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Matsuda S, Nagahama S, Kurose Y, Wakabayashi M, Sugii H, Teshima T, Suzuki N, Kario K. A post-marketing survey evaluating the safety and efficacy of a fixed-dose single-pill combination of cilnidipine and valsartan in patients with hypertension: Real-world JSH 2014 and 2019 implementations. Clin Exp Hypertens 2020; 42:502-511. [PMID: 31964180 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2020.1714641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
METHODS : The home blood pressure control by a single-pill combination of cilnidipine and valsartan (HOPE-Combi) survey sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cilnidipine 10 mg/valsartan 80 mg single-pill combination (SPC of Cil/Val) treatment in patients with hypertension for over 12 months. Of 2622 subjects' data; we analyzed 2572 cases for safety and 2372 cases for efficacy. RESULTS Adverse drug reaction (ADR) incidence rate was 3.77% (97 of 2572 patients). The frequency of ADRs did not differ between patients aged <75 years and those aged ≥75 years (3.70% vs. 3.93%, respectively); between patients with and without chronic liver disease (CLD; 6.44% vs. 3.54%, respectively); and between patients with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD; 5.26% vs. 3.59%, respectively). Office systolic blood pressure (BP) was reduced from 149.5 ± 19.6 mmHg to 133.5 ± 14.8 mmHg (-15.8 mmHg, P < .01); pulse rate was also reduced 75.5 ± 12.2 bpm to 73.5 ± 11.3 bpm (-1.8 bpm, P < .01) after 12 months. CONCLUSIONS : The SPC of Cil/Val was safe and effective in treating BP of hypertensive patients in real-world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Matsuda
- Medical Department, Post-Marketing Medical Research Group, EA Pharma Co., Ltd ., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Nagahama
- Medical Department, Post-Marketing Medical Research Group, EA Pharma Co., Ltd ., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kurose
- Medical Department, Post-Marketing Medical Research Group, EA Pharma Co., Ltd ., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Wakabayashi
- Quality & Compliance Department, Pharmacovigilance Group, EA Pharma Co., Ltd ., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sugii
- Post-Marketing Surveillance, MOCHIDA PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Teshima
- Post-Marketing Surveillance, MOCHIDA PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Medical Affairs Department, MOCHIDA PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine , Tochigi, Japan
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Xu C, Zhong J, Zhu H, Hu R, Fang L, Wang M, Zhang J, Guo Y, Bian Z, Chen Z, Li L, Yu M. Independent and interactive associations of heart rate and body mass index or blood pressure with type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence: A prospective cohort study. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:1068-1074. [PMID: 30592161 PMCID: PMC6626957 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION An elevated heart rate has been reported to be associated with an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We investigated whether heart rate independently and interactively with body mass index or blood pressure was associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a rural Chinese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured the association between heart rate and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Tongxiang China Kadoorie Biobank prospective cohort study using Cox proportional hazard models. Analyses included 53,817 participants without any history of diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular or rheumatic heart disease at baseline. Incident type 2 diabetes mellitus cases were identified through linkage with established Disease Registries and the China National Health Insurance System. RESULTS After a mean follow-up period of 6.9 years, 1,766 people had developed type 2 diabetes mellitus with an incidence of 4.75 per 1,000 person-years. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and for type 2 diabetes mellitus across increasing quintiles of heart rate were 1.00 (reference), 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.45), 1.21 (95% CI 1.03-1.41), 1.24 (95% CI 1.05-1.47) and 1.49 (95% CI 1.28-1.74), respectively, with a Ptrend <0.001. This relationship was particularly evident among non-overweight/obese participants. A significant interaction between heart rate and body mass index on incident type 2 diabetes mellitus was observed with a P for interaction = 0.005. CONCLUSIONS Elevated heart rate is independently, in interaction with a higher body mass index, associated with a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Xu
- Department of Chronic Non‐Communicable Diseases Control and PreventionZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhouChina
| | - Jieming Zhong
- Department of Chronic Non‐Communicable Diseases Control and PreventionZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhouChina
| | - Honghong Zhu
- Preventive Medicine InstituteLouisianaMissouriUSA
| | - Ruying Hu
- Department of Chronic Non‐Communicable Diseases Control and PreventionZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhouChina
| | - Le Fang
- Department of Chronic Non‐Communicable Diseases Control and PreventionZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhouChina
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Chronic Non‐Communicable Diseases Control and PreventionZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhouChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Chronic Non‐Communicable Diseases Control and PreventionZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhouChina
| | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zheng Bian
- Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU)Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Liming Li
- Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- School of Public HealthPeking University Health Sciences CenterBeijingChina
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Chronic Non‐Communicable Diseases Control and PreventionZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhouChina
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Dolan E, James K. Current approach to masked hypertension: From diagnosis to clinical management. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:1272-1278. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eamon Dolan
- Stroke and Hypertension Unit; Connolly Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| | - Kirstyn James
- Stroke and Hypertension Unit; Connolly Hospital; Dublin Ireland
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Shetty K, Shetty R, Rao P, Ballal M, Kiran A, Reddy S, Pai U, Samanth J. Comparison of Plasma Levels of Renin, Vasopressin and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Hypertensive Amlodipine Induced Pedal Oedema, Non-Oedema and Cilnidipine Treated Patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:FC05-FC08. [PMID: 28764190 PMCID: PMC5535383 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/25097.9958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amlodipine is a third generation dihydropyridine group of calcium channel blocker and having an excellent antihypertensive profile. Pedal Oedema (PE) is the major drawback of amlodipine therapy and the incidence of Amlodipine Induced Pedal Oedema (AIPE) has been found significantly high. Several neurohumoral factors influence the incidence of oedema. AIM We aimed to compare the plasma levels of renin, vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide in hypertensive AIPE, non-oedema and cilnidipine treated patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present prospective, interventional study was conducted on 104 mild to moderate hypertensive patients (52 patients in each group), after due consideration of eligibility criteria. Plasma Renin (PR), Vasopressin (VAS), and the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) was estimated by ELISA test and compared between the AIPE, Amlodipine Treated Non-Oedema (ATNE) in Phase I, and AIPE and Cilnidipine Treated (CT) Groups in Phase II. RESULTS The clinical and demographic parameters were matched. PR was significantly high in AIPE group than the ATNE, and it was significantly reduced after one month follow up with the substitution of cilnidipine. The median (IQR) value of PR was 4.87 (3.58, 6.63), 3.50 (1.44, 5.47) and 2.66 (1.02, 5.66) ng/ml in AIPE, ATNE, CT group respectively. VAS was significantly high in AIPE group than ATNE, and it significantly reduced after one month follow up with CT group. The median (IQR) value of vasopressin was 6.78 (2.55, 9.16), 2.58 (1.61, 5.73) and 2.50 (1.23, 5.00) ng/ml in AIPE, ATNE and CT groups respectively. There was no significant difference seen in plasma ANP levels between the groups. The p-value was <0.05 which is statistically significant. CONCLUSION The AIPE may not be volume overload or fluid retention; it may be due to persistent raise in adrenergic activity followed chronic amlodipine therapy. Cilnidipine relatively suppresses the sympathetic activity, and completely resolves the AIPE by significantly reducing PR and VAS levels. ANP did not show a difference between groups. Cilnidipine is the suitable alternative antihypertensive drug for AIPE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Shetty
- PhD Scholar, Department of Cardiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ranjan Shetty
- Professor, Department of Cardiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Pragna Rao
- Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mamatha Ballal
- Professor, Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Amruth Kiran
- Lecturer, Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sravan Reddy
- Registrar, Department of Cardiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Umesh Pai
- Lecturer, Department of Cardiovascular Technology Course, School of Allied Health Science, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyothi Samanth
- Lecturer, Department of Cardiovascular Technology Course, School of Allied Health Science, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Shetty K, Shetty R, Bairy L, Rao P, Kiran A, Shetty M, Deepak, Nayak V. A Comparative Study on Clinical and Biochemical Parameters in Amlodipine and Cilnidipine Treated Hypertensive Patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:FC01-FC05. [PMID: 28658794 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/23825.9763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is a major health issue worldwide. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) are the most commonly used antihypertensive agents. CCBs act on voltage-dependent calcium channels and they were categorized into two subclasses, Dihydropyridine (DHP) and non-Dihydropyridine (non-DHP) derivative. Amlodipine is a third generation L-type of DHP and Cilnidipine is a novel L/N-type of DHP CCB, both drugs have excellent pharmacological profiles with the unique actions. AIM To study the clinical and biochemical profile in Amlodipine and Cilnidipine treated mild to moderate hypertensive patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was a cross-sectional study. A total of 140 mild to moderate hypertensive patients (HTN classified according to Joint National Committee-8 (JNC-8) HTN guideline), 70 were in Amlodipine group (Group-A), and other 70 patients were in Cilnidipine group (Group-B). Group-A receiving Tab Amlodac 5 mg/day and Group-B receiving Tab Cilacar 10 mg/day, and both the group receiving respective medications since more than six months. Patients enrolled into the study with due consideration of eligibility criteria. Demographic, clinical and biochemical parameters were noted and compared. RESULTS Demographic parameters are matched, there was no significant difference seen between two study groups. Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure (SBP and DBP) showed a significant difference (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in pulse rate between the two groups, both QT/QTc showed statistically significant difference (p<0.001). The biochemical parameters like serum creatinine, albumin, globulin, total protein, serum Na+, fractional excretion of Na+, serum osmolality, vanillyl mandelic acid, were compared between two study groups, there was no significant difference seen between the two groups. CONCLUSION The Amlodipine and Cilnidipine both are equally effective antihypertensive drugs. Cilnidipine treated group showed more reduction in blood pressure than the Amlodipine treated group and there was no significant change in heart rate between the two groups. Cilnidipine group showed comparatively shortened QT/QTc interval than the Amlodipine group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Shetty
- Research Scholar, Department of Cardiology, KMC, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ranjan Shetty
- Professor, Department of Cardiology, KMC, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Lakshminarayana Bairy
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology, KMC, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Pragna Rao
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology, KMC, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Amruth Kiran
- Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology, MMMC, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunath Shetty
- Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology, MMMC, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepak
- Research Scholar, Department of Cardiology, KMC, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vidya Nayak
- Assistant Professor, Department of Cardiovascular Technology, SOHAS, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Kumar P, Das A, Chandra S, Gari M, Keshri USP, Kumari K. Serum Triglyceride Lowering Effect of Cilnidipine in Patients With Essential Hypertension. Cardiol Res 2017; 7:173-177. [PMID: 28197288 PMCID: PMC5295564 DOI: 10.14740/cr497w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many epidemiological studies have established the relationship between hypertension and dyslipidemia. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are one of the first-line drugs for newly diagnosed patients with essential hypertension. Cilnidipine as a newer CCB acting by blocking both L- and N-type calcium channels possesses additional beneficial effects apart from lowering blood pressure (BP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cilnidipine in patients with essential hypertension with borderline dyslipidemia and its effects on lipid profile. Methods Out of 45 enrolled patients, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, only 37 completed the study. Cilnidipine was started at 10 mg/day, and then adjusted to 5 - 20 mg/day to achieve the target blood pressure. Results After 12 weeks of study, patients showed significant reduction in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean BP, heart rate and serum triglyceride level from baseline values (P < 0.00). Conclusion In clinical setting where both hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia exist, cilnidipine can be a promising drug of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
| | - Arijit Das
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
| | - Satish Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
| | - Manju Gari
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
| | - U S P Keshri
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
| | - Kusum Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
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Das A, Kumar P, Kumari A, Chandra S, Gari M, Singh N, Dey D. Effects of Cilnidipine on Heart Rate and Uric Acid Metabolism in Patients With Essential Hypertension. Cardiol Res 2016; 7:167-172. [PMID: 28197287 PMCID: PMC5295563 DOI: 10.14740/cr494w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relation between hypertension and hyperuricemia has been established by epidemiological studies. Calcium channel blockers are one of the first-line drugs for newly diagnosed patients with essential hypertension. Cilnidipine is a new calcium channel blocker acting by blocking both L- and N-type calcium channels. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of amlodipine and cilnidipine in patients with essential hypertension and their effects on heart rate and serum uric acid levels. METHODS Out of 100 enrolled patients, 92 completed the study. They were randomly assigned to amlodipine (N = 47) and cilnidipine (N = 45) groups. Cilnidipine was started at 10 mg/day and then adjusted to 5 - 20 mg/day, and amlodipine was started at 5 mg/day and then adjusted to 2.5 - 10 mg/day. RESULTS After 24 weeks of study, patients in cilnidipine groups showed significant reduction in heart rate and serum uric acid levels from baseline (P = 0.00). CONCLUSION In clinical setting where both hypertension and hyperuricemia exist, cilnidipine can be a promising drug of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Das
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
| | - Prakash Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
| | - Abha Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
| | - Satish Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
| | - Manju Gari
- Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
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Tamargo J, Ruilope LM. Investigational calcium channel blockers for the treatment of hypertension. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1295-1309. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1241764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Tamargo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. CIBER of Cardiovascular Diseases
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Wang L, Cui L, Wang Y, Vaidya A, Chen S, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Li D, Hu FB, Wu S, Gao X. Resting heart rate and the risk of developing impaired fasting glucose and diabetes: the Kailuan prospective study. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:689-99. [PMID: 26002923 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the association between resting heart rate and the risk of developing impaired fasting glucose (IFG), diabetes and conversion from IFG to diabetes. METHODS The prospective analysis included 73,357 participants of the Kailuan cohort (57,719 men and 15,638 women). Resting heart rate was measured via electrocardiogram in 2006. Incident diabetes was defined as either the fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/l or new active use of diabetes medications during the 4-year follow-up period. IFG was defined as a FBG between 5.6 and 6.9 mmol/l. A meta-analysis including seven published prospective studies focused on heart rate and diabetes risk, and our current study was then conducted using random-effects models. RESULTS During 4 years of follow-up, 17,463 incident IFG cases and 4,649 incident diabetes cases were identified. The corresponding adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for each 10 beats/min increase in heart rate were 1.23 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19, 1.27] for incident diabetes, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.13) for incident IFG and 1.13 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.17) for IFG to diabetes conversion. The risks of incident IFG and diabetes were significantly higher among participants aged < 50 years than those aged ≥ 50 years (P-interaction < 0.02 for both). A meta-analysis confirmed the positive association between resting heart rate and diabetes risk (pooled HR for the highest vs lowest heart rate quintile = 1.59, 95% CI:1.27, 2.00; n = 8). CONCLUSION Faster resting heart rate is associated with higher risk of developing IFG and diabetes, suggesting that heart rate could be used to identify individuals with a higher future risk of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Liufu Cui
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yanxue Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Anand Vaidya
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Shuohua Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Caifeng Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Shouling Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Abstract
Several classes of antihypertensive agents have been in clinical use, including diuretics, α-blockers, β-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARB), and organic calcium channel blockers (CCBs). All these drugs are being currently used in the treatment of Hypertension & various disease conditions of the heart either alone or in combination. Cilnidipine is a new antihypertensive drug distinguished from other L-type Ca(2+) channel blockers or even other antihypertensives, which will be useful for selection of antihypertensive drugs according to the pathophysiological condition of a patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sarat Chandra
- Hony. Editor - IHJ, Senior Consultant Cardiologist, Indo US Superspeciality Hospital, Hyderabad 500016, India.
| | - G Ramesh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Cardiology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500082, India
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Kanaoka T, Tamura K, Wakui H, Ohsawa M, Azushima K, Uneda K, Kobayashi R, Fujikawa T, Tsurumi-Ikeya Y, Maeda A, Yanagi M, Toya Y, Umemura S. L/N-type calcium channel blocker cilnidipine added to renin-angiotensin inhibition improves ambulatory blood pressure profile and suppresses cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension with chronic kidney disease. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:16866-81. [PMID: 23959116 PMCID: PMC3759940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140816866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) profile are proposed to be related to renal deterioration and cardiovascular complication in hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, we examined the beneficial effects cilnidipine, a unique L/N-type calcium channel blocker (CCB), in addition to renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, on ambulatory BP and HR profile, as well as cardiorenal function in hypertensive CKD patients. Forty-five patients were randomly assigned to the cilnidipine replacement group (n = 21) or the control CCBs group (n = 24) during a 24-week active treatment period. Although clinical BP values were similar in the cilnidipine and control CCBs groups after the treatment period, the results of ambulatory BP monitoring showed that the 24-h and daytime systolic BP levels in the cilnidipine group were significantly lower compared with the control group after the study. Furthermore, the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was significantly decreased in the cilnidipine group compared to the control group after the study (LVMI, 135.3 ± 26.4 versus 181.2 ± 88.4, p = 0.031), with a significant difference in the changes in the LVMI between the cilnidipine and control groups (change in LVMI, −12.4 ± 23.7 versus 26.2 ± 64.4, p = 0.007). These results indicate that cilnidipine is beneficial for the suppression of pathological cardiac remodeling, at least partly, via a superior improving effect on ambulatory BP profile compared with control CCBs in hypertensive CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-45-787-2635 (ext. 6326); Fax: +81-45-701-3738
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12
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Kario K, Saito I, Kushiro T, Teramukai S, Mori Y, Hiramatsu K, Kobayashi F, Shimada K. Enhanced blood pressure-lowering effect of olmesartan in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease-associated sympathetic hyperactivity: HONEST study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2013; 15:555-61. [PMID: 23889717 PMCID: PMC3884768 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the blood pressure (BP)-lowering effect of olmesartan in relation to chronic kidney disease (CKD)-associated sympathetic nerve activity, a subanalysis was performed using data from the first 16 weeks of the Home BP Measurement With Olmesartan-Naive Patients to Establish Standard Target Blood Pressure (HONEST) study, a prospective observational study of hypertensive patients. Essential hypertensive patients who took no antihypertensive agent at baseline were classified based on baseline morning home systolic BP (MHSBP) in quartiles. In each class, patients were further classified based on baseline morning home pulse rate (MHPR). A subgroup analysis in patients with/without chronic kidney disease (CKD) was performed. A total of 5458 patients (mean age, 63.0 years; 51.6% women) were included. In the 4th quartile of baseline MHSBP (≥165 mm Hg), patients with MHPR ≥70 beats per minute had a greater BP reduction (by 3.2 mm Hg) than those with MHPR <70 beats per minute after 16 weeks of olmesartan-based treatment (P=.0005). An even greater BP reduction (by 6.6 mm Hg) was observed in patients with CKD than in patients without CKD in this group (P=.0084). Olmesartan was more effective in hypertensive patients with high MHSBP and MHPR ≥70 beats per minute, especially in patients with CKD. Olmesartan may have enhanced BP-lowering effects by improving renal ischemia in hypertensive CKD patients with potential increased sympathetic nerve activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan.
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13
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Abe H, Mita T, Yamamoto R, Komiya K, Kawaguchi M, Sakurai Y, Shimizu T, Ohmura C, Ikeda F, Kawamori R, Fujitani Y, Watada H. Comparison of effects of cilnidipine and azelnidipine on blood pressure, heart rate and albuminuria in type 2 diabetics with hypertension: A pilot study. J Diabetes Investig 2013; 4:202-5. [PMID: 24843653 PMCID: PMC4019276 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reported that both cilnidipine and azelnidipine have a renoprotective effect compared with amlodipine. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cilnidipine and azelnidipine on blood pressure, heart rate and albuminuria. An open-label prospective crossover trial was carried out. We recruited 19 type 2 diabetics treated with amlodipine (5 mg/day) at least for 12 weeks. At study entry, amlodipine was changed to cilnidipine (10 mg/day) or azelnidipine (16 mg/day) and each administered for 16 weeks. Then, the drugs were switched and the treatment was continued for another 16 weeks. Despite no differences in 24-h blood pressure and heart rate between cilnidipine and azelnidipine, treatment with cilnidipine resulted in a greater reduction in urinary albumin:creatinine ratio than azelnidipine. Our results suggested that cilnidipine is more efficient in reducing albuminuria than azelnidipine independent of its blood pressure lowering effect in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension. This trial was registered with UMIN (no. 000007201).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Abe
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoya Mita
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Center for Molecular DiabetologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Risako Yamamoto
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Koji Komiya
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Minako Kawaguchi
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yuko Sakurai
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoaki Shimizu
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Chie Ohmura
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Fuki Ikeda
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Ryuzo Kawamori
- Sportology CenterJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshio Fujitani
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Center for Beta Cell Biology and RegenerationJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Center for Molecular DiabetologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Sportology CenterJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Center for Beta Cell Biology and RegenerationJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Center for Therapeutic Innovations in DiabetesJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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14
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Hatta T, Takeda K, Shiotsu Y, Sugishita C, Adachi T, Kimura T, Sonomura K, Kusaba T, Kishimioto N, Narumiya H, Tanda S, Tamagaki K, Yamada K, Kameyama H, Kido H, Harada S, Bito Y, Moriguchi J, Morimoto S, Okigaki M, Itoh H, Mori Y, Nakata T, Maki K, Sasaki S, Sawada K, Matsubara H. Switching to an L/N-type calcium channel blocker shows renoprotective effects in patients with chronic kidney disease: the Kyoto Cilnidipine Study. J Int Med Res 2013; 40:1417-28. [PMID: 22971493 DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This open-label, randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of cilnidipine, an L/N-type calcium channel blocker (CCB), in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS Sixty patients with CKD and well-controlled hypertension being treated with a renin- angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitor and an L-type CCB (L-CCB) were randomly assigned either to switch from the L-CCB to cilnidipine after a 4-week observation period or to continue with L-CCB treatment. Blood pressure, heart rate and renal function were monitored for 12 months. Data were available for analysis from 50 patients: 24 from the cilnidipine group and 26 from the L-CCB group. RESULTS Blood pressure was well controlled in both groups. After 12 months, proteinuria and heart rate were significantly decreased in the cilnidipine group, but proteinuria increased and heart rate remained unchanged in the L-CCB group. There was a significant positive correlation between the percentage changes in proteinuria and heart rate. CONCLUSIONS Cilnidipine has antihypertensive effects equivalent to those of L-CCBs. In patients with CKD, proteinuria can be decreased by switching from an L-CCB to cilnidipine, thereby improving renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hatta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hypertension and Nephrology, Omihachiman Community Medical Centre, 1379 Tsuchida-cho, Omihachiman City, Shiga 523-0082, Japan.
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15
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Abe M, Maruyama N, Suzuki H, Inoshita A, Yoshida Y, Okada K, Soma M. L/N-type calcium channel blocker cilnidipine reduces plasma aldosterone, albuminuria, and urinary liver-type fatty acid binding protein in patients with chronic kidney disease. Heart Vessels 2012; 28:480-9. [PMID: 22914905 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-012-0274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cilnidipine inhibits both L- and N-type calcium channels and has been shown to dilate efferent arterioles as effectively as afferent arterioles. We conducted an open-label, randomized trial to compare the effects of cilnidipine against those of amlodipine on blood pressure (BP), albuminuria, and plasma aldosterone concentration in hypertensive patients with mild- to moderate-stage chronic kidney disease. Patients with BP ≥130/80 mmHg, an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 90-30 ml/min/1.73 m(2), and albuminuria ≥30 mg/g, despite treatment with the maximum recommended dose of angiotensin II receptor blockers, were randomly assigned to two groups. Patients received either 10 mg/day cilnidipine (increased to 20 mg/day; n = 35) or 2.5 mg/day amlodipine (increased to 5 mg/day; n = 35). After 48 weeks of treatment, a significant and comparable reduction in systolic and diastolic BP was observed in both groups. The percent reduction in the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio and liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) in the cilnidipine group was significantly greater than in the amlodipine group. Although plasma renin activity did not differ between the two groups, the plasma aldosterone level was significantly decreased in the cilnidipine group. Cilnidipine therefore appears to reduce albuminuria, urinary L-FABP, and plasma aldosterone levels more than amlodipine, and these effects are independent of BP reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Oyaguchi Kami-chou, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
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16
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Aritomi S, Konda T, Yoshimura M. L/N-type calcium channel blocker suppresses reflex aldosterone production induced by antihypertensive action. Heart Vessels 2011; 27:419-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-011-0191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Masuda T, Ogura MN, Moriya T, Takahira N, Matsumoto T, Kutsuna T, Hara M, Aiba N, Noda C, Izumi T. Beneficial effects of L- and N-type calcium channel blocker on glucose and lipid metabolism and renal function in patients with hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 29:46-53. [PMID: 20337636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2009.00126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proved that cilnidipine has N-type calcium channels inhibitory activity as well as L-type calcium channels and inhibits excessive release of norepinephrine from the sympathetic nerve ending. This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of amlodipine (an inhibitor of L-type calcium channels) and cilnidipine (an inhibitor of both L-type and N-type calcium channels) in patients with hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus. Seventy-seven hypertensive patients were divided into two groups according to presence/absence of type II diabetes mellitus. In these two groups of patients, the effects of amlodipine and cilnidipine on glucose and lipid metabolism and renal function were compared. As for glucose and lipid metabolism, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-R) level in the non-diabetic group and triglyceride in the diabetes group were significantly lower with cilnidipine than with amlodipine. As regards renal function in the diabetic group, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was significantly higher and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was significantly lower with cilnidipine than with amlodipine. Cilnidipine which inhibits N-type calcium channels is more useful for patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus from its effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Masuda
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
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18
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The N-type and L-type calcium channel blocker cilnidipine suppresses renal injury in Dahl rats fed a high-salt diet. Heart Vessels 2010; 25:549-55. [PMID: 20922532 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-010-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to compare the effects of cilnidipine [L-type/N-type calcium channel blocker (CCB)] and amlodipine (L-type CCB) alone or in combination with the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), valsartan, on blood pressure (BP), kidney function in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats. DS rats fed a high-salt diet were divided into six groups; control (n = 13), two CCB (cilnidipine or amlodipine) groups at 1 mg/kg/day (n = 10), ARB (valsartan) at 10 mg/kg/day (n = 12), cilnidipine + valsartan (CV, n = 12), and amlodipine + valsartan (AV, n = 12). BPs were lower in the combination therapy groups than in those given either drug alone, but only CV inhibited the increase in urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and lowered the glomerular sclerosis score. In addition, AV elevated plasma renin activity and the angiotensin II concentration, and thus failed to inhibit increases in UAE and to lower glomerular sclerosis score. In conclusion, combination therapy with CCB and ARB decreases BP more effectively than either drug alone. When used in combination with valsartan, cilnidipine is more effective than amlodipine for preventing kidney injury.
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19
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Tanaka M. The L/N-Type Calcium Channel Blocker, Cilnidipine, Reduces Heart Rate and Albuminuria in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:602-10. [DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate whether the L/N-type calcium channel blocker, cilnidipine, had a renoprotective effect compared with other calcium channel blockers. Twenty-five hypertensive patients with concomitant type 2 diabetes who had a urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) of 10 − 300 mg albumin/g creatinine and who had been treated with oral calcium channel blockers other than cilnidipine for more than 3 months were included. Patients' medication was changed to cilnidipine 10 mg/day or 20 mg/day without a washout period. Blood pressure and renal function were measured before and at 3 months after the new treatment. Heart rate was also determined as a marker for sympathetic nervous activity. After substitution of cilnidipine, blood pressure did not change significantly, but heart rate decreased significantly from 73.9 ± 7.1 beats/min to 72.0 ± 8.4 beats/min, and the log-transformed urinary ACR decreased to 82.9 ± 49.4% of baseline values. The changes in urinary ACR and heart rate showed a significant positive correlation. Thus, there was a strong indication that cilnidipine may exert its renoprotective effect by inhibiting sympathetic nervous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tanaka
- Department of Endocrinology, Tenri Hospital, Tenri, Nara, Japan
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20
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Kai T, Kuzumoto Y. Effects of a dual L/N-type calcium channel blocker cilnidipine on blood pressure, pulse rate, and autonomic functions in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2010; 31:595-604. [PMID: 19886857 DOI: 10.3109/10641960902929453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to examine the effects of cilnidipine, a dual L/N-type calcium channel blocker, on blood pressure, pulse rate, and autonomic functions in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Sixteen patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension (8 males and 8 females; 44-72 years of age) were treated with cilnidipine (10 mg/day) for 3 months. Before and after the treatment, the following measurements were conducted; beat-to-beat blood pressure during late phase II and overshoot phase of the Valsalva maneuver, the Valsalva ratio, heart rate response to deep breathing, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate. The head-up tilt test was also performed before and after the treatment. Cilnidipine significantly decreased either the systolic or diastolic blood pressure from 151 +/- 15 mmHg to 129 +/- 14 mmHg or 84 +/- 11 mmHg to 71 +/- 9 mmHg, respectively. For pulse rate, there were no significant changes during therapy. Beat-to-beat blood pressure during late phase II and overshoot phase of the Valsalva maneuver indicated significant improvements in both figures. The heart rate response to deep breathing and the Valsalva ratio indicated no significant differences during therapy. Before and after the treatment, no orthostatic hypotension was observed during the head-up tilt test. The current study revealed that cilnidipine significantly decreases blood pressure with improving autonomic functions while having no adverse effects on heart rate response and pulse rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kai
- Department of Vascular and Geriatric Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan.
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21
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Takahara A. Cilnidipine: A New Generation Ca2+Channel Blocker with Inhibitory Action on Sympathetic Neurotransmitter Release. Cardiovasc Ther 2009; 27:124-39. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2009.00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Shigetoh Y, Adachi H, Yamagishi SI, Enomoto M, Fukami A, Otsuka M, Kumagae SI, Furuki K, Nanjo Y, Imaizumi T. Higher heart rate may predispose to obesity and diabetes mellitus: 20-year prospective study in a general population. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22:151-5. [PMID: 19151693 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2008.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates an association between sympathetic activation and metabolic syndrome. However, sympathetic activation in metabolic syndrome may be a cause, consequence, or just epiphenomenon. To elucidate this issue, the predictive power of resting heart rate for the development of abnormal glucose and lipid metabolisms after 20 years was evaluated in a general population. METHODS A total of 637 participants (>20 years old) underwent a health examination in 1979 including measurements of blood chemistries. Resting heart rate (bpm) was measured by an electrocardiogram. In 1999, all of the study participants again underwent a health examination, including electrocardiogram and blood chemistries. Because four of them had atrial fibrillation, and 19 subjects were taking antihypertensive medication in 1979, they were excluded from analysis. Therefore, a complete dataset of 614 subjects was available. RESULTS As was reported in our previous article, in 1999 we found a linear and significant (P < 0.05) cross-sectional relationship between resting heart rate and a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors (blood pressure (BP), free fatty acid (FFA), plasma glucose, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index). Baseline higher heart rate (heart rate >or=80 bpm in 1979) predicted the development of obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), and insulin resistance in 1999 after adjustments for age, sex, and other confounders. CONCLUSION This is one of the first prospective reports demonstrating that higher heart rate may predispose to the development of obesity and DM, suggesting that the sympathetic nerve system may play a role in the development of obesity and DM.
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Takei K, Araki N, Ohkubo T, Tamura N, Yamamoto T, Furuya D, Yanagisawa CT, Shimazu K. Comparison of the anti-hypertensive effects of the L/N-type calcium channel antagonist cilnidipine, and the L-type calcium channel antagonist amlodipine in hypertensive patients with cerebrovascular disease. Intern Med 2009; 48:1357-61. [PMID: 19687579 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is known that the risk of cerebral stroke recurrence in post-stroke patients is comparatively higher than in normal subjects, and it is suggested that autonomic nervous system dysfunctions elevate this risk. We investigated the anti-hypertensive effects of cilnidipine, a Ca antagonist which suppresses sympathetic nerve activation, in hypertensives with chronic-stage cerebrovascular disease in a comparison with amlodipine. METHODS Amlodipine 5-7.5 mg/day, or cilnidipine 5-10 mg/day was administered to 78 hypertensive subjects (greater than 140 mmHg systolic, or 90 mmHg diastolic) undergoing outpatient treatment. Amlodipine or cilnidipine was also administered similarly, to 30 subjects having hypertension associated with a cerebral infarct which occurred more than one month earlier due to cerebral thrombosis or embolism. After 3 months administration, the subjects' blood pressures and pulse rates were recorded with an ambulatory blood pressure monitor over 24 hours. RESULTS No difference was recognized in patient age, gender, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure before treatment between the groups. In the cilnidipine groups, no difference in average 24-hour or waking systolic blood pressure values was seen between cerebrovascular disease (CVD) subjects and non-CVD subjects, although in the amlodipine groups, CVD subjects had significantly higher blood pressure values than non-CVD subjects. In the cilnidipine group, the coefficient of variation values of pulse rate were significantly higher in CVD subjects than in non-CVD subjects (p<0.05). CONCLUSION In patients with recent stroke, a Ca antagonist with no sympathetic nerve suppression had weaker blood pressure-lowering effects. Significantly increased pulse rate variability, shown in the CVD subjects administered cilnidipine, suggests that cilnidipine enhanced the parasympathetic function in hypertensive patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Takei
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Saitama Medical University
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24
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Kawashima Y, Akishita M, Hasegawa H, Kozaki K, Toba K. Stress-induced blood pressure elevation in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: Effects of the dual-type calcium channel blocker, cilnidipine. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2008; 8:278-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2008.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Saito I, Fujikawa K, Saruta T. Cost-effectiveness analysis: controlled-release nifedipine and valsartan combination therapy in patients with essential hypertension: the adalat CR and valsartan cost-effectiveness combination (ADVANCE-Combi) study. Hypertens Res 2008; 31:1399-405. [PMID: 18957811 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.31.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As recommended by the guidelines such as JSH 2004, combination therapy with multiple agents is now being applied to many patients with hypertension. However, a pharmacoeconomic analysis of each therapy has not been fully undertaken in Japan, despite increasing societal interest. In this study, the cost-effectiveness of two calcium channel blockers, each coadministered with an angiotensin receptor blockade, was compared using data from the ADVANCE-Combi study. The ADVANCE-Combi study was a 16-week double-blind, randomized clinical trial to compare the efficacy and safety of two combination therapies (controlled-release nifedipine [nifedipine CR] plus valsartan vs. amlodipine plus valsartan) on blood pressure (BP) control in patients with moderate to severe essential hypertension. The incremental cost effectiveness of each cohort was compared from the perspective of insurers. The average total cost per patient was Japanese yen (JPY) 31,615 for the nifedipine CR treatment group and JPY 35,399 for the amlodipine treatment group (p < 0.001). The achievement rate of the target BP (SBP/DBP < 130/85 mmHg for patients aged under 60 years; SBP/DBP < 140/90 mmHg for those aged 60 years and over) was significantly higher in the nifedipine CR treatment group (61.2%) than in the amlodipine treatment group (34.6%) (p < 0.001), with no difference in the incidence of drug-related adverse events. Accordingly, the base case economic analysis demonstrated that the nifedipine CR treatment group was dominant (more efficacious and less costly) to the amlodipine treatment group. This result was supported by univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. These results indicate that nifedipine CR-based combination therapy is superior to amlodipine-based combination therapy for the management of essential hypertension in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Saito
- Health Center, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan.
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Fujita T, Ando K, Nishimura H, Ideura T, Yasuda G, Isshiki M, Takahashi K. Antiproteinuric effect of the calcium channel blocker cilnidipine added to renin-angiotensin inhibition in hypertensive patients with chronic renal disease. Kidney Int 2007; 72:1543-9. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Morimoto S, Yano Y, Maki K, Iwasaka T. Renal and vascular protective effects of cilnidipine in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2007; 25:2178-83. [PMID: 17885563 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282c2fa62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cilnidipine is a calcium channel blocker that blocks both L and N-type calcium channels. L/N-type calcium channel blockers exhibit sympatholytic action and a renal protective effect via dilation of afferent and efferent arterioles of the renal glomerulus, and afford more potent protection against hypertension-related organ damage than L-type calcium channel blockers. Few studies, however, have directly compared the organ protective effects of L-type calcium channel blocker monotherapy and L/N-type calcium channel blocker monotherapy. This study compares the effects on renal and vascular endothelial functions and arterial stiffness of monotherapy regimens of amlodipine, an L-type calcium antagonist, and cilnidipine, in patients with essential hypertension. METHODS Fifty patients with untreated essential hypertension were randomized to receive 5 mg of amlodipine (n = 25) or 10 mg of cilnidipine (n = 25) once daily in the morning for 24 weeks. The patients were evaluated before and after the therapy to assess changes in renal function, flow-mediated vasodilation (a parameter of vascular endothelial function), and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (a parameter of arterial stiffness). RESULTS Before treatment, the above parameters showed no significant differences between groups. After treatment, urinary albumin excretion was decreased significantly in the cilnidipine group compared with the amlodipine group, and the decrease of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity was significantly larger in the cilnidipine group than in the amlodipine group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cilnidipine is more effective than amlodipine at improving renal function and arterial stiffness in patients with essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohmihachiman City Hospital, Japan.
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NAGAHAMA S, NORIMATSU T, MAKI T, YASUDA M, TANAKA S. The Effect of Combination Therapy with an L/N-Type Ca2+ Channel Blocker, Cilnidipine, and an Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker on the Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Japanese Hypertensive Patients: An Observational Study Conducted in Japan. Hypertens Res 2007; 30:815-22. [DOI: 10.1291/hypres.30.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ma ZY, Li L, Zhong XZ, Tan HW, Wang R, Wang Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Cilnidipine Improves Left-Ventricular Midwall Function Independently of Blood Pressure Changes in Chinese Patients With Hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 49:33-8. [PMID: 17261961 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31802bfdee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite normal indices of left-ventricular (LV) chamber function, patients with hypertension are thought to have depressed LV midwall systolic shortening. This study was designed to investigate effects of short-term therapy with cilnidipine on LV midwall fractional shortening (mFS) in Chinese patients with hypertension. Thirty-seven patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension underwent a 2 week placebo run-in period, then received 5-10 mg/day of cilnidipine orally for 8 weeks. At the end of the placebo period and treatment, patients were examined by echocardiogram, measuring and calculating LV ejection fraction (EF), LV endocardial fraction shortening (eFS), and LV mFS. Compared with the normotensive group, the hypertensive group had a significantly higher eFS (P < 0.05) and EF (P < 0.01), both at the end of the placebo period and at 8 weeks; mFS of patients with hypertension was lower at the end of the placebo period (P < 0.05), but at the end of 8 weeks mFS was not different than that of the control group (P = 0.963). After cilnidipine treatment, EF and eFS did not change (P > 0.05); however, absolute mFS and corrected mFS were increased significantly (P < 0.01). Moreover, changes of mFS showed no correlation with changes of blood pressure (P > 0.05). Midwall fractional shortening is more reliable and sensitive than conventional systolic function measures in assessment of systolic function; cilnidipine can improve left-ventricular systolic function (mFS) independently of blood pressure changes in Chinese patients who have hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, QiLu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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OHISHI M, TAKAGI T, ITO N, TERAI M, TATARA Y, HAYASHI N, SHIOTA A, KATSUYA T, RAKUGI H, OGIHARA T. Renal-Protective Effect of T- and L-Type Calcium Channel Blockers in Hypertensive Patients: An Amlodipine-to-Benidipine Changeover (ABC) Study. Hypertens Res 2007; 30:797-806. [DOI: 10.1291/hypres.30.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ashizawa N, Seto S, Shibata Y, Yano K. Bedtime Administration of Cilnidipine Controls Morning Hypertension. Int Heart J 2007; 48:597-603. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.48.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Ashizawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Shinji Seto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Yoshisada Shibata
- Division of Radiation Epidemiology, Course of Life Sciences and Radiation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Katsusuke Yano
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
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