-based case-control studies (OR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.04-1.65, I2 = 40.9%, p for heterogeneity = 0.118) but not in population-based case-control studies (OR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.73-1.26, I2 = 41.1%, p for heterogeneity = 0.165). DISCUSSION Our results indicate that there is no significant correlation between well-water consumption and PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Shi
- School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, 215000, People's Republic of China
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Fast kinetics of environmentally induced α-synuclein aggregation mediated by structural alteration in NAC region and result in structure dependent cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18412. [PMID: 33110167 PMCID: PMC7591854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is associated with the manifestation of various pathogenic synucleinopathies, including Parkinson’s disease attributed to both genetic and environmental stress factors. The initial events triggering α-syn aggregation and disease initiation due to environmental stress factors are still largely unknown. Here, to understand the mechanism of misfolding and aggregation initiation, we induced α-syn aggregation with rotenone, an established chemical inducer of PD like symptoms. We found that rotenone accelerates the formation of structurally distinct oligomers and fibrils that act as templates and increase the formation of conformers capable of spreading to the neighboring neuronal cells. Molecular dynamics simulations and NMR studies revealed the involvement of NAC region and formation of helical conformations resulting in structural variations in oligomers and fibrils. These structural variations affect the cytotoxic potential of oligomers and fibrils, where, the beta sheet rich oligomers and fibrils alter the membrane potential of neuronal cells and lead to early apoptosis. Our results describe the initial mechanistic events in pathogenic protein aggregation, where initial structural alterations in response to external stress factors dictate the toxicity of resulting conformers. This information will further provide insights in the understanding of protein aggregation, disease progression and pathogenesis.
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39
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Pingale T, Gupta GL. Classic and evolving animal models in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 199:173060. [PMID: 33091373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with motor and non-motor symptoms. PD is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and deficiency of dopamine in the striatal region. The primary objective in PD research is to understand the pathogenesis, targets, and development of therapeutic interventions to control the progress of the disease. The anatomical and physiological resemblances between humans and animals gathered the researcher's attention towards the use of animals in PD research. Due to varying age of onset, symptoms, and progression rate, PD becomes heterogeneous which demands the variety of animal models to study diverse features of the disease. Parkinson is a multifactorial disorder, selection of models become important as not a single model shows all the biochemical features of the disease. Currently, conventional pharmacological, neurotoxin-induced, genetically modified and cellular models are available for PD research, but none of them recapitulate all the biochemical characteristics of the disease. In this review, we included the updated knowledge on the main features of currently available in vivo and in vitro models as well as their strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Pingale
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India; School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India.
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Abstract
A number of studies reported the possible differences between men and women in movement disorders. Evidence shows that estrogens may have a neuroprotective effect and may modulate the neurodevelopment of the different brain structures. Movement disorders including Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy body, Huntington's disease, Tourette's syndrome, and dystonia among others display significant clinical differences between sexes, with structural differences in the dopaminergic pathways between men and women. Here we summarize the most relevant clinical aspects of some of the most common movement disorders, highlighting the differences in disease onset, clinical presentation, therapy, and outcomes. Increased recognition of these differences may help physicians better understand the pathophysiology of these conditions and provide a tailored therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Turcano
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States.
| | - Rodolfo Savica
- Department of Neurology and Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Çobanoğlu H, Coşkun M, Coşkun M, Çayır A. Different working conditions shift the genetic damage levels of pesticide-exposed agriculture workers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31750-31759. [PMID: 32504430 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we had two main purposes. Firstly, we aimed to compare genetic damages in the agricultural workers of two different types of environmental conditions including the greenhouse and open fields. Secondly, we aimed to compare genetic damages in the total agricultural workers as the exposed group (greenhouse and open field workers) (n = 114) and the non-exposed control group (n = 98) living in the same area in Canakkale, Turkey. For these purposes, we investigated the incidence of micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), and nuclear buds (NBUDs) in peripheral blood lymphocytes. We observed that the frequencies of MN, NPB, and NBUD obtained for the greenhouse workers were statistically significantly higher than those obtained for the open field workers. When the results of the control group were compared with those of the total workers, there were statistically significant differences in terms of MN and NBUD frequencies. We found that age and MN were correlated at a significant level in both the agricultural workers and the control group. The MN frequency of the female workers was 1.5 times greater than that of the male workers, and it was a significant level in the agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayal Çobanoğlu
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Münevver Coşkun
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Coşkun
- Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Akın Çayır
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey.
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42
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Song C, Charli A, Luo J, Riaz Z, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Mechanistic Interplay Between Autophagy and Apoptotic Signaling in Endosulfan-Induced Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity: Relevance to the Adverse Outcome Pathway in Pesticide Neurotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:333-352. [PMID: 30796443 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to pesticides is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previously, we showed that dieldrin induces dopaminergic neurotoxicity by activating a cascade of apoptotic signaling pathways in experimental models of PD. Here, we systematically investigated endosulfan's effect on the interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in dopaminergic neuronal cell models of PD. Exposing N27 dopaminergic neuronal cells to endosulfan rapidly induced autophagy, indicated by an increased number of autophagosomes and LC3-II accumulation. Prolonged endosulfan exposure (>9 h) triggered apoptotic signaling, including caspase-2 and -3 activation and protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) proteolytic activation, ultimately leading to cell death, thus demonstrating that autophagy precedes apoptosis during endosulfan neurotoxicity. Furthermore, inhibiting autophagy with wortmannin, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor, potentiated endosulfan-induced apoptosis, suggesting that autophagy is an early protective response against endosulfan. Additionally, Beclin-1, a major regulator of autophagy, was cleaved during the initiation of apoptotic cell death, and the cleavage was predominantly mediated by caspase-2. Also, caspase-2 and caspase-3 inhibitors effectively blocked endosulfan-induced apoptotic cell death. CRISPR/Cas9-based stable knockdown of PKCδ significantly attenuated endosulfan-induced caspase-3 activation, indicating that the kinase serves as a regulatory switch for apoptosis. Additional studies in primary mesencephalic neuronal cultures confirmed endosulfan's effect on autophagy and neuronal degeneration. Collectively, our results demonstrate that a functional interplay between autophagy and apoptosis dictate pesticide-induced neurodegenerative processes in dopaminergic neuronal cells. Our study provides insight into cell death mechanisms in environmentally linked neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adhithiya Charli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Zainab Riaz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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Genetic predispositions of Parkinson's disease revealed in patient-derived brain cells. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 6:8. [PMID: 32352027 PMCID: PMC7181694 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-020-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurological disorder and has been the focus of intense investigations to understand its etiology and progression, but it still lacks a cure. Modeling diseases of the central nervous system in vitro with human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) is still in its infancy but has the potential to expedite the discovery and validation of new treatments. Here, we discuss the interplay between genetic predispositions and midbrain neuronal impairments in people living with PD. We first summarize the prevalence of causal Parkinson's genes and risk factors reported in 74 epidemiological and genomic studies. We then present a meta-analysis of 385 hiPSC-derived neuronal lines from 67 recent independent original research articles, which point towards specific impairments in neurons from Parkinson's patients, within the context of genetic predispositions. Despite the heterogeneous nature of the disease, current iPSC models reveal converging molecular pathways underlying neurodegeneration in a range of familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. Altogether, consolidating our understanding of robust cellular phenotypes across genetic cohorts of Parkinson's patients may guide future personalized drug screens in preclinical research.
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Liu C, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Li Y, Fang R, Li F, Zhang J. A Scientometric Analysis and Visualization of Research on Parkinson's Disease Associated With Pesticide Exposure. Front Public Health 2020; 8:91. [PMID: 32318533 PMCID: PMC7154051 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) have not yet been clearly described. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset and progression of PD. Some pesticides have been demonstrated to be associated with PD by many previous studies and experiments, and an increasing number of researchers have paid attention to this area in recent years. This paper aims to explore the knowledge structure, analyze the current research hot spots, and discuss the research trend through screening and summarizing the present literature. Based on 1767 articles from the Web of Science Core Collection and PubMed database, this study carried out the analysis from the keywords, cited references, countries, authors, and some other aspects by using Citespace. The hot topics, valuable articles, and productive authors in this research field could be found after that. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to specifically visualize the relationship between pesticide exposure and PD, and forecast research tendency in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruying Fang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Li
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
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Pesticides, cognitive functions and dementia: A review. Toxicol Lett 2020; 326:31-51. [PMID: 32145396 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely-used chemicals commonly applied in agriculture for the protection of crops from pests. Depending on the class of pesticides, the specific substances may have a specific set of adverse effects on humans, especially in cases of acute poisoning. In past years, evidence regarding sequelae of chronic, low-level exposure has been accumulating. Cognitive impairment and dementia heavily affect a person's quality of life and scientific data has been hinting towards an association between them and antecedent chronic pesticide exposure. Here, we reviewed animal and human studies exploring the association between pesticide exposure, cognition and dementia. Additionally, we present potential mechanisms through which pesticides may act neurotoxically and lead to neurodegeneration. Study designs rarely presented homogeneity and the estimation of the exposure to pesticides has been most frequently performed without measuring the synergic effects and the possible interactions between the toxicants within mixtures, and also overlooking low exposures to environmental toxicants. It is possible that a Real-Life Risk Simulation approach would represent a robust alternative for future studies, so that the safe exposure limits and the net risk that pesticides confer to impaired cognitive function can be examined. Previous studies that evaluated the effect of low dose chronic exposure to mixtures of pesticides and other chemicals intending to simulate real life exposure scenarios showed that hormetic neurobehavioral effects can appear after mixture exposure at doses considered safe for individual compounds and these effects can be exacerbated by a coexistence with specific conditions such as vitamin deficiency. However, there is an overall indication, derived from both epidemiologic and laboratory evidence, supporting an association between exposure to neurotoxic pesticides and cognitive dysfunction, dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Li P, Li X, Yao L, Wu Y, Li B. Soybean isoflavones prevent atrazine-induced neurodegenerative damage by inducing autophagy. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110065. [PMID: 31869719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used herbicide with documented dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotoxicity that can lead to a Parkinson's disease (PD)-like motor syndrome. However, there have been few studies on preventative interventions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective efficacy of soybean isoflavones (SI) and associated molecular mechanisms in a rat model of ATR-induced DAergic toxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 weeks old) received daily intraperitoneal injection of SI (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg) or vehicle followed 1 h later by oral gavage of ATR (50 mg/kg) for 45 consecutive days. Open field and grip-strength tests indicated no differences in motor function among treatment groups. Alternatively, histopathology revealed neuronal damage in the striatum of rats receiving vehicle plus ATR that was ameliorated by SI pretreatment. SI attenuate ATR-induced oxidative stress (indicated by MDA accumulation and GSH depletion) and inflammatory damage (as evidenced by TNF-α and IL-6 elevation) in the substantia nigra. ATR increased expression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax and reduced expression levels of the DA synthesis enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 in the substantia nigra and striatum. All of these effects were reversed by SI pretreatment, suggesting that SI can inhibit ATR-induced apoptosis of DAergic neurons. ATR also inhibited autophagy in the substantial nigra as evidenced by LC3-II and Beclin-1 downregulation and increased expression of p62, whereas SI pretreatment reversed these effects, indicating autophagy induction. Furthermore, ATR increased the expression of mTOR and reduced the expression of phosphorylated S6 (p-S6) and BEX2 in the substantia nigra. Collectively, these findings suggest that SI can prevent ATR-mediated degeneration of DAergic neurons by inducing autophagy through an mTOR-dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, PR China.
| | - Xueting Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, PR China.
| | - Liyan Yao
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, PR China.
| | - Yanping Wu
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, PR China.
| | - Baixiang Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, PR China.
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Modifiable risk and protective factors in disease development, progression and clinical subtypes of Parkinson's disease: What do prospective studies suggest? Neurobiol Dis 2019; 134:104671. [PMID: 31706021 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder whose pathogenesis depends on a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The aim of the present review was to provide an updated description of the findings emerging from prospective longitudinal cohort studies on the possible risk/protective factors underlying the development, progression and clinical subtypes of PD. We reviewed all the environmental, lifestyle, dietary, comorbid and pharmacological factors that have been investigated as possible modifiable protective/risk factors for PD by longitudinal studies. Only a few factors have the epidemiological evidence and the biological plausibility to be considered risk (pesticides, dairy products, β2-adrenoreceptor antagonists) or protective (smoking, caffeine and tea intake, physical activity, gout, vitamin E intake, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and β2-adrenoreceptor agonists) factors for PD. Caffeine intake and physical activity also seem to slow down the progression of the disease, thus representing good candidates for primary prevention and disease modifying strategies in PD. Possible modifiable risk factors of PD subtypes is almost unknown and this might depend on the uncertain biological and neuropathological reliability of clinical subtypes. The results of the present review suggest that only eleven risk/protective factors may be associated with the risk of PD. It may be possible to target some of these factors for preventive interventions aimed at reducing the risk of developing and the rate of progression of PD.
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Kim YJ, Lee CM, Kim S, Jang JW, Lee SY, Lee SH. Risk of Parkinson’s disease after colectomy: longitudinal follow-up study using a national sample cohort. J Neurol 2019; 267:513-521. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Moriarty N, Moriarty J. Highlighting the Link between Parkinson's Disease and Malignant Melanoma: A Case Report and Literature Review. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med 2019; 6:001297. [PMID: 31890713 PMCID: PMC6886632 DOI: 10.12890/2019_001297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this case report and literature review is to explore the rarely highlighted co-occurrence of malignant melanoma and Parkinson's disease (PD) and to describe the devastating effects on those affected. We present a case of acute confusion and worsening shuffling gait in a patient with Parkinson's disease who eventually succumbed to metastatic malignant melanoma, secondary to a primary malignant melanoma on the back that was treated 6 years earlier. More research is needed to better characterize the associations between these two conditions, and to evaluate the effectiveness of prevention strategies such as melanoma screening for adults with PD. LEARNING POINTS The underlying mechanism for the co-occurrence of Parkinson's disease (PD) and malignant melanoma remains unclear but available evidence suggests genetic associations and environmental factors as potential causes.Patients with PD may require closer dermatological surveillance, particularly those with other risk factors for melanoma such as prolonged sun exposure.More research is needed to better characterize the associations between PD and skin cancers, and to evaluate the effectiveness of prevention strategies such as melanoma screening for adults with PD.
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Li B, Jiang Y, Xu Y, Li Y, Li B. Identification of miRNA-7 as a regulator of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/α-synuclein axis in atrazine-induced Parkinson's disease by peripheral blood and brain microRNA profiling. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:542-548. [PMID: 31185338 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine; ATR) is widely used as an herbicide, and its accumulation in the environment is a health risk to humans; for instance, it has been shown to cause dopaminergic neurotoxicity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNAs that regulate gene expression in diverse physiological contexts; however, the extent of their involvement in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) is not known. In this study, we carried out miRNA profiling of peripheral blood and brain tissue in a rat model of PD in order to identify factors that mediate PD pathogenesis. The miRNAmiR-7 is known to cause the downregulation of α-synuclein (α-syn), which is linked to the neuropathology of PD. Here we found that miR-7 was upregulated in brain tissue but downregulated in peripheral blood of rats with ATR-induced PD. We also found that miR-7 regulates the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through an auto regulatory mechanism. These findings indicate that miRNA-7 regulates the BDNF/α-syn axis in the early stages of PD and can serve as a biomarker or therapeutic target for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyun Li
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Yaning Xu
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanshu Li
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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