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Lambré CR, Aufderheide M, Bolton RE, Fubini B, Haagsman HP, Hext PM, Jorissen M, Landry Y, Morin JP, Nemery B, Nettesheim P, Pauluhn J, Richards RJ, Vickers AE, Wu R. In Vitro Tests for Respiratory Toxicity. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299602400506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude R. Lambré
- Department of Toxicology-Ecotoxicology, INERIS, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Michaela Aufderheide
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology & Aerosol Research, Nikola-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 3000 Hannover 61, Germany
| | - Robert E. Bolton
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 8 Roxburgh Place, Edinburgh EH8 9SU, UK
| | - Bice Fubini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica Chimica Fisica, Universitá di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Henk P. Haagsman
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M. Hext
- ZENECA Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK
| | - Mark Jorissen
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital Campus Gathuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Yves Landry
- CJF INSERM, N9105, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Paul Morin
- INSERM U295, Université de Rouen, 97 Avenue de l'Université, 76803 Saint Etienne de Rouvray, France
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Laboratorium voor Pneumologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Paul Nettesheim
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jürgen Pauluhn
- Abtelung Inhalationstoxikologie, Pharma-Forschungszentrum, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Roy J. Richards
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Wales, Cardiff CF1 1ST, UK
| | | | - Reen Wu
- California Regional Primate Research Center, Hutchison Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Kurhanewicz N, McIntosh-Kastrinsky R, Tong H, Walsh L, Farraj AK, Hazari MS. Ozone co-exposure modifies cardiac responses to fine and ultrafine ambient particulate matter in mice: concordance of electrocardiogram and mechanical responses. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:54. [PMID: 25318591 PMCID: PMC4203862 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown a relationship between air pollution and increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Due to the complexity of ambient air pollution composition, recent studies have examined the effects of co-exposure, particularly particulate matter (PM) and gas, to determine whether pollutant interactions alter (e.g. synergistically, antagonistically) the health response. This study examines the independent effects of fine (FCAPs) and ultrafine (UFCAPs) concentrated ambient particles on cardiac function, and determine the impact of ozone (O3) co-exposure on the response. We hypothesized that UFCAPs would cause greater decrement in mechanical function and electrical dysfunction than FCAPs, and that O3 co-exposure would enhance the effects of both particle-types. Methods Conscious/unrestrained radiotelemetered mice were exposed once whole-body to either 190 μg/m3 FCAPs or 140 μg/m3 UFCAPs with/without 0.3 ppm O3; separate groups were exposed to either filtered air (FA) or O3 alone. Heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded continuously before, during and after exposure, and cardiac mechanical function was assessed using a Langendorff perfusion preparation 24 hrs post-exposure. Results FCAPs alone caused a significant decrease in baseline left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and contractility, whereas UFCAPs did not; neither FCAPs nor UFCAPs alone caused any ECG changes. O3 co-exposure with FCAPs caused a significant decrease in heart rate variability when compared to FA but also blocked the decrement in cardiac function. On the other hand, O3 co-exposure with UFCAPs significantly increased QRS-interval, QTc and non-conducted P-wave arrhythmias, and decreased LVDP, rate of contractility and relaxation when compared to controls. Conclusions These data suggest that particle size and gaseous interactions may play a role in cardiac function decrements one day after exposure. Although FCAPs + O3 only altered autonomic balance, UFCAPs + O3 appeared to be more serious by increasing cardiac arrhythmias and causing mechanical decrements. As such, O3 appears to interact differently with FCAPs and UFCAPs, resulting in varied cardiac changes, which suggests that the cardiovascular effects of particle-gas co-exposures are not simply additive or even generalizable. Additionally, the mode of toxicity underlying this effect may be subtle given none of the exposures described here impaired post-ischemia recovery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0054-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kurhanewicz
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Rachel McIntosh-Kastrinsky
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Haiyan Tong
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Leon Walsh
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Mehdi S Hazari
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, 27711, USA.
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Lee D, Wallis C, Van Winkle LS, Wexler AS. Disruption of tracheobronchial airway growth following postnatal exposure to ozone and ultrafine particles. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23:520-31. [PMID: 21780864 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.591447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study examined airway structure changes in adult rats after a long recovery period due to sub-chronic juvenile exposure to ozone and ultrafine particles that have a high organic fraction. Neonatal male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed during lung development to 3 cycles of 0.5 ppm ozone from postnatal day 7 through 25. Two different exposure patterns were used: 5-day exposure per week (Ozone52) or 2-day exposure per week (Ozone25) with or without co-exposure to ultrafine particles (OPFP5252, OPFP5225). Airway architecture was evaluated at 81 days of age, after 56 days of continued development beyond the exposure period in filtered air (FA). By analyzing CT images from lung airway casts, we determined airway diameter, length, branching angle, and rotation angle for most conducting airways. Compared with the FA control group, the Ozone52 group showed significant decreases in airway diameter in generations larger than 10 especially in the right diaphragmatic lobe and in airway length in distal generations, while changes in airway structure due to the Ozone25 exposure were not appreciable. Interaction effects of ozone and ultrafine particle exposures were not significant. These results suggest that airway alterations due to postnatal ozone exposure are not limited to the distal region but occur extensively from the middle to distal conducting airways. Further, alterations due to early ozone exposure do not recover nearly 2 months after exposure has ceased demonstrating a persistent airway structural change following an early life exposure to ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoub Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Madden MC, Hanley N, Harder S, Velez G, Raymer JH. INCREASED AMOUNTS OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN THE EXHALED BREATH OF OZONE-EXPOSED HUMAN SUBJECTS. Inhal Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/089583797198169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Michael C. Madden Mitchell Friedman. INHIBITION OF ARACHIDONIC ACID ESTERIFICATION IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS EXPOSED TO OZONE IN VITRO. Inhal Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/089583798197466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Calderón Guzmán D, Barragán Mejía G, Hernández García E, Juárez Olguín H. Effect of Nutritional Status and Ozone Exposure on Some Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Rat Brain Regions. Nutr Cancer 2006; 55:195-200. [PMID: 17044775 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5502_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of nutritional condition and simulated exposure to ozone on Glutathione (GSH), the activity of Na+/K+ ATPase and lipid peroxidation in rat brain. Male Wistar rats were fed with 7% and 23% protein diets. Two groups were formed for each nutritional condition: one group was exposed for 15 successive days to 0.75 ppm of ozone and the other to air. Subsequently, the brain was dissected in cortex, hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem to measure the activity of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), ATPase, and levels of GSH. The activity of Na+/K+ ATPase increased in cerebellum of well-nourished rats exposed to ozone, while total ATPase and TBARS decreased in all studied areas in the malnourished groups. The levels of GSH decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the brain of rats fed with 7% of protein diet and exposed to ozone but increased in rats fed with normal diet and exposed to ozone. These results suggest that malnutrition causes alterations in the values of Na+/K+ ATPase, total ATPase, GSH, and lipid peroxidation, while ozone contributes to these modifications. As a consequence, both variables are involved in oxidative stress in the rat brain.
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Yoon M, Madden MC, Barton HA. Developmental Expression of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Rat: a Comparison of Liver and Lung Development. Toxicol Sci 2005; 89:386-98. [PMID: 16291827 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is one of the major determinants for age-related changes in susceptibility to chemicals. Aldehydes are highly reactive molecules present in the environment that also can be produced during biotransformation of xenobiotics and endogenous metabolism. Although the lung is a major target for aldehyde toxicity, early development of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) in lung has been poorly studied. The expression of ALDH in liver and lung across ages (postnatal day 1, 8, 22, and 60) was investigated in Wistar-Han rats. In adult, the majority of hepatic ALDH activity was found in mitochondria, while cytosolic ALDH activity was the highest contributor in lung. Total aldehyde oxidation capability in liver increases with age, but stays constant in lung. These overall developmental profiles of ALDH expression in a tissue appear to be determined by the different composition of ALDH isoforms within the tissue and their independent temporal and tissue-specific development. ALDH2 showed the most notable tissue-specific development. Hepatic ALDH2 was increased with age, while the pulmonary form did not. ALDH1 was at its maximum value at postnatal day 1 (PND1) and decreased thereafter both in liver and lung. ALDH3 increased with age in liver and lung, although ALDH3A1 was only detectible in lung. Collectively, the present study indicates that, in the case of aldehyde exposure, the in vivo responses would be tissue and age dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Yoon
- National Research Council Research Associateship Program, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599-7315, USA
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Barragán-Mejía MG, Castilla-Serna L, Calderón-Guzmán D, Hernández-Islas JL, Labra-Ruiz NA, Rodríguez-Pérez RA, Angel DSD. Effect of nutritional status and ozone exposure on rat brain serotonin. Arch Med Res 2002; 33:15-9. [PMID: 11825625 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(01)00345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone is an environmental pollutant that has widely documented deleterious effects on exposed organisms. In Mexico City, this pollutant frequently reaches concentrations that surpass safe health limits. In addition, it has been reported that the prevalence of malnutrition remains high in our childhood population. This experiment was carried out to determine whether malnutrition is a factor contributing to an increase in the risk of damage associated with ozone exposure. METHODS Using an experimental animal model, 21-day-old rats fed normally or with induced malnutrition were subchronically exposed to 0.5 ppm of ozone or fresh air, respectively, for 30 days. At the end of this period and using HPLC, serotonin concentrations were measured in four areas of the brain: cortex, hemispheres, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. RESULTS Malnourished animals had a significant weight deficit beginning at 28 days with respect to well-fed animals. Among the well-fed animals, this phenomenon is seen at 35 days in exposed and non-exposed animals. In the four regions of the brain, malnourished animals show low serotonin concentrations with respect to well-nourished animals. In the cerebellum, there was an interaction between the nutritional factor and ozone exposure, while in the medulla oblongata both factors acted independently. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a multiplicative effect from the nutritional factor and ozone exposure in the changes observed concerning serotonergic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gerardo Barragán-Mejía
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Torre de Investigación Dr. Joaquín Cravioto, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (INP)-Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Madden MC, Richards JH, Dailey LA, Hatch GE, Ghio AJ. Effect of ozone on diesel exhaust particle toxicity in rat lung. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000; 168:140-8. [PMID: 11032769 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2000.9024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) concentrations have been associated with mortality and morbidity. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are present in ambient urban air PM. Coexisting with DEP (and PM) is ozone (O(3)), which has the potential to react with some components of DEP. Some reports have shown increased lung injury in rats coexposed to PM and O(3), but it is unclear whether this increased injury was due to direct interaction between the pollutants or via other mechanisms. To examine whether O(3) can directly react with and affect PM bioactivity, we exposed DEP to O(3) in a cell-free in vitro system and then examined the bioactivity of the resultant DEP in a rat model of lung injury. Standard Reference Material 2975 (diesel exhaust PM) was initially exposed to 0.1 ppm O(3) for 48 h and then instilled intratracheally in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rat lung inflammation and injury was examined 24 h after instillation by lung lavage. The DEP exposed to 0.1 ppm O(3) was more potent in increasing neutrophilia, lavage total protein, and LDH activity compared to unexposed DEP. The increased DEP activity induced by the O(3) exposure was not attributable to alteration by air that was also present during the O(3) exposure. Exposure of DEP to a higher O(3) concentration (1.0 ppm) led to a decreased bioactivity of the particles. In contrast, carbon black particles, low in organic content relative to DEP, did not exhibit an increase in any of the bioactivities examined after exposure to 0.1 ppm O(3). DEP incorporated O(3) (labeled with (18)O) in a linear fashion. These data suggest that ambient concentrations of O(3) can increase the biological potency of DEP. The ozonized DEP may play a role in the induction of lung responses by ambient PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Madden
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, USA.
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Frampton MW, Pryor WA, Cueto R, Cox C, Morrow PE, Utell MJ. Ozone exposure increases aldehydes in epithelial lining fluid in human lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:1134-7. [PMID: 10194157 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.4.9807057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that exposure of healthy humans to ozone causes both ozonation and peroxidation of lipids in lung epithelial lining fluid. Twelve smokers and 15 nonsmokers (eight lung function "responders" and seven "nonresponders") were exposed once to air and twice to 0. 22 ppm ozone for 4 h with exercise in an environmental chamber, with each exposure separated by at least 3 wk. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed immediately after one ozone exposure and 18 h after the other ozone exposure. BAL fluid was analyzed for the aldehyde products of ozonation and lipid peroxidation, nonanal (C9) and hexanal (C6), as well as total protein, albumin, and immunoglobulin M as markers of changes in epithelial permeability. Ozone exposure resulted in a significant early increase in C9 (p = 0. 0001), with no statistically significant relationship between increases in C9 and lung function changes, airway inflammation, or changes in epithelial permeability. Increases in C6 levels were not statistically significant (p = 0.16). Both C9 and C6 levels returned to baseline by 18 h after exposure. These studies confirm that exposure to ozone with exercise, at concentrations relevant to urban outdoor air, results in ozonation of lipids in the airway epithelial lining fluid of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Frampton
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York; and Biodynamics Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Gordon RE, Park E, Laskin D, Schuller-Levis GB. Taurine protects rat bronchioles from acute ozone exposure: a freeze fracture and electron microscopic study. Exp Lung Res 1998; 24:659-74. [PMID: 9779375 DOI: 10.3109/01902149809099586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dietary taurine has been shown to protect rat and hamster lung epithelia from acute oxidant injury. One of the earliest morphologic criteria of oxidant injury is the alteration of tight junctions of the peripheral lung airways. In the present study, we have used this criteria to evaluate whether taurine was capable of protecting rat lungs from ozone exposure. Rats were treated for 10 days with 50% taurine in their drinking water, prior to exposure to 2 ppm of ozone for 3 hours. The lungs from rats pretreated with taurine and exposed to ozone were compared to untreated rats exposed to ozone and air-exposed controls. At 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after exposure to air or ozone, rats were anesthetized and the lungs perfusion-fixed through the right side of the heart with a solution of glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. Light microscopy revealed the typical, mild inflammatory cell infiltrate beginning at 6 hours after ozone exposure in bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and surrounding alveoli which was absent in the lungs of animals treated with taurine. Electron microscopic analysis of thin sections indicated alterations in tight junctions which was confirmed by tracer studies using ruthenium red and lanthanum. Alterations in airway epithelium tight junctions were seen 2 and 6 hours after ozone treatment and only in the 2-hour tissues from animals pretreated with taurine prior to ozone exposure. Freeze-fracture replicas from all exposure groups by electron microscopy revealed that only the 2- and 6-hour groups showed alterations in tight junctions. The alterations were characterized by decreased number of fibrils and breaks in the fibrils. Rats treated with taurine and exposed to ozone exhibited these alterations focally at 2 hours exposure and no changes were noted at 6 hours post ozone exposure. These data confirmed previous findings that injury induced by ozone is transient and that taurine protects the bronchioles from this form of oxidant injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Osnaya N, Rodríguez-Alcaraz A, Villarreal-Calderón A. DNA damage in nasal respiratory epithelium from children exposed to urban pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1997; 30:11-20. [PMID: 9258325 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2280(1997)30:1<11::aid-em3>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The nasal cavity is the most common portal of entry to the human body and a well-known target site for a wide range of air pollutants and chemically induced toxicity and carcinogenicity. DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) can be used as a biomarker of oxidant exposure and as an indicator of the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of a substance. We examined the utility of using the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE) for measuring DNA damage in children's nasal epithelium exposed to air pollutants. We studied 148 children, ages 6-12, including 19 control children from a low polluted Pacific port and 129 children from Southwest Metropolitan Mexico City, an urban polluted area with high ozone concentrations year-round. Three sets of two nasal biopsies were taken in a 3-month period. All exposed children had upper respiratory symptoms and DNA damage in their nasal cells. Eleven- and twelve-year-olds had the most DNA damage, and more than 30% of children aged 9-12 exhibited patchy areas of squamous metaplasia over high-flow nasal regions. These areas had the greatest numbers of damaged DNA cells (P < or = 0.001) and a large number of DNA tails > 80 microns (P < 0.001) when compared to the contralateral macroscopically normal site in the same child. The youngest children with significantly less outdoor exposure displayed patchy areas of goblet cell hyperplasia and had the least DNA damage. These findings suggest that SCGE can be used to monitor DNA damage in children's nasal epithelium and, further, the identification of DNA damage in nasal proliferative epithelium could be regarded as a sentinel lesion, most likely due to severe and sustained cell injury.
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Lee JG, Madden MC, Reed W, Adler K, Devlin R. The Use of the single cell gel electrophoresis assay in detecting DNAsingle strand breaks in lung cells in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0041-008x(96)80025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kozumbo WJ, Hanley NM, Agarwal S, Thomas MJ, Madden MC. Products of ozonized arachidonic acid potentiate the formation of DNA single strand breaks in cultured human lung cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1996; 27:185-195. [PMID: 8625954 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2280(1996)27:3<185::aid-em3>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study we examined the potential for environmental levels of ozone (03) to degrade arachidonic acid (AA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid abundantly present in the lung, into products that can produce DNA single strand breaks (ssb) in cultured human lung cells. Human lung fibroblasts were incubated with 60 microM AA that had been previously exposed to and degraded by 0.4 ppm 03 (1 hr.) Incubation of the cells with 03-exposed AA (but not with vehicle alone) for 1 hr at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C produced 555 and 245 rad-equivalents of DNA ssb, respectively, as determined by the DNA alkaline elution technique. These breaks were completely eliminated when the ozonized AA solution was incubated with catalase prior to cell treatment, indicating that h202 was solely responsible for damaging DNA. Superoxide dismutase bovine serum albumin, or heat-inactivated catalase showed little, if any, inhibitory activity. The H202 content of the ozonized AA (31 +/- 4 microM) could account for only about 40% of the observed breaks. Potentiation of the H202-induced DNA ssb persisted after removal of the carbonyl substances by chromatographic procedures, suggesting that the non-carbonyl component of ozonized AA was the responsible component for inducing augmentation of the observed increases in DNA ssb. Ozonized AA also induced DNA ssb in cultures of the human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. Again, these breaks were shown to exceed levels that could be attributed to the presence of H202 alone. These results indicate that products of ozonized AA can interact to potentiate DNA ssb in human lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Kozumbo
- Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Calderon-Garcidueñas L, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Garcia R, Sanchez G, Barragan G, Camacho R, Ramirez L. Human nasal mucosal changes after exposure to urban pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1994; 102:1074-1080. [PMID: 7713020 PMCID: PMC1567497 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.102-1567497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are living in areas where ozone (O3) concentrations exceed health standards (an hourly average of 235 micrograms/m3/0.12 ppm, not to be exceeded more than once per year). Ozone induces acute nasal inflammatory responses and significant epithelial lesions in experimental animals and humans. To determine the nasal effects of a 15-day exposure to an urban polluted atmosphere with O3 as the main pollutant, we studied a population of healthy, young males newly arrived to southwest metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC). The study included 49 non-smoking residents in an unpolluted port, Veracruz City; 14 subjects stayed in the port and served as controls, while 35 subjects traveled to SWMMC and had serial nasal lavages at different times after arriving in SWMMC. Subjects had exposures to ambient O3 an average of 10.2 hr/day, with a total cumulative O3 exposure of 10.644 ppm.hr. Nasal inflammatory responses, polymorphonuclear leukocyte PMN-CD11b surface expression, rhinoscopic changes, and respiratory symptoms were evaluated. Exposed subjects had massive nasal epithelial shedding and significant responses in PMN nasal influx (p < 0.00001) and in PMN-CD11b expression (p < 0.05). Cumulative O3 exposure correlated with respiratory symptoms, PMNs (rs = 0.2374, p < 0.01), and CD11b (rs = 0.3094, p < 0.01); 94% of exposed subjects experienced respiratory symptoms, and 97% left the city with an abnormal nasal mucosa by rhinoscopy. Nasal epithelial changes persisted 2 weeks after the exposed subjects returned to their nonpolluted environment. Exposure to an urban polluted atmosphere induces significant and persistent nasal epithelial alterations in healthy subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Yu XY, Takahashi N, Croxton TL, Spannhake EW. Modulation of bronchial epithelial cell barrier function by in vitro ozone exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1994; 102:1068-1072. [PMID: 7713019 PMCID: PMC1567478 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.941021068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial cells lining the small, peripheral airways function as important targets for the action of inspired ozone. Loss of epithelial barrier integrity in these regions is a common element in ozone-induced airway inflammation. To investigate the direct effect of ozone on epithelial barrier function, canine bronchial epithelial (CBE) cells grown with an air interface were exposed for 3 hr to 0.2, 0.5, or 0.8 ppm ozone or to air. Mannitol flux, used as an index of paracellular permeability, increased above air controls by 461%, 774%, and 1172% at the three ozone concentrations, respectively. Transcellular electrical resistance exhibited a dose-related decrease. The immediate effect of 0.8 ppm ozone on permeability was significantly inhibited by preincubation for 48 hr in the presence of 1 ng/ml vitamin E (33%) or 1 microM vitamin A (34%). Responses to 0.5 ppm or 0.8 ppm were inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with 0.1 microM of the actin polymerizing agent phalloidin (34% and 25% inhibition, respectively). The increases in permeability induced by 0.2 and 0.5 ppm ozone were attenuated by 54% and 22%, respectively, at 18 hr after exposure, whereas that to 0.8 ppm was further enhanced by 42% at this time. The effects of ozone are modulated by the availability of antioxidants to the cells and appear to be associated with cytoskeletal dysfunction in CBE cells. The data are consistent with a loss of barrier function linked to a direct oxidative effect of ozone on individual CBE cells and indicate that the reversible or progressive nature of this effect is dose dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
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17
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Gabrielson EW, Yu XY, Spannhake EW. Comparison of the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide and ozone on cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1994; 102:972-974. [PMID: 9738213 PMCID: PMC1567440 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we compared the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of hydrogen peroxide and ozone on cultured human airway epithelial cells in primary culture. Both agents caused a dose-dependent loss in the replicative ability of epithelial cells and at higher levels of exposure caused acute cytotoxicity as measured by release of lactate dehydrogenase. Differences were seen, however, between the agents' effects with regard to induction of DNA single strand breaks as measured by alkaline elution:; whereas single-strand breaks were detected in significant amounts at concentration of hydrogen peroxide that cause acute cytotoxicity, none were detected at any of the levels of ozone exposure examined. A difference was also seen in the ability of the iron chelator deferoxamine to protect cells from the effect of the two oxidants. Preincubation of cultures with deferoxamine appreciably attenuated the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide but not of ozone. These data suggest that ozone has significant toxic effects on bronchial epithelial cells not mediated through the generation of hydrogen peroxide or hydroxyl radical. Furthermore, the data indicate that the inhibiting action of ozone on cell replicative ability is not mediated through a mechanism related to DNA single strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Gabrielson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Madden MC, Smith JP, Dailey LA, Friedman M. Polarized release of lipid mediators derived from phospholipase A2 activity in a human bronchial cell line. PROSTAGLANDINS 1994; 48:197-215. [PMID: 7809385 DOI: 10.1016/0090-6980(94)90019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The release of arachidonic acid (AA) and platelet activating factor (PAF) from airway epithelial cells may be an important mediating factor in lung physiological and inflammatory processes. The type of lung response may be determined by the directional release of AA and PAF. We used the human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS2B (S6 subclone; BEAS), to investigate the polarized release of AA and PAF from lung epithelial cells. BEAS, grown on Transwell filters, were prelabeled with either 3H-AA or 3H-lyso-PAF. 3H-AA products and 3H-PAF were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography, respectively. BEAS incubated with melittin (2-4 micrograms/ml for 15 min) had an increased release (compared to vehicle-incubated cells) of both free 3H-AA and 3H-PAF into the apical compartment but not into the basolateral compartment. Treatment of the BEAS cells with the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor mepacrine (1 mM) prior to, and during, incubation with melittin inhibited the increase in 3H-AA and 3H-PAF release into the apical compartment by 65% and 100%, respectively. Exposure of BEAS cells to ozone (O3; 1.0 ppm for 15 min) increased the release of polar 3H-AA products as well as 3H-PAF into both the apical and basolateral compartments. Mepacrine did not significantly inhibit the O3-induced release of polar 3H-AA products or 3H-PAF into either the apical or basolateral compartments. These data suggest the direction of the release of 3H-AA (or 3H-AA products) and 3H-PAF is stimulus-specific and that PLA2 involvement in the release of the lipids is also dependent on the stimulus. The directional release of AA, AA products, and PAF may be important in the airways responses to various agonists and oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Madden
- Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7310
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