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Zambrano AK, Cadena-Ullauri S, Guevara-Ramírez P, Ruiz-Pozo VA, Tamayo-Trujillo R, Paz-Cruz E, Ibarra-Rodríguez AA, Doménech N. Genetic diet interactions of ACE: the increased hypertension predisposition in the Latin American population. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1241017. [PMID: 37964928 PMCID: PMC10640988 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1241017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the primary risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). It is a condition that affects people worldwide, and its prevalence is increasing due to several factors, such as lack of physical activity, population aging, and unhealthy diets. Notably, this increase has primarily occurred in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). In Latin America, approximately 40% of adults have been diagnosed with hypertension. Moreover, reports have shown that the Latin American genetic composition is highly diverse, and this genetic background can influence various biological processes, including disease predisposition and treatment effectiveness. Research has shown that Western dietary patterns, which include increased consumption of red meat, refined grains, sugar, and ultra-processed food, have spread across the globe, including Latin America, due to globalization processes. Furthermore, a higher than recommended sodium consumption, which has been associated with hypertension, has been identified across different regions, including Asia, Europe, America, Oceania, and Africa. In conclusion, hypertension is a multifactorial disease involving environmental and genetic factors. In Latin America, hypertension prevalence is increasing due to various factors, including age, the adoption of a "Westernized" diet, and potential genetic predisposition factors involving the ACE gene. Furthermore, identifying the genetic and molecular mechanisms of the disease, its association with diet, and how they interact is essential for the development of personalized treatments to increase its efficacy and reduce side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karina Zambrano
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Cadena-Ullauri
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Guevara-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Viviana A. Ruiz-Pozo
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rafael Tamayo-Trujillo
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Elius Paz-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Nieves Doménech
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC)-CIBERCV, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidad da Coruña (UDC), La Coruña, Spain
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2
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Ahmad H, Khan H, Haque S, Ahmad S, Srivastava N, Khan A. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Hypertension: A Systemic Analysis of Various ACE Inhibitors, Their Side Effects, and Bioactive Peptides as a Putative Therapy for Hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2023; 2023:7890188. [PMID: 37389408 PMCID: PMC10307051 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7890188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart attack, produce atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), congestive heart failure, stroke, kidney infection, blindness, end-stage renal infection, and cardiovascular diseases. Many mechanisms are involved in causing hypertension, i.e., via calcium channels, alpha and beta receptors, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). RAS has an important role in blood pressure control and is also involved in the metabolism of glucose, homeostasis, and balance of electrolytes in the body. The components of RAS that are involved in the regulation of blood pressure are angiotensinogen, Ang I (angiotensin I), Ang II (angiotensin II), ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), and ACE 2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). These components provide for relevant therapeutic targets for the treatment of hypertension, and various drugs are commercially available that target individual components of RAS. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors are the most popular among these drugs. ACE is chosen in this review as it makes an important target for blood pressure control because it converts Ang I into Ang II and also acts on the vasodilator, bradykinin, to degrade it into inactive peptides. This review highlights various aspects of blood pressure regulation in the body with a focus on ACE, drugs targeting the components involved in regulation, their associated side effects, and a need to shift to alternative therapy for putative hypertension treatment in the form of bioactive peptides from food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ahmad
- RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras al Khaimah, UAE
- Microbiology and Molecular Division-RAK Hospital, Ras al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Huma Khan
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Applied Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Shabirul Haque
- The Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Shameem Ahmad
- Department of Orthopedics, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Namita Srivastava
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Applied Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Azhar Khan
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Applied Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
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3
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Kawabata N, Okada K, Ando A, Kurashina T, Takahashi M, Wakabayashi T, Nagata D, Arakawa Y, Haga A, Kogure A, Chiba M, Mogi S, Ishikawa S, Ishibashi S. Dietitian-supported dietary intervention leads to favorable dietary changes in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 13:1963-1970. [PMID: 36039846 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION It remains to be fully elucidated whether nutrition education by dietitians can lead to specific positive changes in the food choices of patients with diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 96 patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic kidney disease were randomly assigned to the intensive intervention group that received nutritional education at every outpatient visit and the control group that received nutritional education once a year. The total energy intake, energy-providing nutrients and 18 food groups were analyzed at baseline, and 1 and 2 years after the intervention in 87 patients. Furthermore, the relationship between the changes in hemoglobin A1c, body composition and changes in the total energy or energy-producing nutrient intake was analyzed in 48 patients who did not use or change hypoglycemic agents during the study period. RESULTS The total energy intake, carbohydrates, cereals, confections, nuts and seeds, and seasonings significantly decreased, and fish and shellfish intake significantly increased during the study period in the intensive intervention group, whereas these changes were not observed in the control group. The decrease in the total energy intake and carbohydrates after 2 years was significantly greater in the intensive intervention group than in the control group. The change in the total energy and carbohydrate intake showed a significant positive correlation with that in muscle mass. The multivariate analysis showed that the decrease in total energy intake was independently associated with that in muscle mass. CONCLUSION Dietitian-supported intensive dietary intervention helps improve the diet of patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Kawabata
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kenta Okada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ando
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kurashina
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Wakabayashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nagata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yukiko Arakawa
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Atsuko Haga
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ayako Kogure
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Madoka Chiba
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Satsuki Mogi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shizukiyo Ishikawa
- Medical Education Center, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Hall ME, Hall JE. Sex Differences in Hypertension: Related to Genes, Jean Sizes, and Salt Sensitivity? Hypertension 2021; 79:47-49. [PMID: 34878896 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Hall
- From the Department of Medicine (M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics (M.E.H., J.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center
| | - John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics (M.E.H., J.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center
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Chiriacò M, Tricò D, Leonetti S, Petrie JR, Balkau B, Højlund K, Pataky Z, Nilsson PM, Natali A. Female Sex and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism Amplify the Effects of Adiposity on Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2021; 79:36-46. [PMID: 34689596 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological link between adiposity and blood pressure is not completely understood, and evidence suggests an influence of sex and genetic determinants. We aimed to identify the relationship between adiposity and blood pressure, independent of a robust set of lifestyle and metabolic factors, and to examine the modulating role of sex and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms. In the Relationship Between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Disease (RISC) study cohort, 1211 normotensive individuals, aged 30 to 60 years and followed-up after 3.3 years, were characterized for lifestyle and metabolic factors, body composition, and ACE genotype. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were independently associated with mean arterial pressure, with a stronger relationship in women than men (BMI: r=0.40 versus 0.30; WC: r=0.40 versus 0.30, both P<0.01) and in individuals with the ID and II ACE genotypes in both sexes (P<0.01). The associations of BMI and WC with mean arterial pressure were independent of age, sex, lifestyle, and metabolic variables (standardized regression coefficient=0.17 and 0.18 for BMI and WC, respectively) and showed a significant interaction with the ACE genotype only in women (P=0.03). A 5 cm larger WC at baseline increased the risk of developing hypertension at follow-up only in women (odds ratio, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.15-2.10], P=0.004) and in II genotype carriers (odds ratio, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.09-3.20], P=0.023). The hypertensive effect of adiposity is more pronounced in women and in people carrying the II variant of the ACE genotype, a marker of salt sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Chiriacò
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy. (M.C., D.T., S.L., A.N.)
| | - Domenico Tricò
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy. (M.C., D.T., S.L., A.N.).,Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy. (D.T.)
| | - Simone Leonetti
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy. (M.C., D.T., S.L., A.N.)
| | - John R Petrie
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.R.P.)
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Clinical Epidemiology, CESP, University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, University Paris-Sud, Inserm U1018, Villejuif, France (B.B.)
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Denmark (K.H.)
| | - Zoltan Pataky
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, WHO Collaborating Centre, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland (Z.P.)
| | - Peter M Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden (P.M.N.)
| | - Andrea Natali
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy. (M.C., D.T., S.L., A.N.)
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Sodium Intake as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093177. [PMID: 34579054 PMCID: PMC8470268 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
While sodium is essential for human homeostasis, current salt consumption far exceeds physiological needs. Strong evidence suggests a direct causal relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure (BP) and a modest reduction in salt consumption is associated with a meaningful reduction in BP in hypertensive as well as normotensive individuals. Moreover, while long-term randomized controlled trials are still lacking, it is reasonable to assume a direct relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular outcomes. However, a consensus has yet to be reached on the effectiveness, safety and feasibility of sodium intake reduction on an individual level. Beyond indirect BP-mediated effects, detrimental consequences of high sodium intake are manifold and pathways involving vascular damage, oxidative stress, hormonal alterations, the immune system and the gut microbiome have been described. Globally, while individual response to salt intake is variable, sodium should be perceived as a cardiovascular risk factor when consumed in excess. Reduction of sodium intake on a population level thus presents a potential strategy to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease worldwide. In this review, we provide an update on the consequences of salt intake on human health, focusing on BP and cardiovascular outcomes as well as underlying pathophysiological hypotheses.
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7
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O'Donnell M, Mente A, Alderman MH, Brady AJB, Diaz R, Gupta R, López-Jaramillo P, Luft FC, Lüscher TF, Mancia G, Mann JFE, McCarron D, McKee M, Messerli FH, Moore LL, Narula J, Oparil S, Packer M, Prabhakaran D, Schutte A, Sliwa K, Staessen JA, Yancy C, Yusuf S. Salt and cardiovascular disease: insufficient evidence to recommend low sodium intake. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:3363-3373. [PMID: 33011774 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several blood pressure guidelines recommend low sodium intake (<2.3 g/day, 100 mmol, 5.8 g/day of salt) for the entire population, on the premise that reductions in sodium intake, irrespective of the levels, will lower blood pressure, and, in turn, reduce cardiovascular disease occurrence. These guidelines have been developed without effective interventions to achieve sustained low sodium intake in free-living individuals, without a feasible method to estimate sodium intake reliably in individuals, and without high-quality evidence that low sodium intake reduces cardiovascular events (compared with moderate intake). In this review, we examine whether the recommendation for low sodium intake, reached by current guideline panels, is supported by robust evidence. Our review provides a counterpoint to the current recommendation for low sodium intake and suggests that a specific low sodium intake target (e.g. <2.3 g/day) for individuals may be unfeasible, of uncertain effect on other dietary factors and of unproven effectiveness in reducing cardiovascular disease. We contend that current evidence, despite methodological limitations, suggests that most of the world's population consume a moderate range of dietary sodium (2.3-4.6g/day; 1-2 teaspoons of salt) that is not associated with increased cardiovascular risk, and that the risk of cardiovascular disease increases when sodium intakes exceed 5 g/day. While current evidence has limitations, and there are differences of opinion in interpretation of existing evidence, it is reasonable, based upon observational studies, to suggest a population-level mean target of <5 g/day in populations with mean sodium intake of >5 g/day, while awaiting the results of large randomized controlled trials of sodium reduction on incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin O'Donnell
- HRB-Clinical Research Facility, NUI Galway, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland.,Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Mente
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael H Alderman
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Rafael Diaz
- Instituto Cardiovascular de Rosario, Estudios Clínicos Latinoamérica, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Academic Research Development Unit, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Patricio López-Jaramillo
- Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Instituto Masira, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Friedrich C Luft
- D Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Mancia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Martin McKee
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Lynn L Moore
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jagat Narula
- The Mount Sinai Medical Centre, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suzanne Oparil
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Milton Packer
- Baylor Hear and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Centre for Chronic Conditions & Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Alta Schutte
- The George Institute for Global Health, Level 5, 1 King Street, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jan A Staessen
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clyde Yancy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N Saint Claire, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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8
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Manosroi W, Williams GH. Genetics of Human Primary Hypertension: Focus on Hormonal Mechanisms. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:825-856. [PMID: 30590482 PMCID: PMC6936319 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, primary hypertension is being considered a syndrome and not a disease, with the individual causes (diseases) having a common sign-an elevated blood pressure. To determine these causes, genetic tools are increasingly employed. This review identified 62 proposed genes. However, only 21 of them met our inclusion criteria: (i) primary hypertension, (ii) two or more supporting cohorts from different publications or within a single publication or one supporting cohort with a confirmatory genetically modified animal study, and (iii) 600 or more subjects in the primary cohort; when including our exclusion criteria: (i) meta-analyses or reviews, (ii) secondary and monogenic hypertension, (iii) only hypertensive complications, (iv) genes related to blood pressure but not hypertension per se, (v) nonsupporting studies more common than supporting ones, and (vi) studies that did not perform a Bonferroni or similar multiassessment correction. These 21 genes were organized in a four-tiered structure: distant phenotype (hypertension); intermediate phenotype [salt-sensitive (18) or salt-resistant (0)]; subintermediate phenotypes under salt-sensitive hypertension [normal renin (4), low renin (8), and unclassified renin (6)]; and proximate phenotypes (specific genetically driven hypertensive subgroup). Many proximate hypertensive phenotypes had a substantial endocrine component. In conclusion, primary hypertension is a syndrome; many proposed genes are likely to be false positives; and deep phenotyping will be required to determine the utility of genetics in the treatment of hypertension. However, to date, the positive genes are associated with nearly 50% of primary hypertensives, suggesting that in the near term precise, mechanistically driven treatment and prevention strategies for the specific primary hypertension subgroups are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worapaka Manosroi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Gordon H Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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9
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Cuevas S, Villar VAM, Jose PA. Genetic polymorphisms associated with reactive oxygen species and blood pressure regulation. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2019; 19:315-336. [PMID: 30723314 PMCID: PMC6650341 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-019-0082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most prevalent cause of cardiovascular disease and kidney failure, but only about 50% of patients achieve adequate blood pressure control, in part, due to inter-individual genetic variations in the response to antihypertensive medication. Significant strides have been made toward the understanding of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. However, the role of ROS in human hypertension is still unclear. Polymorphisms of some genes involved in the regulation of ROS production are associated with hypertension, suggesting their potential influence on blood pressure control and response to antihypertensive medication. This review provides an update on the genes associated with the regulation of ROS production in hypertension and discusses the controversies on the use of antioxidants in the treatment of hypertension, including the antioxidant effects of antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cuevas
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
| | - Van Anthony M Villar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Walter G. Ross Hall, Suite 738, 2300 I Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Walter G. Ross Hall, Suite 738, 2300 I Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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10
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Hypertension and longevity: role of genetic polymorphisms in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 455:61-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hachiya T, Narita A, Ohmomo H, Sutoh Y, Komaki S, Tanno K, Satoh M, Sakata K, Hitomi J, Nakamura M, Ogasawara K, Yamamoto M, Sasaki M, Hozawa A, Shimizu A. Genome-wide analysis of polymorphism × sodium interaction effect on blood pressure identifies a novel 3'-BCL11B gene desert locus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14162. [PMID: 30242241 PMCID: PMC6155053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive sodium intake is a global risk factor for hypertension. Sodium effects on blood pressure vary from person to person; hence, high-risk group targeting based on personal genetic information can play a complementary role to ongoing population preventive approaches to reduce sodium consumption. To identify genetic factors that modulate sodium effects on blood pressure, we conducted a population-based genome-wide interaction analysis in 8,768 Japanese subjects, which was >3 times larger than a similar previous study. We tested 7,135,436 polymorphisms in the discovery cohort, and loci that met suggestive significance were further examined in an independent replication cohort. We found that an interaction between a novel 3'-BCL11B gene desert locus and daily sodium consumption was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure in both discovery and replication cohorts under the recessive model. Further statistical analysis of rs8022678, the sentinel variant of the 3'-BCL11B gene desert locus, showed that differences in mean systolic blood pressure between high and low sodium consumption subgroups were 5.9 mm Hg (P = 8.8 × 10-12) in rs8022678 A carriers and -0.3 mm Hg (P = 0.27) in rs8022678 A non-carriers, suggesting that the rs8022678 genotype can classify persons into sodium-sensitive (A carriers) and sodium-insensitive (A non-carriers) subgroups. Our results implied that rs8022678 A carriers may receive a greater benefit from sodium-lowering interventions than non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hachiya
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Akira Narita
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohmomo
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sutoh
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Shohei Komaki
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanno
- Division of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Satoh
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Sakata
- Division of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Jiro Hitomi
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Nakamura
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Ogasawara
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hozawa
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Japan.
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12
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Wang Y, Zhang B, Hou L, Han W, Xue F, Wang Y, Tang Y, Liang S, Wang W, Asaiti K, Wang Z, Hu Y, Wang L, Qiu C, Zhang M, Jiang J. Interaction of ACE genotype and salt intake on hypertension among Chinese Kazakhs: results from a population-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014246. [PMID: 28515190 PMCID: PMC5541444 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the effect of interaction between ACE genotype and salt intake on hypertension among Chinese Kazakhs, and to compare applications of interactions between logistic model and generalised partially linear tree-based regression (GPLTR) model. DESIGN Population-based cross-sectional study. SETTING Hong Dun, North Xinjiang, China. PARTICIPANTS Non-consanguineous Chinese Kazakh participants (n=916, 342 men and 574 women) aged ≥30 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Association between ACE genotype and hypertension, association between salt intake and hypertension, and interaction of ACE genotype and salt intake on hypertension in two models. RESULTS Associations between salt intake and hypertension were different in ACE genotype of II and ID+DD. Under the logistic models, main and interaction effects were not observed for men, but effects were present in opposite directions for women (main effect of ACE: OR=0.20, p=0.003; interaction effect: OR=1.07, p=0.027). Under the GPLTR model, Bayesian information criterion trees included both salt intake and ACE genotype as split variables. Individuals with a salt intake ≥19.5 g/day and ID+DD genotypes had a 3.99-fold (p=0.004) higher risk of hypertension compared with the II genotype for men, whereas salt intake <20.1 g/day and ID+DD genotypes had an OR=0.55 (p=0.014) compared with the II genotype for women. CONCLUSIONS An interaction of ACE genotype and salt intake on hypertension was observed among Chinese Kazakhs but in different ways according to sex. The GPLTR model appears to be more suitable for an exploration of interactions in complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- The People’s Hospital in Altay Region, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shaohua Liang
- The People’s Hospital in Altay Region, Xinjiang, China
| | - Weizhi Wang
- The People’s Hospital in Altay Region, Xinjiang, China
| | | | - Zixing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoda Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changchun Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingtao Zhang
- The People’s Hospital in Altay Region, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jingmei Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Baldo MP, Rodrigues SL, Mill JG. High salt intake as a multifaceted cardiovascular disease: new support from cellular and molecular evidence. Heart Fail Rev 2016; 20:461-74. [PMID: 25725616 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-015-9478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Scientists worldwide have disseminated the idea that increased dietary salt increases blood pressure. Currently, salt intake in the general population is ten times higher than that consumed in the past and at least two times higher than the current recommendation. Indeed, a salt-rich diet increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. For a long time, however, the deleterious effects associated with high salt consumption were only related to the effect of salt on blood pressure. Currently, several other effects have been reported. In some cases, the deleterious effects of high salt consumption are independently associated with other common risk factors. In this article, we gather data on the effects of increased salt intake on the cardiovascular system, from infancy to adulthood, to describe the route by which increased salt intake leads to cardiovascular diseases. We have reviewed the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which a high intake of salt acts on the cardiovascular system to lead to the progressive failure of a healthy heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Perim Baldo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av Marechal Campos 1468, Maruipe, Vitória, ES, 29042-755, Brazil,
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14
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Ferguson JF, Allayee H, Gerszten RE, Ideraabdullah F, Kris-Etherton PM, Ordovás JM, Rimm EB, Wang TJ, Bennett BJ. Nutrigenomics, the Microbiome, and Gene-Environment Interactions: New Directions in Cardiovascular Disease Research, Prevention, and Treatment: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:291-313. [PMID: 27095829 DOI: 10.1161/hcg.0000000000000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and are strongly linked to both genetic and nutritional factors. The field of nutrigenomics encompasses multiple approaches aimed at understanding the effects of diet on health or disease development, including nutrigenetic studies investigating the relationship between genetic variants and diet in modulating cardiometabolic risk, as well as the effects of dietary components on multiple "omic" measures, including transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, lipidomics, epigenetic modifications, and the microbiome. Here, we describe the current state of the field of nutrigenomics with respect to cardiometabolic disease research and outline a direction for the integration of multiple omics techniques in future nutrigenomic studies aimed at understanding mechanisms and developing new therapeutic options for cardiometabolic disease treatment and prevention.
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15
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Singh M, Singh AK, Pandey P, Chandra S, Singh KA, Gambhir IS. Molecular genetics of essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2016; 38:268-77. [PMID: 27028574 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2015.1116543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major public health problem in the developing as well as in developed countries due to its high prevalence and its association with coronary heart disease, renal disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and related disorders. Essential hypertension (EH) is the most common diagnosis in this disease, suggesting that a monocausal etiology has not been identified. However, a number of risk factors associated with EH have also been identified such as age, sex, demographic, environmental, genetic, and vascular factors. Recent advances in molecular biological research had achieved clarifying the molecular basis of Mendelian hypertensive disorders. Molecular genetic studies have now identified mutations in several genes that cause Mendelian forms of hypertension in humans. However, none of the single genetic variants has emerged from linkage or association analyses as consistently related to the blood pressure level in every sample and in all populations. Besides, a number of polymorphisms in candidate genes have been associated with differences in blood pressure. The most prominent candidate has been the polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In total, EH is likely to be a polygenic disorder that results from inheritance of a number of susceptibility genes and involves multiple environmental determinants. These determinants complicate the study of blood pressure variations in the general population. The complex nature of the hypertension phenotype makes large-scale studies indispensable, when screening of familial and genetic factors was intended. In this review, recent genetic studies exploring the molecular basis of EH, including different molecular pathways, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Singh
- a Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - A K Singh
- b Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - P Pandey
- a Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - S Chandra
- c Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - K A Singh
- d Department of Pharmaceutics , Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - I S Gambhir
- a Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
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16
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Kawabata N, Kawamura T, Utsunomiya K, Kusano E. High salt intake is associated with renal involvement in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Intern Med 2015; 54:311-7. [PMID: 25748740 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to investigate clinical and nutritional factors associated with renal involvement in patients with type 2 diabetes. PATIENTS We performed a cross-sectional study of 71 patients with type 2 diabetes who were being educated at our hospital from September 2006 to February 2008. The patients were divided into two groups; Group I consisted of 40 patients with both an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and normoalbuminuria, and Group II consisted of 31 patients with either microalbuminuria/overt proteinuria or an eGFR of <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). We compared the age, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, duration from onset of diabetes, use of hypoglycemic agents and insulin, biochemistry data, including HbA1c, pulse wave velocity corrected by blood pressure (PWVc) and the daily intake of several nutrients between the two groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors independently associated with renal involvement. RESULTS Group II had significantly higher values for BMI, the duration of diabetes, triglycerides, uric acid and PWVc than Group I. Group II tended to have a high salt intake compared to Group I. The multivariate logistic analysis revealed that the daily salt intake, PWVc and uric acid were independent factors associated with renal involvement (odds ratio, 1.15, 1.84 and 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.31, 1.04-3.27 and 1.04-3.85, respectively). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that a high salt intake, in addition to arteriosclerosis, is associated with renal involvement in our cohort with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Kawabata
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Japan
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17
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Corella D, Ordovás JM. Aging and cardiovascular diseases: the role of gene-diet interactions. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:53-73. [PMID: 25159268 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the study of longevity, increasing importance is being placed on the concept of healthy aging rather than considering the total number of years lived. Although the concept of healthy lifespan needs to be defined better, we know that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main age-related diseases. Thus, controlling risk factors will contribute to reducing their incidence, leading to healthy lifespan. CVDs are complex diseases influenced by numerous genetic and environmental factors. Numerous gene variants that are associated with a greater or lesser risk of the different types of CVD and of intermediate phenotypes (i.e., hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes) have been successfully identified. However, despite the close link between aging and CVD, studies analyzing the genes related to human longevity have not obtained consistent results and there has been little coincidence in the genes identified in both fields. The APOE gene stands out as an exception, given that it has been identified as being relevant in CVD and longevity. This review analyzes the genomic and epigenomic factors that may contribute to this, ranging from identifying longevity genes in model organisms to the importance of gene-diet interactions (outstanding among which is the case of the TCF7L2 gene).
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18
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Signaling pathway genes for blood pressure, folate and cholesterol levels among hypertensives: an epistasis analysis. J Hum Hypertens 2014; 29:99-104. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2014.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Kostis WJ, Cabrera J, Hooper WC, Whelton PK, Espeland MA, Cosgrove NM, Cheng JQ, Deng Y, De Staerck C, Pyle M, Maruthur N, Reyes I, Anderson CAM, Liu J, Kostis JB. Relationships between selected gene polymorphisms and blood pressure sensitivity to weight loss in elderly persons with hypertension. Hypertension 2013; 61:857-63. [PMID: 23438931 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salt sensitivity, the heterogeneity in the response of blood pressure (BP) to alterations in sodium intake, has been studied extensively, whereas weight sensitivity, the heterogeneity in BP response to weight change, has received scant attention. We examined the relationship of 21 gene polymorphisms previously found to be associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or obesity, with weight sensitivity in the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly, where participants with hypertension were randomized to receive intensive dietary intervention of sodium reduction, weight loss, both, or attention control, whereas pharmacological therapy was kept constant. After correcting for multiplicity, we identified significant associations of 3 polymorphisms with weight sensitivity of systolic BP (rs4646994, rs2820037, and rs1800629) and 3 polymorphisms for diastolic BP (rs4646994, rs2820037, and rs5744292). A recursive partitioning algorithm selected the combination of rs4646994, rs1800629, rs1982073, and rs1800896 as the set associated with the highest weight sensitivity. Polymorphisms related to hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus are associated with weight sensitivity of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kostis
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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20
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Abstract
"The doctor of the future will no longer treat the human frame with drugs, but will rather cure and prevent disease with nutrition". Thomas Edison's contemplation may come to fruition if the nutritional revolution continues in its current course. Two realizations have propelled the world into a new age of personalized nutrition: (i) food can provide benefits beyond its intrinsic nutrient content, and (ii) we are not all created equal in our ability to realize to these benefits. Nutrigenomics is concerned with delineating genomic propensities to respond to various nutritional stimuli and the resulting impact on individual health. This review will examine the current technologies utilized by nutrigeneticists, the available literature regarding nutrient-gene interactions, and the translation of this new awareness into public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara K Isaak
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
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21
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Association of the catechol-O-methyl transferase gene Val158Met polymorphism with blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension: interaction with dietary energy intake. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:1022-6. [PMID: 21776034 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2011.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies of a functional variant of the catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) gene, Val158Met, have provided inconsistent results with regard to blood pressure or hypertension. We examined the effect of this variant, the considering environmental factors of daily salt and energy intakes. METHODS A total of 735 Japanese men (mean age, 47 years) were recruited from two separate occupational cohorts from Kanagawa and Kyoto prefectures. Participants were genotyped for the presence of COMT Val158Met (rs4680, G/A). Daily salt and energy intakes were evaluated by the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). RESULTS Met/Met carriers had higher adjusted systolic blood pressure (SBP) (+4.79 mm Hg, P < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (+2.33 mm Hg, P = 0.001) than Met/Val or Val/Val carriers. There was a significant association between being a Met/Met carrier and having a higher prevalence of hypertension (odds ratio = 2.448, 95% confidence interval = 1.426-4.205, P = 0.001). When salt and energy intakes were dichotomized, the effect of Val158Met on hypertension was observed only in the high-energy intake group, and was equivalent between low- and high-salt groups. CONCLUSION The Met allele of COMT Val158Met is associated with higher blood pressure and higher prevalence of hypertension in Japanese men, and energy intake may interact with this effect.
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Abstract
The assessment of salt sensitivity of blood pressure is difficult because of the lack of universal consensus on definition. Regardless of the variability in the definition of salt sensitivity, increased salt intake, independent of the actual level of blood pressure, is also a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and kidney disease. A modest reduction in salt intake results in an immediate decrease in blood pressure, with long-term beneficial consequences. However, some have suggested that dietary sodium restriction may not be beneficial to everyone. Thus, there is a need to distinguish salt-sensitive from salt-resistant individuals, but it has been difficult to do so with phenotypic studies. Therefore, there is a need to determine the genes that are involved in salt sensitivity. This review focuses on genes associated with salt sensitivity, with emphasis on the variants associated with salt sensitivity in humans that are not due to monogenic causes. Special emphasis is given to gene variants associated with salt sensitivity whose protein products interfere with cell function and increase blood pressure in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Sanada
- Division of Health Science Research, Fukushima Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Fukushima, Japan.
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23
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Hamada T, Kotani K, Nagai N, Tsuzaki K, Sano Y, Matsuoka Y, Fujibayashi M, Kiyohara N, Tanaka S, Yoshimura M, Egawa K, Kitagawa Y, Kiso Y, Moritani T, Sakane N. Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system and obesity-related metabolic changes in response to low-energy diets in obese women. Nutrition 2011; 27:34-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Drenjančević-Perić I, Jelaković B, Lombard JH, Kunert MP, Kibel A, Gros M. High-salt diet and hypertension: focus on the renin-angiotensin system. Kidney Blood Press Res 2010; 34:1-11. [PMID: 21071956 DOI: 10.1159/000320387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-salt diet is one of the major risk factors in the development and maintenance of hypertension. Numerous experimental and observational studies have confirmed the association of sodium intake with blood pressure levels. The effects of a high-salt diet are related to the function of the renin-angiotensin system, which is normally suppressed by a high-salt diet. Endothelial dysfunction probably plays an important role in the influence of high sodium intake on blood pressure, although the exact mechanisms remain elusive. Genetic factors are known to be very important, and various consomic and congenic rat strains as animal models have proven to be very useful in bringing us a step closer to understanding the interaction between salt intake and hypertension. In this article, experimental data obtained in studies on animals and humans, as well as epidemiological data are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Drenjančević-Perić
- University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, School of Medicine Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
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25
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Procopciuc LM, Sitar-Tăut A, Pop D, Sitar-Tăut DA, Olteanu I, Zdrenghea D. Renin angiotensin system polymorphisms in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Eur J Intern Med 2010; 21:414-8. [PMID: 20816596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genes associated with hypertension could be genetic risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS). AIM To determine the frequency of M235T and T174M-AGT, I/D-ACE and A1166C-AGTR1 in hypertensive patients with MetS and to evaluate the relationship between these polymorphisms and central obesity and dyslipidemia, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed AGT, AGTR1 and ACE genotyping in 56 hypertensive women (24 with MetS) and 71 normotensive women using PCR-RFLP methods and PCR, respectively. RESULTS Hypertensive patients carrying the mutated TT235, MM174 and DD genotypes had an 1.53 (p=0.56), 1.78 (p=0.52) and 1.28 (p=0.78)-fold increased risk to develop MetS. Hypertensive carriers of both mutated TT235 and MM174 or TT235 and D/D or TT235 and CC+AC genotypes had an 8.15 (p=0.04), 4.83 (p=0.04) and 10.53 (p=0.05)-fold increased risk to develop MetS. Hypertensive patients with MetS and TT, D/D or CC genotypes had higher body mass index compared to hypertensive patients without MetS (p</=0.05 for all the genotypes). Hypertensive patients with MetS and TT235, MM174, D/D or CC1166 genotypes had higher triglyceride levels, lower HDL-cholesterol levels and higher waist circumference compared to hypertensive patients without MetS (p</=0.05, except for the association between CC1166 and HDL-cholesterol level). CONCLUSIONS The effect of the T174M, I/D and A1166C polymorphisms on MetS may depend on the M235T polymorphism. Among hypertensive subjects with MetS, the presence of TT235, MM174, DD and CC1166 genotypes could be a risk factor for central obesity and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Maria Procopciuc
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8/14 Padis Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Corella
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición as an initiative of the ISCIII. School of Medicine. University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose M. Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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27
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Zhang L, Miyaki K, Wang W, Muramatsu M. CYP3A5 polymorphism and sensitivity of blood pressure to dietary salt in Japanese men. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 24:345-50. [PMID: 19812606 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2009.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P-450 3A5 (CYP3A5) gene has recently been implicated in renal sodium reabsorption and blood pressure regulation. The genetic effect of CYP3A5*1 (expressor) and *3 (reduced-expressor) variants on blood pressure has been studied in African Americans and Caucasians, but not yet in the Asian population. In this cross-sectional study, 238 Japanese male workers were examined to determine whether CYP3A5 *1*3 affects the blood pressure level, taking daily salt intake into account as a potential gene-environment interaction. The A6986G polymorphism was determined by melting curve analysis, and the salt intake level was inferred from spot urine specimen by calculating 24-h urinary sodium excretion. CYP3A5 *1*3 per se had no association with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and only a weak association was detected for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (*1/*1 vs *3/*3, P=0.038), which was strengthened after adjustment with age and body mass index (*1/*1 vs*3/*3, P=0.007; *1/*1 vs*1/*3, P=0.045). Significant interactions between the genotype and salt intake were observed in both SBP (P=0.046) and DBP (P=0.003). SBP and DBP were significantly associated with the level of salt intake in*3/*3 (P<0.001) but not in *1 carriers. *1carrier had higher blood pressure than *3/*3, but only in those with low salt intake. These results suggest that CYP3A5 variants may be a determinant of salt sensitivity of blood pressure in Japanese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University, Youanmenwai, Beijing, PR China
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28
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Alvi FM, Hasnain S. ACE I/D and G2350A Polymorphisms in Pakistani Hypertensive Population of Punjab. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 31:471-80. [DOI: 10.1080/10641960902825479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Reliability and validity of a semi-quantitative FFQ for sodium intake in low-income and low-literacy Brazilian hypertensive subjects. Public Health Nutr 2009; 12:2168-73. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980009005825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo assess the reliability and validity of an FFQ to evaluate dietary patterns of Na consumption among low-income and low-literacy Brazilian hypertensive subjects.DesignThe initial FFQ was submitted to content analysis with the pre-test administered to fifteen subjects. Reliability was evaluated according to the reproducibility criterion, with interviewer administration of the FFQ twice within a 15 d interval. Validity was assessed against a 24 h recall (132 subjects), a 3 d diet record (121 subjects) and a biomarker (24 h urinary Na; 121 subjects). To test the correlation with the biomarker, discretionary salt was added to the FFQ Na values.SettingA large urban teaching hospital in south-eastern Brazil.SubjectsThe study was based on 132 randomly selected subjects (eighty-three women and forty-nine men) aged 18 to 85 years.ResultsKappa coefficients ranged from 0·79 to 0·98, confirming the reproducibility of the FFQ. There was no correlation between urinary Na excretion, the FFQ and the 24 h recall for the general sample, although significant correlations had been observed when methods were summed up (24 h recall + discretionary salt + FFQ; 0·32, P = 0·01). The addition of discretionary salt significantly improved the biomarker-based FFQ validity, with correlation coefficients varying from 0·19 (general sample) to 0·31 (female sub-sample).ConclusionsThe developed FFQ demonstrated satisfactory evidence of validity and reliability and can be used as an important complementary tool for the evaluation of Na intake among Brazilian hypertensive subjects.
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Rafailidis PI, Matthaiou DK, Varbobitis I, Falagas ME. Use of ACE inhibitors and risk of community-acquired pneumonia: a review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 64:565-73. [PMID: 18320184 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-008-0467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors has been suggested as an alternative strategy for lowering the risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the elderly, especially in patients with neurological and cerebrovascular comorbidity. METHODS We critically examined the relevant data from studies regarding the impact of ACE inhibitors in lowering the risk of CAP and/or mortality due to CAP in the elderly. We searched PubMed, Cochrane Database, and references of initially retrieved articles, and http://clinicaltrials.gov for ongoing trials. RESULTS We identified 285 evaluable studies. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated further, of which seven were prospective studies, two randomized controlled trials, and five retrospective studies. Eight of ten studies including patients of Asian origin demonstrated a statistical significance in favor of ACE inhibitors. On the contrary, only one of five studies including patients of non-Asian origin demonstrated results in favor of ACE inhibitors. CONCLUSION The available data suggest that ACE inhibitors may contribute to the reduction of the risk of CAP. Nevertheless, clinical data are scarce and mainly comprise studies including patients of Asian origin. As there seem to be differences regarding the genetic polymorphism of ACE among patients of different origins, future studies are needed that incorporate relevant genetics data that may help clarify the role, if any, of ACE inhibitors in preventing CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros I Rafailidis
- Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 9 Neapoleos Street, 151 23 Marousi, Greece
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Jessani S, Hatcher J, Chaturvedi N, Jafar TH. Effect of low vs. high dietary sodium on blood pressure levels in a normotensive Indo-Asian population. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21:1238-44. [PMID: 18772855 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2008.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor, and while sodium restriction in hypertensive patients appears effective, its role in normotensive individuals remains unclear. We assessed the effect of a low vs. high-sodium diet on blood pressure in normotensive Indo-Asian adults. METHODS A randomized, controlled, crossover trial was conducted on 200 normotensive subjects randomly selected from the general population in Karachi, Pakistan. Participants were randomized to either a low (20 mEq/day) or a high-sodium diet (220 mEq/day) for 1 week, followed by 1 week of washout, then the alternate diet for 1 week. The primary outcome was difference in systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured at the end of each phase in the overall population. RESULTS Mean (95% confidence interval) decline in 24-h urinary sodium excretion was 81.0 (69.6-92.4) mEq/day (P < 0.001), and in SBP was 1 (0-3)mm Hg (P = 0.17) between high and low-sodium phase. A significant interaction was detected (P = 0.001) between dietary sodium and baseline SBP with a greater adjusted mean (95% confidence interval) decline in SBP (6 (2-9)mm Hg) among participants with high-normal SBP (130-139 mm Hg) and no significant change (-1(-2 to 1)) in those with normal baseline SBP (<130 mm Hg), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Reducing sodium intake has a beneficial effect on blood pressure in Indo-Asians with high-normal SBP, at least in the short term. Given the ubiquity of high-normal blood pressure (BP), and frank hypertension in this population, we argue that primary prevention strategies, targeted at use of discretionary sodium, should now be designed and evaluated.
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Hoffmann IS, Alfieri AB, Cubeddu LX. Salt-Resistant and Salt-Sensitive Phenotypes Determine the Sensitivity of Blood Pressure to Weight Loss in Overweight/Obese Patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2008; 10:355-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2008.07609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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