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Guttenberg MA, Vose AT, Birukova A, Lewars K, Cumming RI, Albright MC, Mark JI, Salazar CJ, Swaminathan S, Yu Z, Sokolenko YV, Bunyan E, Yaeger MJ, Fessler MB, Que LG, Gowdy KM, Misharin AV, Tighe RM. Tissue-Resident Alveolar Macrophages Reduce Ozone-induced Inflammation via MerTK-mediated Efferocytosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:493-506. [PMID: 38386777 PMCID: PMC11160417 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0390oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung inflammation, caused by acute exposure to ozone (O3), one of the six criteria air pollutants, is a significant source of morbidity in susceptible individuals. Alveolar macrophages (AMØs) are the most abundant immune cells in the normal lung, and their number increases after O3 exposure. However, the role of AMØs in promoting or limiting O3-induced lung inflammation has not been clearly defined. In this study, we used a mouse model of acute O3 exposure, lineage tracing, genetic knockouts, and data from O3-exposed human volunteers to define the role and ontogeny of AMØs during acute O3 exposure. Lineage-tracing experiments showed that 12, 24, and 72 hours after exposure to O3 (2 ppm) for 3 hours, all AMØs were of tissue-resident origin. Similarly, in humans exposed to filtered air and O3 (200 ppb) for 135 minutes, we did not observe at ∼21 hours postexposure an increase in monocyte-derived AMØs by flow cytometry. Highlighting a role for tissue-resident AMØs, we demonstrate that depletion of tissue-resident AMØs with clodronate-loaded liposomes led to persistence of neutrophils in the alveolar space after O3 exposure, suggesting that impaired neutrophil clearance (i.e., efferocytosis) leads to prolonged lung inflammation. Moreover, depletion of tissue-resident AMØs demonstrated reduced clearance of intratracheally instilled apoptotic Jurkat cells, consistent with reduced efferocytosis. Genetic ablation of MerTK (MER proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase), a key receptor involved in efferocytosis, also resulted in impaired clearance of apoptotic neutrophils after O3 exposure. Overall, these findings underscore the pivotal role of tissue-resident AMØs in resolving O3-induced inflammation via MerTK-mediated efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A. Guttenberg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Aaron T. Vose
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anastasiya Birukova
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kaitlyn Lewars
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - R. Ian Cumming
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michaela C. Albright
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jasper I. Mark
- Department of Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Claudia J. Salazar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Suchitra Swaminathan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zhan Yu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yuliana V. Sokolenko
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elsie Bunyan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael J. Yaeger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Michael B. Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Loretta G. Que
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kymberly M. Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Alexander V. Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert M. Tighe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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2
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Moos P, Cheminant J, Adhikari U, Venosa A. Transcriptomic-based roadmap to the healthy and ozone-exposed lung. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 37:100445. [PMID: 38187954 PMCID: PMC10769160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2023.100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The lung is constantly exposed to a myriad of exogenous stressors. Ground-level ozone represents a ubiquitous and extremely reactive anthropogenic toxicant, impacting the health of millions across the globe. While abundant, epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro data focuses the ozone toxicity in individual cell types (e.g. epithelial type II, alveolar macrophages) or signaling pathways involved in the injury (e.g., akt, glutathione). When appropriately used, bulk and single cell RNA sequencing techniques have the potential to provide complete, and in certain cases unbiased, information of the molecular events taking place in the steady state and injured lung, and even capture the phenotypic diversity of neighboring cells. To this end, this review compiles information pertaining to the latest understanding of lung cell identity and activation in the steady state and ozone exposed lung. In addition, it discusses the value and benefits of multi-omics approaches and other tools developed to predict cell-cell communication and dissect spatial heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Moos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jenna Cheminant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ujjwal Adhikari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah
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3
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Tian Y, Xu P, Wu X, Gong Z, Yang X, Zhu H, Zhang J, Hu Y, Li G, Sang N, Yue H. Lung injuries induced by ozone exposure in female mice: Potential roles of the gut and lung microbes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108422. [PMID: 38217903 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is one of the most harmful pollutants affecting health. However, the potential effects of O3 exposure on microbes in the gut-lung axis related to lung injuries remain elusive. In this study, female mice were exposed to 0-, 0.5- and 1-ppm O3 for 28 days, followed by routine blood tests, lung function tests and histopathological examination of the colon, nasal cavity and lung. Mouse faeces and lungs were collected for 16s rRNA sequencing to assess the overall microbiological profile and screen for key differential enriched microbes (DEMs). The key DEMs in faecal samples were Butyricimonas, Rikenellaceae RC9 and Escherichia-Shigella, whereas those in lung samples were DNF00809, Fluviicola, Bryobacter, Family XII AD3011 group, Sharpea, MND1 and unclassified Phycisphaeraceae. After a search in microbe-disease databases, these key DEMs were found to be associated with lung diseases such as lung neoplasms, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory distress syndrome and bronchiectasis. Subsequently, we used transcriptomic data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) with exposure conditions similar to those in this study to cross-reference with Comparative Toxicogenomic Database (CTD). Il-6 and Ccl2 were identified as the key causative genes and were validated. The findings of this study suggest that exposure to O3 leads to significant changes in the microbial composition of the gut and lungs. These changes are associated with increased levels of inflammatory factors in the lungs and impaired lung function, resulting in an increased risk of lung disease. Altogether, this study provides novel insights into the role of microbes present in the gut-lung axis in O3 exposure-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchai Tian
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Pengchong Xu
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Zhihua Gong
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tong ji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, PR China; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Yang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Huizhen Zhu
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Jiyue Zhang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Yangcheng Hu
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Huifeng Yue
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
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4
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Zeng X, Zhan Y, Zhou W, Qiu Z, Wang T, Chen Q, Qu D, Huang Q, Cao J, Zhou N. The Influence of Airborne Particulate Matter on the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Large Retrospective Study in Chongqing, China. TOXICS 2023; 12:19. [PMID: 38250975 PMCID: PMC10818620 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Emerging research findings suggest that airborne particulate matter might be a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, the concentration-response relationships and the susceptible time windows for different types of particulate matter may vary. In this retrospective analysis, we employ a novel robust approach to assess the crucial time windows regarding the prevalence of GDM and to distinguish the susceptibility of three GDM subtypes to air pollution exposure. This study included 16,303 pregnant women who received routine antenatal care in 2018-2021 at the Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Chongqing, China. In total, 2482 women (15.2%) were diagnosed with GDM. We assessed the individual daily average exposure to air pollution, including PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO based on the volunteers' addresses. We used high-accuracy gridded air pollution data generated by machine learning models to assess particulate matter per maternal exposure levels. We further analyzed the association of pre-pregnancy, early, and mid-pregnancy exposure to environmental pollutants using a generalized additive model (GAM) and distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNMs) to analyze the association between exposure at specific gestational weeks and the risk of GDM. We observed that, during the first trimester, per IQR increases for PM10 and PM2.5 exposure were associated with increased GDM risk (PM10: OR = 1.19, 95%CI: 1.07~1.33; PM2.5: OR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.15~1.50) and isolated post-load hyperglycemia (GDM-IPH) risk (PM10: OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.09~1.39; PM2.5: OR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.18~1.61). Second-trimester O3 exposure was positively correlated with the associated risk of GDM, while pre-pregnancy and first-trimester exposure was negatively associated with the risk of GDM-IPH. Exposure to SO2 in the second trimester was negatively associated with the risk of GDM-IPH. However, there were no observed associations between NO2 and CO exposure and the risk of GDM and its subgroups. Our results suggest that maternal exposure to particulate matter during early pregnancy and exposure to O3 in the second trimester might increase the risk of GDM, and GDM-IPH is the susceptible GDM subtype to airborne particulate matter exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, Facutly of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; (X.Z.); (T.W.); (Q.C.)
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children (Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University), Chongqing 401147, China; (W.Z.); (Q.H.)
| | - Zhimei Qiu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Tong Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, Facutly of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; (X.Z.); (T.W.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qing Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, Facutly of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; (X.Z.); (T.W.); (Q.C.)
| | - Dandan Qu
- Clinical Research Centre, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China;
- Chongqing Research Centre for Prevention & Control of Maternal and Child Diseases and Public Health, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Qiao Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children (Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University), Chongqing 401147, China; (W.Z.); (Q.H.)
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Toxicology, Facutly of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; (X.Z.); (T.W.); (Q.C.)
| | - Niya Zhou
- Clinical Research Centre, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China;
- Chongqing Research Centre for Prevention & Control of Maternal and Child Diseases and Public Health, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China
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5
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Guttenberg M, Vose A, Birukova A, Lewars K, Cumming R, Albright M, Mark J, Salazar C, Swaminathan S, Yu Z, Sokolenko Y, Bunyan E, Yaeger M, Fessler M, Que L, Gowdy K, Misharin A, Tighe R. Tissue-resident alveolar macrophages reduce O 3-induced inflammation via MerTK mediated efferocytosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.06.565865. [PMID: 37986982 PMCID: PMC10659406 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.565865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Lung inflammation, caused by acute exposure to ozone (O3) - one of the six criteria air pollutants - is a significant source of morbidity in susceptible individuals. Alveolar macrophages (AMØs) are the most abundant immune cells in the normal lung and their number increases following O3 exposure. However, the role of AMØs in promoting or limiting O3-induced lung inflammation has not been clearly defined. Here, we used a mouse model of acute O3 exposure, lineage tracing, genetic knockouts, and data from O3-exposed human volunteers to define the role and ontogeny of AMØs during acute O3 exposure. Lineage tracing experiments showed that 12, 24, and 72 h after exposure to O3 (2 ppm) for 3h all AMØs were tissue-resident origin. Similarly, in humans exposed to FA and O3 (200 ppb) for 135 minutes, we did not observe ~21h post-exposure an increase in monocyte-derived AMØs by flow cytometry. Highlighting a role for tissue-resident AMØs, we demonstrate that depletion of tissue-resident AMØs with clodronate-loaded liposomes led to persistence of neutrophils in the alveolar space after O3 exposure, suggesting that impaired neutrophil clearance (i.e., efferocytosis) leads to prolonged lung inflammation. Moreover, depletion of tissue-resident AMØ demonstrated reduced clearance of intratracheally instilled apoptotic Jurkat cells, consistent with reduced efferocytosis. Genetic ablation of MerTK - a key receptor involved in efferocytosis - also resulted in impaired clearance of apoptotic neutrophils followed O3 exposure. Overall, these findings underscore the pivotal role of tissue-resident AMØs in resolving O3-induced inflammation via MerTK-mediated efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Guttenberg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - A.T. Vose
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - A. Birukova
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - K. Lewars
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - R.I. Cumming
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - M.C. Albright
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - J.I. Mark
- Department of Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C.J. Salazar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - S. Swaminathan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Z. Yu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Yu.V. Sokolenko
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - E. Bunyan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - M.J. Yaeger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - M.B. Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - L.G. Que
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - K.M. Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - A.V. Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - R.M. Tighe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
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6
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Mazumder MHH, Gandhi J, Majumder N, Wang L, Cumming RI, Stradtman S, Velayutham M, Hathaway QA, Shannahan J, Hu G, Nurkiewicz TR, Tighe RM, Kelley EE, Hussain S. Lung-gut axis of microbiome alterations following co-exposure to ultrafine carbon black and ozone. Part Fibre Toxicol 2023; 20:15. [PMID: 37085867 PMCID: PMC10122302 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-023-00528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial dysbiosis is a potential mediator of air pollution-induced adverse outcomes. However, a systemic comparison of the lung and gut microbiome alterations and lung-gut axis following air pollution exposure is scant. In this study, we exposed male C57BL/6J mice to inhaled air, CB (10 mg/m3), O3 (2 ppm) or CB + O3 mixture for 3 h/day for either one day or four consecutive days and were euthanized 24 h post last exposure. The lung and gut microbiome were quantified by 16 s sequencing. RESULTS Multiple CB + O3 exposures induced an increase in the lung inflammatory cells (neutrophils, eosinophils and B lymphocytes), reduced absolute bacterial load in the lungs and increased load in the gut. CB + O3 exposure was more potent as it decreased lung microbiome alpha diversity just after a single exposure. CB + O3 co-exposure uniquely increased Clostridiaceae and Prevotellaceae in the lungs. Serum short chain fatty acids (SCFA) (acetate and propionate) were increased significantly only after CB + O3 co-exposure. A significant increase in SCFA producing bacterial families (Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Eubacterium) were also observed in the gut after multiple exposures. Co-exposure induced significant alterations in the gut derived metabolite receptors/mediator (Gcg, Glp-1r, Cck) mRNA expression. Oxidative stress related mRNA expression in lungs, and oxidant levels in the BALF, serum and gut significantly increased after CB + O3 exposures. CONCLUSION Our study confirms distinct gut and lung microbiome alterations after CB + O3 inhalation co-exposure and indicate a potential homeostatic shift in the gut microbiome to counter deleterious impacts of environmental exposures on metabolic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Habibul Hasan Mazumder
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Jasleen Gandhi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Nairrita Majumder
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Robert Ian Cumming
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 2927, USA
| | - Sydney Stradtman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Murugesan Velayutham
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Quincy A Hathaway
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jonathan Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Timothy R Nurkiewicz
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 2927, USA
| | - Eric E Kelley
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Salik Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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7
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Lian Z, Qi H, Liu X, Zhang Y, Xu R, Yang X, Zeng Y, Li J. Ambient ozone, and urban PM 2.5 co-exposure, aggravate allergic asthma via transient receptor potential vanilloid 1-mediated neurogenic inflammation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 243:114000. [PMID: 35994908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is the most common pulmonary inflammatory disease, and epidemiological studies have revealed that PM2.5 or ambient ozone (O3) exposure contribute to the higher prevalence of allergic asthma. Current experimental evidence focus principally on the pathogenic effect of exposure to a single air pollutant, ignoring the possible synergistic effect of combined exposure to a mix of these pollutants, which is a more realistic scenario. In this study, allergic mice and a nociceptor antagonist were used to explore the mechanisms of co-exposure to these two important air pollutants. Compared with exposure to either PM2.5 or O3, combined exposure to both greatly aggravated allergic asthma in a dose dependent manner, including increased airway hyperresponsiveness, goblet cell metaplasia, more severe airway inflammation and higher oxidative stress levels. In addition, co-exposure in the allergic mice resulted in elevation of the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and of the production of substance P (SP), which exacerbated lung inflammation by neurogenic inflammation. TRPV1 antagonist (capsazepine, CPZ) treatment for the co-exposed allergic mice, markedly attenuated TRPV1 expression and SP release, and reduced airway inflammation and oxidative damage, further alleviating airway hyperresponsiveness. We conclude that neuro-immune interactions might be involved in PM2.5 and O3 co-exposure aggravated allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongpei Lian
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Haomin Qi
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564507, China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564507, China
| | - Ruijia Xu
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Section of Environmental Biomedicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Jinquan Li
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
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8
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Nguyen J, Deering-Rice CE, Armstrong BS, Massa C, Reilly CA, Venosa A. Parenchymal and Inflammatory Cell Responses to Single and Repeated Ozone Exposure in Healthy and Surfactant Protein-C Mutant Lung. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:107-123. [PMID: 35866636 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the alveolar epithelial-specific gene encoding for surfactant protein C (SP-C) are linked to pulmonary disease. Ozone (O3) is a ubiquitous pollutant known to exacerbate stress through oxidative injury and inflammation. To comprehend the structural, functional, and immunological impact of single and repeated O3 exposure, SP-CWT and SP-CI73T mice were exposed to air or O3 (0.8 ppm, 3 h, up to x4 consecutive days). O3 was associated with mitochondrial and autophagic activation (PINK1, LC3B, and p62), focal remodeling, and inflammation localized at the terminal bronchiole-to-alveolar junctions. Histological damage was exacerbated by repeated exposure. Single O3 challenge resulted in transient elastin fiber loss, while repeated exposure resulted in marked increases in elastance in SP-CI73T mice. Flow cytometric analysis revealed increases in classical monocyte and monocyte-derived macrophages recruitment in conditions of repeated exposure, which peaked earlier (24 h) in SP-CI73T mice. Immunohistochemical analysis also showed clustering of Arg-1+ and CD206+ activated cells within regions of remodeled lung. Lymphoid cell analysis identified CX3CR1-B220+ B cells accumulating after single (24/72 h). Repeated exposure produces a switch in the phenotype of these B cells CX3CR1+ (72 h) only in SP-CWT mice. SP-CI73T mutants also displayed depletion in NK1.1+NKp46+ NK cells in lung, as well as bone marrow, blood, and spleen. These results illustrate the cumulative impact of O3 on lung structure and function in healthy lung, and aberrant myeloid and lymphoid recruitment in SP-C mutants responding to challenge. Together, this work highlights the significance of modeling environmental exposure across the spectrum of genetic susceptibility, consistent with human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Cassandra E Deering-Rice
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Brittnie S Armstrong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Christopher Massa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher A Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Tian L, Li N, Li K, Tan Y, Han J, Lin B, Lai W, Liu H, Shi Y, Xi Z, Liu X. Ambient ozone exposure induces ROS related-mitophagy and pyroptosis via NLRP3 inflammasome activation in rat lung cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 240:113663. [PMID: 35642860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the regulatory relationship between ozone-induced mitophagy and pyroptosis in lung epithelial cells. RESULTS First, type I primary alveolar epithelial cells and male Wistar rats were treated with ozone at different dosages. The ATP content and mitochondrial membrane potential significantly decreased in type I primary alveolar epithelial cells. The mitophagy-related markers and PINK1/Parkin pathway-related proteins, and the co-localization of LC3, Parkin, and mitochondria in type I alveolar epithelial cells indicated that ozone exposure triggered mitophagy. On the other hand, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor NAC could significantly alleviate mitophagy in epithelial cells. After treatment with the mitophagy inhibitor MDIVI-1, the levels of the NLRP3 inflammasome, cleaved caspase-1, and N-gasdermin D (N-GSDMD) significantly decreased in the cells. Altogether, these results indicated that mitophagy can be triggered by ozone exposure, and subsequently induces cell death mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome. Finally, the overexpression and knockdown of NLRP3 confirmed this conclusion. CONCLUSION Ozone exposure induced oxidative damage, leading to mitochondrial structural and functional damage. Ozone-induced ROS triggered mitophagy through the activation of the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway, then pyroptosis through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, No. 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Ning Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, No. 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300050, China; Binzhou Medical College, Yantai 264000, China.
| | - Kang Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, No. 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Yizhe Tan
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, No. 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Jie Han
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, No. 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Bencheng Lin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, No. 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Wenqing Lai
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, No. 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, No. 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Yue Shi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, No. 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Zhuge Xi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, No. 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300050, China; Binzhou Medical College, Yantai 264000, China.
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, No. 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300050, China.
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Du X, Niu Y, Wang C, Wang W, Liu C, Meng X, Chu C, Chen R, Kan H. Ozone exposure and blood transcriptome: A randomized, controlled, crossover trial among healthy adults. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107242. [PMID: 35430440 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Transcriptome-wide analysis is powerful in studying systemic RNA changes following environmental exposures. However, impacts of ozone inhalation on circulating transcriptome have not yet been examined. OBJECTIVES To explore the impact of acute ozone exposure on circulating transcriptome using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). METHODS We recruited 32 healthy young adults in a randomized, crossover, controlled exposure trial. Each participant completed two 2-h exposure sessions of ozone (200 ppb) and clean air, respectively. Blood samples were collected at the end of each session and were used for RNA-seq. The differentially expressed genes associated with ozone exposure were assessed using Bayesian adjusted statistics from linear models in the limma R package. RESULTS A total of 29 participants finished this trial and donated their blood samples for transcriptome analysis. The average concentration of ozone was 7.8 ± 2.6 ppb under clean air and 201.1 ± 1.7 ppb under ozone exposure session. A total of 1899 genes were significantly changed (1067 up-regulated and 832 down-regulated) by ozone exposure at a false discovery rate < 0.05, in which 403 genes had a fold change of > 1.2 or < 0.8. The top 10 terms of biological processes showed that most of the differentially expressed genes were related to various functions, such as neutrophil degranulation, immune response, and neutrophil activation. Pathway enrichment analysis showed dozens of pathways were dysregulated after ozone exposure, including mitochondrial dysfunction, and glucocorticoid receptor signaling. CONCLUSION For the first time this trial characterized the genome-wide changes of mRNA in response to ozone exposure. We identified a range of differentially expressed genes that were involved in dozens of biological processes and pathways, providing novel biological insights into the systemic health effects of ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihao Du
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Niu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xia Meng
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Chu
- Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai 201102, China.
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Hathaway QA, Majumder N, Goldsmith WT, Kunovac A, Pinti MV, Harkema JR, Castranova V, Hollander JM, Hussain S. Transcriptomics of single dose and repeated carbon black and ozone inhalation co-exposure highlight progressive pulmonary mitochondrial dysfunction. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:44. [PMID: 34911549 PMCID: PMC8672524 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is a complex mixture of particles and gases, yet current regulations are based on single toxicant levels failing to consider potential interactive outcomes of co-exposures. We examined transcriptomic changes after inhalation co-exposure to a particulate and a gaseous component of air pollution and hypothesized that co-exposure would induce significantly greater impairments to mitochondrial bioenergetics. A whole-body inhalation exposure to ultrafine carbon black (CB), and ozone (O3) was performed, and the impact of single and multiple exposures was studied at relevant deposition levels. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CB (10 mg/m3) and/or O3 (2 ppm) for 3 h (either a single exposure or four independent exposures). RNA was isolated from lungs and mRNA sequencing performed using the Illumina HiSeq. Lung pathology was evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry. Electron transport chain (ETC) activities, electron flow, hydrogen peroxide production, and ATP content were assessed. RESULTS Compared to individual exposure groups, co-exposure induced significantly greater neutrophils and protein levels in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid as well as a significant increase in mRNA expression of oxidative stress and inflammation related genes. Similarly, a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide production was observed after co-exposure. After single and four exposures, co-exposure revealed a greater number of differentially expressed genes (2251 and 4072, respectively). Of these genes, 1188 (single exposure) and 2061 (four exposures) were uniquely differentially expressed, with 35 mitochondrial ETC mRNA transcripts significantly impacted after four exposures. Both O3 and co-exposure treatment significantly reduced ETC maximal activity for complexes I (- 39.3% and - 36.2%, respectively) and IV (- 55.1% and - 57.1%, respectively). Only co-exposure reduced ATP Synthase activity (- 35.7%) and total ATP content (30%). Further, the ability for ATP Synthase to function is limited by reduced electron flow (- 25%) and translation of subunits, such as ATP5F1, following co-exposure. CONCLUSIONS CB and O3 co-exposure cause unique transcriptomic changes in the lungs that are characterized by functional deficits to mitochondrial bioenergetics. Alterations to ATP Synthase function and mitochondrial electron flow underly a pathological adaptation to lung injury induced by co-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy A Hathaway
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Mitochondria, Metabolism and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Nairrita Majumder
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 64 Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9229, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA
| | - William T Goldsmith
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 64 Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9229, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA
| | - Amina Kunovac
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Mitochondria, Metabolism and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mark V Pinti
- Mitochondria, Metabolism and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jack R Harkema
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Vince Castranova
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John M Hollander
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Mitochondria, Metabolism and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Salik Hussain
- Mitochondria, Metabolism and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 64 Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9229, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
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12
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Transcriptomics Underlying Pulmonary Ozone Pathogenesis Regulated by Inflammatory Mediators in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091489. [PMID: 34573120 PMCID: PMC8466999 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is the predominant oxidant air pollutant associated with airway inflammation, lung dysfunction, and the worsening of preexisting respiratory diseases. We previously demonstrated the injurious roles of pulmonary immune receptors, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR), and toll-like receptor 4, as well as a transcription factor NF-κB, in response to O3 in mice. In the current study, we profiled time-dependent and TNFR- and NF-κB-regulated lung transcriptome changes by subacute O3 to illuminate the underlying molecular events and downstream targets. Mice lacking Tnfr1/Tnfr2 (Tnfr-/-) or Nfkb1 (Nfkb1-/-) were exposed to air or O3. Lung RNAs were prepared for cDNA microarray analyses, and downstream and upstream mechanisms were predicted by pathway analyses of the enriched genes. O3 significantly altered the genes involved in inflammation and redox (24 h), cholesterol biosynthesis and vaso-occlusion (48 h), and cell cycle and DNA repair (48–72 h). Transforming growth factor-β1 was a predicted upstream regulator. Lack of Tnfr suppressed the immune cell proliferation and lipid-related processes and heightened epithelial cell integrity, and Nfkb1 deficiency markedly suppressed lung cell cycle progress during O3 exposure. Common differentially regulated genes by TNFR and NF-κB1 (e.g., Casp8, Il6, and Edn1) were predicted to protect the lungs from cell death, connective tissue injury, and inflammation. Il6-deficient mice were susceptible to O3-induced protein hyperpermeability, indicating its defensive role, while Tnf-deficient mice were resistant to overall lung injury caused by O3. The results elucidated transcriptome dynamics and provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms regulated by TNFR and NF-κB1 in pulmonary subacute O3 pathogenesis.
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