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Nederlof RA, Bruins-van Sonsbeek LGR, Stumpel JBG, van Bolhuis H, Broens EM, IJzer J, Bakker J. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Non-Domesticated Mammals and Birds in Captivity. Vet Sci 2025; 12:161. [PMID: 40005921 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 12/15/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2025] [Accepted: 02/07/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis causes yersiniosis in a wide range of mammalian and avian taxa worldwide. This review aims to provide an overview of the current literature on yersiniosis in non-domesticated mammals and birds in captivity. Data on the prevalence of Y. pseudotuberculosis in captive populations are scarce. Transmission is primarily via the fecal-oral route, with wild rodents and birds as primary reservoirs. Predisposing factors to yersiniosis include young age, inclement weather, stress, and genetic factors. Symptoms are often non-specific, with sudden death occurring frequently, particularly in avian species. Gross pathological examination typically reveals multiple white-yellow foci in visceral organs, while histopathology demonstrates necrosis with central bacterial colonies. Ante-mortem diagnosis can be challenging as bacterial culture and isolation from fecal samples are often hindered by intermittent excretion and competition with other gastrointestinal flora. Although killed and subunit vaccine formulations have demonstrated limited protective efficacy, live attenuated strains may hold greater promise for inducing more robust and durable immunity. Y. pseudotuberculosis remains a significant threat to animal health, highlighting the need for faster and more reliable diagnostic techniques and the development of more effective treatment and prophylactic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda G R Bruins-van Sonsbeek
- Anatomy and Physiology Section, Department Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Job B G Stumpel
- WILDLANDS Adventure Zoo Emmen, Raadhuisplein 99, 7811 AP Emmen, The Netherlands
| | - Hester van Bolhuis
- AAP, Animal Advocacy and Protection, Kemphaanpad 1, 1358 AC Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Els M Broens
- Veterinary Microbiological Diagnostic Centre, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jooske IJzer
- Division of Pathology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Tsugo K, Nakamura SI, Yamanaka H, Une Y. A study on the efficacy of the recombinant Yersinia adhesin A vaccine against yersiniosis in the early phase. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:855-863. [PMID: 28320976 PMCID: PMC5447973 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Y. ptb) is a zoonotic pathogenic bacterial species of the family Enterobacteriaceae and causes yersiniosis, an acute intestinal infection in humans and animals.
Y. ptb is often implicated in lethal epidemics in zoo animals and reductions in the breeding population, but a valid prevention method has not been established. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a vaccine
for yersiniosis control. The immunogenicity of one of the adhesion factors involved in pathogenic mechanisms of Y. ptb, Yersinia adhesin A (YadA), was investigated. BALB/c mice were divided into 3
groups: in group 1, mice received insoluble recombinant YadA (rYadA) produced in genetically engineered Escherichia coli (100 µg/dose); in group 2, mice received inactivated Y.
ptb with strong expression of YadA (20 mg/dose);and in group 3, mice received phosphate-buffered saline (0.2 ml/dose). All interventions were administered subcutaneously twice at an interval of 1 week.
One week after the second administration, Y. ptb (107 cells/mouse) was inoculated orally. As a result, the survival rate was 100% in group 1, 60% in group 2, and 0% in group 3. The anti-YadA antibody
titer increased in a stepwise fashion in groups 1 and 2. The present study results suggest that rYadA shows promise as a protective antigen against yersiniosis. This study concluded that vaccination against Y. ptb
may become available as a new method to prevent lethal epidemics in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Tsugo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yumi Une
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Zhao N, Li M, Amer S, Liu S, Luo J, Wang S, He H. Mortality in Captive Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in China Due to Infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Serotype O:1a. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:597-601. [PMID: 27535288 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The most common serotypes of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infecting non-human primates are serotypes O:1b, O:3, O:4, and O:7. The O:1a serotype has never been reported in non-human primates. The present study describes an outbreak of serotype O:1a with high fatality (6/18) in captive rhesus monkeys in China. Bacteria were isolated from different organs of the carcasses using standard microbiological procedures. The strain was identified using conventional and molecular techniques such as morphological and biochemical identification, serotype determination, PCR-sequence analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene, detection of virulence genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The pathogenicity was determined after experimental infection in mice. Taken together, the obtained data indicate that Y. pseudotuberculosis O:1a is a pathogen of concern and represents a potential threat to monkey conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-5 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-5 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-5 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-5 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Said Amer
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Shelan Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Luo
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-5 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-5 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-5 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
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Health screening of free-ranging European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) on the German North-Sea island Pellworm. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:43. [PMID: 26238993 PMCID: PMC4524370 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A sudden decline of the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) population in one of the best hunting districts for small game species in northern Germany, the German North-Sea island Pellworm, in the years 2007/08 following marked habitat changes led to the implementation of a thorough health assessment program of the population. 110 animals were collected during the normal hunting season in the years 2010 and 2011. A post-mortem examination and histopathological investigation was performed on all animals. Additionally, routine bacteriology of the small intestine and parasitology were carried out. Sera of hares were tested for European Brown Hare Syndrome (EBHS) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and for Treponema sp. by indirect immunofluorescent test. Additional testing was performed when deemed necessary. Results The most striking result was a shift in the intestinal bacterial flora towards Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae with a predominance of either Escherichia coli, or Aeromonas sp., or a high-grade double-infection with these two pathogens with subsequent catarrhal enteritis. Additionally, a marked coccidiosis, and varying infestations with the nematode Trichostrongylus retortaeformis were found. The sero-prevalence for EBHS was 78.1%, and for Treponema 43.9%. Conclusions The shift and decrease in diversity of the intestinal flora was the main and most consistent result found. In the authors’ opinion the change of the habitat combined with other stressors increased the animals’ sensitivity to ubiquitous bacterial species and parasites which usually would not have such fatal effects.
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Outbreak of yersiniosis in Egyptian rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype 4b. J Comp Pathol 2012; 148:410-3. [PMID: 22980777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This report describes an outbreak of yersiniosis in Egyptian rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype 4b. Twelve of 61 bats died between November and December 2008 or in May 2009. The bats often displayed multiple yellow-white nodules in the spleen and liver. Microscopically, these consisted of focal necrosis accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration and colonies of gram-negative bacilli. The bacterial colonies were identified immunohistochemically as Y. pseudotuberculosis O4 and Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype 4b was identified by bacteriological examination. Polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the isolate harboured the virulence genes virF, inv and ypmA. YPMa is as a superantigenic toxin that is associated with acute systemic infection in man and may contribute to the virulence of Y. pseudotuberculosis in bats.
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