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Teixeira IM, de Moraes Assumpção Y, Paletta ACC, Antunes M, da Silva IT, Jaeger LH, Ferreira RF, de Oliveira Ferreira E, de Araújo Penna B. Investigation on biofilm composition and virulence traits of S. pseudintermedius isolated from infected and colonized dogs. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:2923-2936. [PMID: 38955982 PMCID: PMC11405647 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, which is part of the skin microbiome of dogs, causes a variety of opportunistic infections. These infections may become more difficult to treat due to the formation of biofilm. The capacity of S. pseudintermedius to form biofilm, as well as the associated genes, has not been elucidated. This study evaluated the production and composition of S. pseudintermedius biofilm. Samples were collected from both infected dogs and asymptomatic dogs. Isolates were identified using mass spectrometry and Multiplex-PCR. Biofilm production and composition were assessed using a quantitative microtiter plate assay. The presence of ica operon genes and sps genes was investigated using conventional PCR. The investigation of Agr type and virulence genes was conducted in silico on 24 sequenced samples. All strains could produce strong biofilms, with most of the isolates presenting a polysaccharide biofilm. 63.6% of the isolates carried the complete ica operon (ADBC). All samples showed the presence of the genes spsK, spsA, and spsL, while the distribution of other genes varied. Agr type III was the most prevalent (52.2%). All sequenced samples carried the cytotoxins hlb, luk-S, luk-F, as well as the exfoliative toxins siet and se_int. No isolate displayed other exfoliative toxins. Only LB1733 presented a set of different enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec_canine, seh, sek, sel, and seq). Our findings suggest that S. pseudintermedius is a strong producer of biofilm and carries virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabel Mello Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Depto. Microbiologia Médica, IMPPG, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yasmim de Moraes Assumpção
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Cabral Paletta
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milena Antunes
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Depto. Microbiologia Médica, IMPPG, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabella Thomaz da Silva
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lauren Hubert Jaeger
- Laboratório de Células-Tronco e Parasitologia Molecular, Depto. de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UFJF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Fernandes Ferreira
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Vassouras - Diagnóstico em medicina veterinária - Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno de Araújo Penna
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Stefanetti V, Passamonti F, Rampacci E. Antimicrobial Strategies Proposed for the Treatment of S. pseudintermedius and Other Dermato-Pathogenic Staphylococcus spp. in Companion Animals: A Narrative Review. Vet Sci 2024; 11:311. [PMID: 39057995 PMCID: PMC11281426 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11070311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of dermato-pathogenic Staphylococcus spp., particularly Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, in companion animals presents significant challenges due to rising antimicrobial resistance. This review explores innovative strategies to combat these infections. We examined novel antimicrobials and the repurposing of existing drugs to enhance their efficacy against resistant strains. Additionally, we evaluate the potential of natural products, nanomaterials, and skin antiseptics as alternative treatments. The review also investigates the use of antimicrobial peptides and bacteriophages, highlighting their targeted action against staphylococcal pathogens. Furthermore, the role of adjuvants in antibiotic treatments, such as antimicrobial resistance breakers, is discussed, emphasizing their ability to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Our analysis underscores the importance of a multifaceted approach in developing effective antimicrobial strategies for companion animals, aiming to mitigate resistance and improve clinical management of staphylococcal skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Stefanetti
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality Life, San Raffaele Telematic University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Passamonti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Elisa Rampacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
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Luciani L, Stefanetti V, Rampacci E, Gobbi P, Valentini L, Capuozzo R, Passamonti F. Comparison between clinical evaluations and laboratory findings and the impact of biofilm on antimicrobial susceptibility in vitro in canine otitis externa. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:586-596. [PMID: 37580811 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In canine otitis externa (OE), biofilm-producing bacteria are frequently present but biofilm may be underdiagnosed clinically. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The study aimed to investigate an association between clinical and cytological findings with bacteriological data from dogs with OE, to establish, through Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) examination, whether the presence of biofilm in vivo can be predicted and to evaluate the impact of biofilm on antimicrobial susceptibility tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-six dogs showing clinical signs of OE were enrolled. One cotton swab each was collected for ESEM, bacterial culture and susceptibility testing and for cytology. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n = 42, 48.8%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 26, 30.2%) were tested for their ability to form biofilm. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC), Minimal Biofilm Inhibitory Concentrations (MBIC) and Minimal Biofilm Eradication Concentrations (MBEC) towards enrofloxacin, gentamicin, polymyxin B and rifampicin were determined. RESULTS Pseudomonas aeruginosa was positively associated with the biofilm clinical evaluation (p < 0.01) and neutrophils (p < 0.05), nuclear streaks (p < 0.01) and rods bacteria (p < 0.01) on cytology. S. pseudintermedius was associated with a low presence of neutrophils. There was a statistical correlation between clinical and cytological biofilm presence (p ≤ 0.01), but none with the biofilm production assay nor ESEM biofilm detection. No differences were found comparing the results of MIC and MBIC. MBEC results showed higher values than MIC and MBIC for all antimicrobials tested (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Biofilm presence in OE was often underdiagnosed. Even if there is no specific clinical or cytological pattern related to biofilm, its presence should always be suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Luciani
- Private Practitioner, Centro Veterinario Cattolica, Cattolica, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Rampacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pietro Gobbi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Carlo Bo, Italy
| | - Laura Valentini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Carlo Bo, Italy
| | - Raffaella Capuozzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Rampacci E, Felicetti T, Pietrella D, Sabatini S, Passamonti F. Drug efflux transporters in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: in silico prediction and characterization of resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:3283-3290. [PMID: 36173389 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To perform an in silico prediction of drug efflux pumps (EPs) in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and investigate their role in conferring resistance to antibiotic and biocidal agents and biofilm formation. METHODS A S. pseudintermedius efflux mutant was obtained by stimulating an isogenic line (ATCC 49444) with increasing concentrations of an efflux system substrate. Changes in antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm-forming capability were evaluated in the presence/absence of the EP inhibitors (EPIs) thioridazine and reserpine and the efflux activity was assayed by fluorometry. Homologues of EPs of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were searched by exploratory GenBank investigations. Gene expression analyses and sequencing were then conducted on selected genes. RESULTS Susceptibility to chlorhexidine, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, but not enrofloxacin, was affected by the increased efflux and it was variably restored by the EPIs. The efflux mutant showed much greater biofilm formation that the original strain, which was significantly inhibited by thioridazine and reserpine at MIC/2. A high expression of norA, which was mgrA-independent, was found in the S. pseudintermedius efflux mutant, apparently regulated by an 11 bp deletion in its promoter region, whilst lmrB was transitorily overexpressed. icaA, which encodes the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin forming the extracellular matrix of staphylococcal biofilm, was also up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS EPs, particularly NorA, are supposed to have complex involvement in multiple stages of resistance development. Overexpression of EPs appears to be correlated with a remarkable increase of S. pseudintermedius biofilm production; however, the regulatory mechanisms remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rampacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy
| | - Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Donatella Pietrella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, via Gambuli 1, Perugia 06156, Italy
| | - Stefano Sabatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Passamonti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy
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Comparison of the prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns, and biofilm formation ability of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in healthy dogs and dogs with skin infections. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:713-721. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Glajzner P, Szewczyk EM, Szemraj M. Pathogenic potential and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from human and animals. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 68:231-243. [PMID: 36221001 PMCID: PMC10104922 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-01007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Crossing of interspecies barriers by microorganisms is observed. In recent years, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius-a species formerly thought to be animal-has also been isolated from human clinical materials. Many virulence factors are responsible for the colonization, which is the first step an infection, of the new host organism. We analyzed the factors influencing this colonization as well as susceptibility to antibiotics in fourteen S. pseudintermedius strains isolated from clinical cases from humans and animals. The occurrence of genes responsible for binding elastin, fibronectin, and fibrinogen and some phenotypic features, although different between strains, is comparable in both groups. However, the animal isolates had more genes coding for virulence factors. All isolates tested had the exfoliating toxin gene and the leukotoxin determining genes, but only the human strains had enterotoxin genes. The assessment of antibiotic resistance of strains of both groups indicates their broad resistance to antibiotics commonly used in veterinary medicine. Antibiotic resistance was more common among animal isolates. The multilocus sequence typing analysis of the studied strains was performed. The results indicated a large diversity of the S. pseudintermedius population in both studied groups of strains. Equipped with important virulence factors, they showed the ability to infect animals and humans. The clonal differentiation of the methicillin-susceptible strains and the multidrug resistance of the strains of both studied groups should be emphasized. The considerable genetic diversity of strains from a limited geographical area indicates the processes of change taking place within this species. Thus, careful observation of the ongoing process of variation is necessary, as they may lead to the selection of S. pseudintermedius, which will pose a significant threat to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Glajzner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-001, Lodz, Poland
| | - Eligia M Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-001, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szemraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-001, Lodz, Poland.
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Virulence Potential of Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus coagulans Causing Skin Infections in Companion Animals. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101339. [PMID: 36289997 PMCID: PMC9598800 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) account for most bacteria-related pyoderma in companion animals. Emergence of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Staphylococcus coagulans (MRSC), often with multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes, is a public health concern. The study collection comprised 237 staphylococci (S. pseudintermedius (n = 155), S. aureus (n = 55) and S. coagulans (n = 27)) collected from companion animals, previously characterized regarding resistance patterns and clonal lineages. Biofilm production was detected for 51.0% (79/155), 94.6% (52/55) and 88.9% (24/27) of the S. pseudintermedius, S. aureus and S. coagulans, respectively, and was a frequent trait of the predominant S. pseudintermedius and S. aureus clonal lineages. The production of biofilm varied with NaCl supplementation of the growth media. All S. pseudintermedius and S. aureus strains carried icaADB. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of Galleria mellonella infected with different CoPS revealed a higher virulence potential of S. aureus when compared with other CoPS. Our study highlights a high frequency of biofilm production by prevalent antimicrobial-resistant clonal lineages of CoPS associated with animal pyoderma, potentially related with a higher virulence potential and persistent or recurrent infections.
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Pesset CM, Fonseca COD, Antunes M, Santos ALLD, Teixeira IM, Ribeiro TAN, Sachs D, Penna B. Characterizing biofilm formation of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in different suture materials. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105796. [PMID: 36155066 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the primary cause of pyoderma and surgical site infection (SSI) in dogs, and biofilm formation is the main reason for persistent SSI. The presence of biofilm in medical devices can directly impact treatment. Methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) emerged rapidly in companion animals, limiting treatment options. MRSP is a public health problem since zoonotic transmission can occur. The study seeks to evaluate biofilm formation capacity via Staphylococcus pseudintermedius collected from dogs affected by topical infections, in suture materials commonly used in companion animal surgery. We tested segments of four types of sutures. Biofilm production was measured by staining with safranin and colorimetric absorbance measurement. We calculated colony-forming units (CFUs) for each type of sutures and visualized biofilm via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. The genes associated with biofilm formation (icaA and icaD) were identified using PCR. The colorimetric tests showed that the biofilm is most abundantly formed on the cotton sutures and polyglactin 910. The ability to form biofilm on polypropylene and nylon sutures has also been demonstrated, although at varying intensities. PCR revealed the presence of the two genes (icaA and icaD) in all the isolates. We used a positive control using a reference strain and negative control without bacteria for comparisons. Suture material allowing biofilm formation makes it difficult to prevent and treat surgical site infections. Therefore, it is important to know which suture thread is more susceptible to biofilm formation by bacteria to prevent possible secondary infections at surgical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M Pesset
- Laboratory of Gram-Positive Cocci, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Rua Professor Hernani Melo N.° 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Carolina O da Fonseca
- Laboratory of Gram-Positive Cocci, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Rua Professor Hernani Melo N.° 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Milena Antunes
- Laboratory of Gram-Positive Cocci, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Rua Professor Hernani Melo N.° 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza L Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Gram-Positive Cocci, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Rua Professor Hernani Melo N.° 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Izabel M Teixeira
- Laboratory of Gram-Positive Cocci, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Rua Professor Hernani Melo N.° 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Tainara A N Ribeiro
- Microbiological Testing Laboratory Associated with Materials and Drugs of the Center for Studies, Research and Innovation in Biofunctional Materials and Biotechnology, Federal, University of Itajubá, 37500-903, Itajubá, Brazil
| | - Daniela Sachs
- Microbiological Testing Laboratory Associated with Materials and Drugs of the Center for Studies, Research and Innovation in Biofunctional Materials and Biotechnology, Federal, University of Itajubá, 37500-903, Itajubá, Brazil
| | - Bruno Penna
- Laboratory of Gram-Positive Cocci, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Rua Professor Hernani Melo N.° 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil.
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Wang Z, Guo L, Li J, Li J, Cui L, Dong J, Meng X, Qian C, Wang H. Antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence factors of isolates of staphylococcus pseudintermedius from healthy dogs and dogs with keratitis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:903633. [PMID: 36032292 PMCID: PMC9399793 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.903633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine bacterial keratitis is a common infection that can potentially threaten vision. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius) is an opportunistic pathogen that has been isolated from the canine conjunctival sac but there are only a few reports on the role of this bacterium in canine keratitis. This study focused on the distribution rate of S. pseudintermedius in the canine conjunctival sac, and the antibiotic resistance, biofilm-producing ability, and dissemination of virulence factors in strains of S. pseudintermedius isolated from healthy dogs and dogs with keratitis. The study included 35 healthy dogs and 40 dogs with keratitis. Bacterial species were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF MS). Strains of S. pseudintermedius were screened for resistance against nine different antibiotics by the Kirby–Bauer assay. The ability to produce biofilm was investigated by microtiter plate assay (MtP) and amplification of icaA and icaD genes. Virulence factors in the strains were also evaluated. A total of 132 aerobic bacteria were isolated from the 119 samples in the study. Among them, 67 bacterial strains were isolated from 70 eyes of healthy dogs, and 65 bacterial strains were isolated from 49 eyes of dogs with keratitis. The prevalence of S. pseudintermedius, which was the most frequent bacterial isolate in both the groups, was 20.9% in the healthy group and 23.08% in the keratitis group. Most of the isolates of S. pseudintermedius were sensitive to rifampin (96.6%), oxacillin (100%), and neomycin (96.6%), and resistant to tetracycline (96.6%). Virulence factors such as lip (96.6%), hlgB (96.6%), and hlgA (96.6%) were found in most of the isolates, and 89.66% of isolates were classed as biofilm producers. In conclusion, S. pseudintermedius was the common bacterium in the conjunctivital sac of the healthy dogs and dogs with keratitis in Yangzhou, China, and the presence of virulence factors and biofilm-formation ability were high in the strains isolated from the dogs with keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Long Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junsheng Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Heng Wang
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Barbosa EV, Assumpção YM, Teixeira IM, Pereira RFA, Ribeiro VP, Bastos JK, Cardoso CV, Liberal MHT, Penna BA, Rocha LM. In vitro comparison between antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of Green Propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolate. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20211103. [PMID: 35766601 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220211103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the leading cause of canine pyoderma. Honeybee products are common to treat this and other types of infections. High average annual population loss of bees has been observed. This study evaluated antibacterial and antibiofilm profile of Green Propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia against S. pseudintermedius and the chemical similarities among both. Ethanolic extracts were produced and chemically characterized. The isolates were subjected to treatment with the extracts in both planktonic and sessile forms. Green propolis minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.156 mg / mL, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 0.312mg / mL. Baccharis dracunculifolia extract MIC and MBC was 0.312mg / mL and 2.5 mg / mL, respectivelly. Both extracts reduced SD55 formation of biofilm at minimum inhibitory concentration and at 1/8 minimum inhibitory concentration. The results observed in relation to ED99, were similar for both extracts. Besides that, similar chemical indicators between both extracts, including the presence of Artepellin C, suggest that the Baccharis dracunculifolia extract could be an alternative to the Green Propolis extract in the treatment of staph infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice V Barbosa
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Tecnologia em Produtos Naturais, Rua Dr. Mario Viana, 523, 24241-000 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yasmim M Assumpção
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Bloco E, Sala 611, Rua Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Valonguinho, 24020-140 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Izabel M Teixeira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Bloco E, Sala 611, Rua Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Valonguinho, 24020-140 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata F A Pereira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Rua Dr. Mario Vianna, 523, Santa Rosa, 24241-000 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Rua Prof. Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, São Domingos, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Victor P Ribeiro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jairo K Bastos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Clarissa V Cardoso
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Estudos em Pragas e Parasitos, Rua Prof. Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis, s/n, Bloco M, São Domingos, 24210-201 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maíra H T Liberal
- Centro Estadual de Pesquisa em Sanidade Animal (CEPGM), Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida São Boaventura, 770, 24120-191 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Penna
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Bloco E, Sala 611, Rua Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Valonguinho, 24020-140 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro M Rocha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Tecnologia em Produtos Naturais, Rua Dr. Mario Viana, 523, 24241-000 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: Is it a real threat to human health? POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Staphylococcus Intermedius Group (SIG) staphylococci, especially Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius), share many features with the common human Staphylococcus aureus. The similarities concern both the phenotypic characteristics and virulence of the bacteria. It is a cause of difficulties in identifying the species of isolated staphylococci. Until now, S. pseudintermedius was considered a typically animal species, of marginal importance for humans. However, it is likely that the incidence of this staphylococcus in humans is underestimated due to the misidentification of S. pseudintermedius strains as S. aureus. The cases of infections caused by S. pseudintermedius both in humans and animals described so far in the literature show that these bacteria have a similar pathogenic potential. S. pseudintermedius also produces virulence factors that favor colonization of various body regions and infections, and may affect the species composition of the natural microbiota and the host’s immune response mechanisms. Also, S. pseudintermedius may show the ability to grow in the form of a biofilm, which significantly impedes effective antibiotic therapy in clinical practice. Due to its zoonotic potential, S. pseudintermedius deserves the attention of physicians and animal owners.
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Bierowiec K, Miszczak M, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Wzorek A, Płókarz D, Gamian A. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in cats in Poland. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18898. [PMID: 34556720 PMCID: PMC8460698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a well-known coagulase-positive staphylococcus that is mainly associated with the asymptomatic colonization of the skin of pets and mucous membranes. Little is still known about the occurrence of S. pseudintermedius in cats. The current study aimed to characterize the isolates of S. pseudintermedius from sick and healthy cats. This was achieved by examining their antibiotic resistance properties, biofilm formation, and genotype differences. Six hundred and seventy-six cats were swabbed (595 healthy and 81 sick cats). Thirty-five distinct S. pseudintermedius isolates from 27 cats were isolated. The prevalence of S. pseudintermedius in healthy and sick cats was 2.49% and 7.61%, respectively. In comparison, MRSP (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) prevalence was 0.12% and 2.98%, respectively. Cats were more frequently colonized with S. pseudintermedius when kept with dogs, regardless of their health condition, with this result being statistically significant. Multidrug resistance was detected in 50%, and 38.46% of S. pseudintermedius isolates from healthy and sick cats, respectively. In contrast, genetic multidrug resistance was detected in 59% and 46.15% cases, respectively. Seven from eight isolated MRSPs were multidrug-resistant. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) assigned isolates to 19 types, of which 16 types submitted for the first time to the PubMLST database. The most frequently detected STs (sequence types) were 551 and 71. ST71 and ST551 were mainly isolated from cats with clinical signs of infection. All were MRSPs, regardless of cats’ health. These isolates were characterized with the most frequent antibiotic resistance at the phenotypic and genotypic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bierowiec
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - M Miszczak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Korzeniowska-Kowal
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Wzorek
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - D Płókarz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Gamian
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
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13
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Parnell-Turner H, Griffin CE, Rosenkrantz WS, Kelly Keating M, Bidot WA. Evaluation of the use of paired modified Wright's and periodic acid Schiff stains to identify microbial aggregates on cytological smears of dogs with microbial otitis externa and suspected biofilm. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:448-e122. [PMID: 34351013 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micro-organisms associated with canine otitis externa (OE) may cause biofilm-associated infections (BAI). A key component of biofilm is microbial aggregate and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) can stain polysaccharide EPS in human otitis media with effusion, but this has not been tested in canine OE. There is no cytological definition for microbial aggregate, and definitive methods for identifying BAI in a clinical setting in canine OE have not been defined. OBJECTIVES To establish whether PAS stain can identify polysaccharide matrix on cytological smears; and to determine the reproducibility of identification of microbial aggregates within a discrete area of stained matrix, using paired modified Wright's and PAS-stained smears. ANIMALS Forty privately-owned dogs presenting to a dermatological referral practice. METHODS AND MATERIALS In this prospective, cross-sectional study, three investigators independently and blindly classified 40 paired modified Wright's-PAS slide sets into groups: aggregate-associated infection (AAI) and non-AAI (n = 27); and control (n = 13). Agreement between investigators for presence of AAI was measured using Fleiss' kappa statistic (FK). Agreement between investigators and dermatologists for presence of AAI upon cytological evaluation, and suspected BAI based on clinical examination, was measured using Cohen's kappa statistic. RESULTS The matrix was confirmed to stain PAS-positive. Interinvestigator agreement for AAI was very good using PAS (0.82 FK) and fair using modified-Wright's (MW) (0.33 FK). Reproducible cytological features associated with AAI were the presence of: three or more distinct aggregates (0.76 FK); discrete areas of PAS-positive matrix (0.70 FK); and the presence of high-density material (0.70 FK) using PAS stain. CONCLUSION PAS can stain the extracellular matrix on otic smears, and a novel protocol for reproducible identification of cytological features such as microbial aggregates has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig E Griffin
- Animal Dermatology Clinic, 5610 Kearny Mesa Road, San Diego, CA, 92111, USA
| | | | - M Kelly Keating
- Animal Dermatology Clinic, 2965 Edinger Avenue, Tustin, CA, 92780, USA
| | - Willie A Bidot
- Office of Animal Resources, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
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14
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González-Martín M, Corbera JA, Suárez-Bonnet A, Tejedor-Junco MT. Virulence factors in coagulase-positive staphylococci of veterinary interest other than Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Q 2021; 40:118-131. [PMID: 32223696 PMCID: PMC7178840 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1748253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CoPS) can exist as commensals in humans, companion and food-producing animals, but can cause severe or even lethal diseases. Exchange of these bacteria between humans and animals has been described. Special attention has been focused on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but other CoPS can also represent an important threat. In addition to significant antimicrobial resistance, these bacteria may carry a plethora of virulence factors - molecules that allow bacteria to establish on or within a host and increase their ability to cause disease. These virulence factors have been widely described in S. aureus but information about other species of CoPS is scarce. The aim of this paper is to review the recent literature about the virulence factors of non-aureus CoPS of animal origin. Their possible effects on human health are also described. The role and prevalence of different virulence factors including leukocidins, hemolysins, adhesins, enterotoxins, exfoliative and toxic shock syndrome toxins as well as superantigen-like proteins are addressed. The effect of these virulence factors on human health is also described. The possibility of misdiagnosis of species of CoPS has been demonstrated in human clinical samples. Prevalence of zoonotic infections could be higher than thought and medical laboratories should be aware of these other staphylococcal species. In keeping with the ‘One Health’ approach to animal and human disease, medical professionals, veterinarians and health workers should be aware of the risks derived from exposure to these bacteria in people in close contact with animals, including pet owners, farmers and veterinarians themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita González-Martín
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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15
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Nunes SDO, Oliveira BFR, Giambiagi-deMarval M, Laport MS. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of marine sponge-associated bacteria against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus spp. isolated from canine skin. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104612. [PMID: 33212197 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dogs play important roles in our society, thus the concern for their health becomes imperative. Staphylococcus spp. are commensal bacterium frequently isolated from canine skin and recognized as zoonotic agents. These bacteria have been becoming increasingly resistant to antimicrobials used to treat infections and to produce biofilm, which further increases their virulence capability and resistance. In this context, sponges-associated bacteria are known as prolific sources of substances with antimicrobial activities, representing a potential to integrate the arsenal of drugs for clinical use. In this study, 121 strains of Staphylococcus isolated from healthy or infected dogs were characterized according to their resistance to antimicrobials, as well as to their biofilm production ability. From the total of strains, 82 were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 40 were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Furthermore, 117 out of 121 were capable to produce biofilm, and within those 36 were classified as strong biofilm producers. A set of fifteen bacterial strains previously isolated from marine sponges were also evaluated for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. Among the marine bacteria with antimicrobial activity, eight inhibited the growth of more than 50% of the MDR Staphylococcus. In addition, the cell-free supernatant obtained from five sponge-associated bacteria cultures was able to disaggregate more than 50% of the mature biofilm staphylococcal cells. The organic extracts (256 μg/mL) from two potential strains, Pseudomonas fluorescens H40 and H41, dissociated the biofilm of a strain classified as MDR and strong biofilm producer in 88.5% and 91.3%, respectively. These marine Pseudomonas strains also exhibited a strong activity of antimicrobial and antibiofilm substances. The results suggest that the sponge-associated bacteria analyzed could be potential sources of antimicrobial and antibiofilm substances against MDR and biofilm producers Staphylococcus isolated from canine skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne de Oliveira Nunes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Francesco Rodrigues Oliveira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Giambiagi-deMarval
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marinella Silva Laport
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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16
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Meroni G, Cardin E, Rendina C, Herrera Millar VR, Soares Filipe JF, Martino PA. In Vitro Efficacy of Essential Oils from Melaleuca Alternifolia and Rosmarinus Officinalis, Manuka Honey-based Gel, and Propolis as Antibacterial Agents Against Canine Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060344. [PMID: 32575376 PMCID: PMC7345844 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) and honeybee products (e.g., honey and propolis) are natural mixtures of different volatile compounds that are frequently used in traditional medicine and for pathogen eradication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) EO (TTEO), Rosmarinus officinalis EO (ROEO), manuka-based gel, and propolis against 23 strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) isolated from canine pyoderma. Antimicrobial resistance screening was assessed using a panel of nine antimicrobial agents coupled with a PCR approach. An aromatogram was done for both EOs, using the disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for all the compounds. Among the 23 SP strains, 14 (60.9%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 11 strains (47.8%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSP), and 9 (39.1%) were non-MDR. The mean diameter of the inhibition zone for Melaleuca and Rosmarinus were 24.5 ± 8.8 mm and 15.2 ± 8.9 mm, respectively, resulting as statistically different (p = 0.0006). MIC values of TTEO and ROEO were similar (7.6 ± 3.2% and 8.9 ± 2.1%, respectively) and no statistical significances were found. Honeybee products showed lower MIC compared to those of EOs, 0.22 ± 0.1% for Manuka and 0.8 ± 0.5% for propolis. These findings reveal a significant antibacterial effect for all the tested products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Meroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, Milan 20133, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50315326
| | - Elena Cardin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy; (E.C.); (C.R.); (V.R.H.M.); (J.F.S.F.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Charlotte Rendina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy; (E.C.); (C.R.); (V.R.H.M.); (J.F.S.F.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Valentina Rafaela Herrera Millar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy; (E.C.); (C.R.); (V.R.H.M.); (J.F.S.F.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Joel Fernando Soares Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy; (E.C.); (C.R.); (V.R.H.M.); (J.F.S.F.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy; (E.C.); (C.R.); (V.R.H.M.); (J.F.S.F.); (P.A.M.)
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17
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Soimala T, Lübke-Becker A, Hanke D, Eichhorn I, Feßler AT, Schwarz S, Eule JC. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from ocular surfaces of dogs and cats suffering from ophthalmological diseases. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108687. [PMID: 32402352 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) have recently emerged as a major therapeutic challenge in small animal medicine because of their antimicrobial multidrug resistance and their role as nosocomial pathogens. This study focused on the prevalence, molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotypes of MRSP isolated from conjunctival swabs of dogs and cats. Conjunctival swabs were collected from 72 dogs and 24 cats suffering from conjunctivitis/blepharitis, keratitis or uveitis and screened for the presence of MRSP. S. pseudintermedius was isolated from 38 (39.6 %) of all samples. Three (7.9 %) S. pseudintermedius isolates were confirmed as MRSP. They harboured the mecA gene and originated from dogs. One MRSP isolate was from a case of uveitis while the other two MRSP isolates originated from cases of conjunctivitis/blepharitis. All MRSP isolates were subjected to broth microdilution and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Resistance and virulence genes, multilocus sequence (MLS), spa, dru and SCCmec types were deduced from WGS data. Two of the three MRSP isolates, IMT360/16 and IMT515/16, shared the same MLS type (ST71), spa type (t02), dru type (dt9a), SCCmec type (II-III), and indistinguishable multidrug resistance pheno- and genotypes, including resistance to β-lactams (blaZ, mecA), erythromycin and clindamycin (erm(B)), streptomycin (aphA3), gentamicin (aacA-aphD), enrofloxacin (mutations in grlA and gyrA), tetracycline (tet(K)), and trimethoprim (dfrG)/sulfamethoxazole. The third isolate, IMT1670/16, differed in all those characteristics (MLST (ST1403), dru type (dt10h), SCCmec type (IVg), except the spa type (t02). In addition, isolate IMT1670/16 carried a different tetracycline resistance gene (tet(M)) and was susceptible to erythromycin and clindamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanawan Soimala
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Karnjanavanit 15, Kho Hong, Hat Yai 90110 Songkhla, Thailand; Small Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antina Lübke-Becker
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Hanke
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Johanna Corinna Eule
- Small Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Meroni G, Soares Filipe JF, Drago L, Martino PA. Investigation on Antibiotic-Resistance, Biofilm Formation and Virulence Factors in Multi Drug Resistant and Non Multi Drug Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120702. [PMID: 31888149 PMCID: PMC6956092 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a commensal bacterium frequently isolated from canine skin and recognized as a zoonotic agent especially for dog-owners. This study focused on (a) the antibiotic-resistance phenotypes; (b) the ability to produce biofilm (slime); and (c) the dissemination of virulence factors in S. pseudintermedius strains. Seventy-three S. pseudintermedius strains were screened for antibiotic-resistance against 22 different molecules by means of Kirby-Bauer assay. The ability to produce biofilm was investigated using the microtiter plate assay (MtP) and the amplification of icaA and icaD genes. Virulence factors such as cytotoxins (lukI), enterotoxins (seC), and exfoliative toxins (siet, expA, and expB) were evaluated. The antibiotic-resistance profiles revealed 42/73 (57%) multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains and 31/73 (43%) not-MDR. All the MDR strains and 8/31 (27%) of not-MDR resulted in biofilm producers. Leukotoxin LukI was found in 70/73 (96%) of the isolates. Moreover, the enterotoxin gene seC was detected in 47/73 (64%) of the strains. All the isolates carried the siet gene, whereas expA and expB were found in 3/73 (4%) and 5/73 (7%), respectively. In conclusion, S. pseudintermedius should be considered a potential zoonotic and human agent able to carry different virulence determinants and capable of producing biofilm which facilitates horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Meroni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (J.F.S.F.); (P.A.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-025-031-5326
| | - Joel F. Soares Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (J.F.S.F.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Drago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Piera A. Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (J.F.S.F.); (P.A.M.)
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19
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Little SV, Bryan LK, Hillhouse AE, Cohen ND, Lawhon SD. Characterization of agr Groups of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolates from Dogs in Texas. mSphere 2019; 4:e00033-19. [PMID: 30918056 PMCID: PMC6437270 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00033-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important canine pathogen implicated in an increasing number of human infections. Along with rising levels of methicillin and multidrug resistance, staphylococcal biofilms are a complicating factor for treatment and contribute to device, implant, and surgical infections. Staphylococcal virulence, including biofilm formation, is regulated in part by the quorum sensing accessory gene regulator system (agr). The signal molecule for agr, known as the autoinducing peptide molecule, contains polymorphisms that result in the formation of distinct groups. In S. pseudintermedius, 4 groups (i.e., groups I, II, III, and IV) have been identified but not comprehensively examined for associations with infection type, virulence factor carriage, or phylogenetic relationships-all of which have been found to be significant in S. aureus In this study, 160 clinical canine isolates from Texas, including isolates from healthy dogs (n = 40) and 3 different infection groups (pyoderma, urinary tract, and surgical, n = 40 each), were sequenced. The agr group, biofilm-producing capabilities, toxin gene carriage, antimicrobial resistance, and sequence type (ST) were identified for all isolates. While no significant associations were discovered among the clinical infection types and agr groups, agr II isolates were significantly less common than any other group in diseased dogs. Furthermore, agr II isolates were less likely than other agr groups to be multidrug resistant and to carry toxin genes expA and sec-canine Fifty-two (33%) of the 160 isolates were methicillin resistant, and the main sequence types (ST64, ST68, ST71, ST84, ST150, and ST155) of methicillin-resistant strains of S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) were identified for the geographic region.IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important disease-causing bacterium in dogs and is recognized as a growing threat to human health. Due to increasing multidrug resistance, discovery of alternative methods for treatment of these infections is vital. Interference with one target for alternative treatment, the quorum sensing system agr, has demonstrated clinical improvement of infections in S. aureus animal models. In this study, we sequenced and characterized 160 clinical S. pseudintermedius isolates and their agr systems in order to increase understanding of the epidemiology of the agr group and clarify its associations with types of infection and antimicrobial resistance. We found that isolates with agr type II were significantly less common than other agr types in diseased dogs. This provides valuable information to veterinary clinical microbiologists and clinicians, especially as less research has been performed on infection associations of agr and its therapeutic potential in S. pseudintermedius than in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara V Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Laura K Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew E Hillhouse
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Brock MT, Fedderly GC, Borlee GI, Russell MM, Filipowska LK, Hyatt DR, Ferris RA, Borlee BR. Pseudomonas aeruginosa variants obtained from veterinary clinical samples reveal a role for cyclic di-GMP in biofilm formation and colony morphology. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1613-1625. [PMID: 29034850 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overuse of antibiotics is contributing to an emerging antimicrobial resistance crisis. To better understand how bacteria adapt tolerance and resist antibiotic treatment, Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates obtained from infection sites sampled from companion animals were collected and evaluated for phenotypic differences. Selected pairs of clonal isolates were obtained from individual infection samples and were assessed for antibiotic susceptibility, cyclic di-GMP levels, biofilm production, motility and genetic-relatedness. A total of 18 samples from equine, feline and canine origin were characterized. A sample from canine otitis media produced a phenotypically heterogeneous pair of P. aeruginosa isolates, 42121A and 42121B, which during growth on culture medium respectively exhibited hyper dye-binding small colony morphology and wild-type phenotypes. Antibiotic susceptibility to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin also differed between this pair of clonal isolates. Sequence analysis of gyrA, a gene known to be involved in ciprofloxacin resistance, indicated that 42121A and 42121B both contained mutations that confer ciprofloxacin resistance, but this did not explain the differences in ciprofloxacin resistance that were observed. Cyclic di-GMP levels also varied between this pair of isolates and were shown to contribute to the observed colony morphology variation and ability to form a biofilm. Our results demonstrate the role of cyclic di-GMP in generating the observed morphological phenotypes that are known to contribute to biofilm-mediated antibiotic tolerance. The generation of phenotypic diversity may go unnoticed during standard diagnostic evaluation, which potentially impacts the therapeutic strategy chosen to treat the corresponding infection and may contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Brock
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Galya C Fedderly
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Present address: Galya Fedderly, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Grace I Borlee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael M Russell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Liliana K Filipowska
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Doreene R Hyatt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan A Ferris
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Bradley R Borlee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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