1
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Blair D. Paragonimiasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:203-238. [PMID: 39008267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Humans usually become infected by eating freshwater crabs or crayfish containing encysted metacercariae of these worms. However, an alternative route of infection exists: ingestion of raw meat from a mammalian paratenic host. Adult worms normally occur in pairs in cysts in the lungs from which they void their eggs via air passages. The pulmonary form is typical in cases of human infection due to P. westermani, P. heterotremus, and a few other species. Worms may occupy other sites in the body, notably the brain, but lung flukes have made their presence felt in almost every organ. Ectopic paragonimiasis is particularly common when infection is due to members of the P. skrjabini complex. Human paragonimiasis occurs primarily in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, with different species being responsible in different areas (Table 6.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blair
- James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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2
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Liu A, Xue T, Zhao X, Zou J, Pu H, Hu X, Tian Z. Pseudorabies Virus Associations in Wild Animals: Review of Potential Reservoirs for Cross-Host Transmission. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102254. [PMID: 36298809 PMCID: PMC9609849 DOI: 10.3390/v14102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has received widespread attention for its potential health effects on humans, wildlife, domestic animals, and livestock. In this review, we focus on PRV dynamics in wildlife, given the importance of wild-origin PRV transmission to domestic and farm animals. Wild boars, pigs, and raccoons can serve as reservoirs of PRV, with viral transmission to domestic livestock occurring via several routes, such as wild herd exposure, contaminated meat consumption, and insect vector transmission. Many endangered feline and canine species can be infected with PRV, with acute disease and death within 48 h. The first confirmed human case of PRV infection in mainland China was reported in 2017. Thus, PRV exhibits potentially dangerous cross-host transmission, which is likely associated with inappropriate vaccination, poor awareness, and insufficient biosecurity. Currently, no vaccine provides full protection against PRV in all animals. Here, we summarize the epidemiology and pathogenesis of PRV infection in wild, domestic, and farmed animals, which may facilitate the design of novel therapeutics and strategies for controlling PRV infection and improving wildlife protection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Liu
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tong Xue
- School of Mathematical Science, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Hongli Pu
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Xiaoliang Hu
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Zhige Tian
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
- Correspondence:
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3
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Izzati UZ, Kaneko Y, Kaneko C, Yoshida A, Suwanruengsri M, Okabayashi T, Hirai T, Yamaguchi R. Distribution of Pseudorabies Virus Antigen in Hunting Dogs with Concurrent Paragonimus westermani Infection. J Comp Pathol 2021; 188:44-51. [PMID: 34686277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Following isolation of pseudorabies virus (PRV) from two hunting dogs in Oita prefecture, Japan, we investigated the PRV antigen distribution in the tissues of the infected animals. At necropsy, PRV-associated lesions included facial oedema, tonsillar and meningeal congestion, blotchy haemorrhages on the pericardium and mitral valves, and incomplete splenic contraction in one dog, with less prominent findings in the other dog. Multiple pulmonary nodules were seen in both cases, caused by the diploid form of Paragonimus westermani lung flukes, as confirmed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and gene sequencing analyses. Histological examination revealed that the PRV infection was associated with lesions of non-suppurative encephalitis in the brainstem. PRV antigen was detected in the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, submucosal and myenteric plexuses, and mononuclear cells, mainly in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen tissues. There was evidence of PRV dissemination to the brain via the trigeminal or olfactory routes, in addition to possible spread to lymphoid organs via infected mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uda Z Izzati
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kaneko
- Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Chiho Kaneko
- Centre for Animal Disease Control, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshida
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mathurot Suwanruengsri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tamaki Okabayashi
- Centre for Animal Disease Control, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Hirai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yamaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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Ridgway M. Hunting Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:877-890. [PMID: 34059261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Herding and hunting dogs are intense, high-drive dogs that work, and often live, outdoors and in constant or repeated close contact with domestic and wild animals. These dogs are at increased risk for injury and exposure to infectious diseases, toxic substances, and environmental threats. The common practice of feeding or allowing access to raw meat from farm or game animals enhances disease transmission risk. These dogs can be affected by infectious diseases and injurious agents that are rarely encountered in other groups of dogs. In addition, their extreme work ethic may lead to delays in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Ridgway
- University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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5
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Li SH, Li SD, Wu KL, Li JY, Li HJ, Wang WQ, Yang LJ, Xu JJ, Chang GJ, Zhang YL, Shu QH, Zhuang SS, Ma ZQ, He SM, Zhu M, Wang WL, Huang HL. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Possible Virulence Factors of Paragonimus proliferus. Curr Bioinform 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1574893615999200728203648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
To identify the possible virulence factors (VFs) of P. proliferus.
Methods:
By Illumina HiSeq 4000 RNA-Seq platform, transcriptomes of adult P. proliferus
worms were sequenced to predict VFs via screening the homologues of traditional VFs of parasites
based on the annotations in the functional databases. Homology analysis was also performed to
screen homologous genes between P. proliferus and other four Paragonimus species (i.e., P.
kellicotti, P. skrjabini, P. miyazakii and P. westermani) whose transcriptomes were downloaded
from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, and then the
differential-expressed homologous genes (DEHGs) were screened via comparisons of P. proliferus
and P. kellicotti, P. skrjabini, P. miyazakii and P. westermani, respectively. Finally, an overlap of
the predicted VFs and DEHGs was performed to identify possible key VFs that do not only belong
to the predicted VFs but also DEHGs.
Results:
A total of 1,509 genes of P. proliferus homologous to traditional VFs, including surface
antigens (SAGs), secreted proteins (SPs), ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters, actin-related
proteins (ARPs), aminopeptidases (APases), glycoproteins (GPs), cysteine proteases (CPs), and
heat shock proteins (HSPs), were identified. Meanwhile, homology analysis identified 6279
DEHGs among the five species, of which there were 48 DEHGs being mutually differentialexpressed
among the four pairs of comparisons, such as MRP, Tuba 3, PI3K, WASF2, ADK,
Nop56, DNAH1, PFK-2/FBPase2, Ppp1r7, SSP7. Furthermore, the overlap between the predicted
VFs and DEHGs showed 97 genes of the predicted VFs that simultaneously belonged to DEHGs.
Strikingly, of these 97 genes, only 26, including Chymotrypsin, Leucine APases, Cathepsin L, HSP
70, and so on, were higher expressed in P. proliferus while all the remaining were lower expressed
than in the four other species.
Conclusions:
This work provides a fundamental context for further studies of the pathogenicity of
P. proliferus. Most of the predicted VFs which simultaneously belonged to DEHGs were lower
expressed in P. proliferus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hao Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Shu-De Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Kun-Li Wu
- Department of Hepatology, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Health Care or Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650043, China
| | - Jun-Yi Li
- Department of Hepatology, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Health Care or Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650043, China
| | - Hong-Juan Li
- Department of Hepatology, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Health Care or Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650043, China
| | - Wei-Qun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Jing-Jing Xu
- Department of Hepatology, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Health Care or Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650043, China
| | - Guo-Ji Chang
- Department of Hepatology, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Health Care or Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650043, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Health Care or Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650043, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Shu
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yan’an Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Shu-Meiqi He
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Wen-Lin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Hong-Li Huang
- Department of Hepatology, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Health Care or Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650043, China
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Differentially Expressed Homologous Genes Reveal Interspecies Differences of Paragonimus Proliferus based on Transcriptome Analysis. Helminthologia 2020; 57:196-210. [PMID: 32855607 PMCID: PMC7425231 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Paragonimus proliferus (P. proliferus), one of 46 Paragonimus species registered in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database, may be much more widely distributed in Southeast Asia than previously thought, as its reported natural foci have increased in the past decades. However, very little is known about its molecular biology, especially at the transcriptome level. For the first time, the transcriptome of this species was sequenced and compared with four other common Paragonimus species, namely Paragonimus skrjabini, Paragonimus kellicotti, Paragonimus miyazakii, and Paragonimus westermani, to predict homologous genes and differentially expressed homologous genes to explore interspecies differences of Paragonimus proliferus. A total of 7393 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed. Of these, 49 were considered to be core genes because they were differentially expressed in all four comparison groups. Annotations revealed that these genes were related mainly to "duplication, transcription, or translation", energy or nutrient metabolism, and parasitic growth, proliferation, motility, invasion, adaptation to the host, or virulence. Interestingly, a majority (5601/7393) of the identified genes, and in particular the core genes (48/49), were expressed at lower levels in P. proliferus. The identified genes may play essential roles in the biological differences between Paragonimus species. This work provides fundamental background information for further research into the molecular biology of P. proliferus.
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Chen WQ, Deng Y, Zhang YL, Ai L, Chen JX, Lin XM, Du XB, Li P, Zhou RM, Yang CY, Liu Y, Zhang HW, Xu BL, Zhao YL. A case of group infections with Paraginimus species in Henan, Central China. Acta Trop 2020; 202:105111. [PMID: 31351073 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In July of 2012, mass infections with Paragonimus species were detected in the Henan province sickening 11 of 51 people. In May 2011, these individuals had participated in an excursion during which freshwater crabs were caught and served after being toasted. Before the group infections with Paraginimus species was confirmed, 5 of the 11 patients had been misdiagnosed as tuberculosis (TB) and treated with an anti-TB drug regimen for six months. The most common and typical manifestations were eosinophilia (11/11, 100%) and pulmonary manifestations including, among others, stethalgia and cough (7/11 63.6%). Sero-examination revealed that all 11 patients were seropositive for Paragonimus species. Surprisingly, in our case, one patient presented with hemoptysis and eggs in respiratory secretions, and this is the first time P. skrjabini eggs are detected in the sputum of a patient from the Henan province. Paragonimus metacercariae were collected from 6 of 11 (54.5%) crabs caught at the infection site and were identified as Paraginiumus skrjabini by morphological and molecular examinations. Epidemiological and laboratory evidence confirmed that this is a case of group infection with P. skrjabini. As one of the most neglected tropical diseases (NTD), paragonimiasis should be differentiated diagnosed from TB to avoid the delay of treatment. To our knowledge, this is the second report of a case of group infections with Paraginimus species in Henan, Central China. The first case was reported in 1995. As a kind of food-borne parasitic disease, paragonimiasis should be included in the public health education agenda.
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Yoshida A, Doanh PN, Maruyama H. Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Asia: An update. Acta Trop 2019; 199:105074. [PMID: 31295431 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Paragonimiasis, or lung fluke disease, is a typical food-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with trematodes belonging to the genus Paragonimus. More than 50 species of Paragonimus have been reported throughout the world, of which seven valid species infect humans, an estimated one million people annually worldwide. Among the seven species, P. westermani, P. heterotremus, and P. skrjabini/P. s. miyazakii, distributed in Asia, are the most important species as the cause of paragonimiasis. Humans acquire infection through the ingestion of raw, pickled or undercooked freshwater crustaceans, 2nd intermediate hosts, or consuming raw meat of wild boar or deer, paratenic hosts. Infections often occur clustered in foci where dietary habits allow transmission of the parasites. Paragonimiasis typically causes a subacute to chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs. The symptoms, including chronic cough, chest pain, dyspnea and hemoptysis, mimic those of tuberculosis and lung cancer. Serologic tests are commonly used for the diagnosis of paragonimiasis, and Praziquantel is the treatment of choice. In this review, the current status of Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Asia is outlined based on the latest information and findings. We also summarize current trends of paragonimiasis in Japan, which is one of the most endemic area of paragonimiasis in the world, for the better understanding and control of paragonimiasis.
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9
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Ohari Y, Suzuki Y, Shibahara T, Itagaki T. First report of Paragonimus skrjabini miyazakii metacercariae in Geothelphusa dehaani (Sawagani) occurring in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1109-1112. [PMID: 31189784 PMCID: PMC6715929 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paragonimiasis is an important food-borne zoonosis caused by Paragonimus
flukes and is endemic to western Japan. However, there have been few epidemiological
studies in the Tohoku district of northeastern Japan. In this study,
Paragonimus metacercariae (mc) was detected in Geothelphusa
dehaani (Japanese freshwater crab or Sawagani) in Iwate Prefecture. Out of the
207 Sawagani collected from 35 localities, 12 individuals from six localities were
infected with Paragonimus mc. The mc were identified as P.
skrjabini miyazakii based on the sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal
transcribed spacer 2 and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I. This is
the first report of P. s. miyazakii mc infection in Sawagani in Iwate
Prefecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Ohari
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuma Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shibahara
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoinooka 1-3, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Tadashi Itagaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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10
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Abstract
Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Humans usually become infected by eating freshwater crabs or crayfish containing encysted metacercariae of these worms. However, an alternative route of infection exists: ingestion of raw meat from a mammalian paratenic host. Adult worms normally occur in pairs in cysts in the lungs from which they void their eggs via air passages. The pulmonary form is typical in cases of human infection due to P. westermani, P. heterotremus, and a few other species (Table 5.1). Worms may occupy other sites in the body, notably the brain, but lung flukes have made their presence felt in almost every organ. Ectopic paragonimiasis is particularly common when infection is due to members of the P. skrjabini complex (Table 5.1). Human paragonimiasis occurs primarily in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, with different species being responsible in different areas (Table 5.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blair
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
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