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Wang J, Sun Y, Liu S. Emerging antiviral therapies and drugs for the treatment of influenza. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2022; 27:389-403. [PMID: 36396398 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2022.2149734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both vaccines and antiviral drugs represent the mainstay for preventing and treating influenza. However, approved M2 ion channel inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, and various vaccines cannot meet therapeutic needs because of viral resistance. Thus, the discovery of new targets for the virus or host and the development of more effective inhibitors are essential to protect humans from the influenza virus. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the latest progress in vaccines and antiviral drug research to prevent and treat influenza, providing the foothold for developing novel antiviral inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Vaccines embody the most effective approach to preventing influenza virus infection, and recombinant protein vaccines show promising prospects in developing next-generation vaccines. Compounds targeting the viral components of RNA polymerase, hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein, and the modification of trusted neuraminidase inhibitors are future research directions for anti-influenza virus drugs. In addition, some host factors affect the replication of virus in vivo, which can be used to develop antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Yihang Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou Guangdong China
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Zhang G, Ng F, Chen M. Short-hairpin RNAs delivered by recombinant adeno-associated virus inhibited the replication of influenza A viruses in vitro. Virology 2021; 564:46-52. [PMID: 34653774 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) delivered by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) were investigated for their potential prophylactic and therapeutic applications related to the influenza A virus (IAV). To express shRNAs efficiently, an H1 promoter was inserted into the commercial rAAV2 system. The modified rAAV2 system could express shRNAs, and the purified rAAV was obtained at levels over 1013 viral genomes/ml and 1010 viral infection units/ml. The shNP-1496-n and shM2-925 delivered by rAAV could inhibit the replication of the H1N1 and H5N1 virus by targeting the conserved regions of the IAV nucleoprotein and matrix 2 genes in MDCK cells. The shNP-1496-n and shM2-925 expressed by rAAV could provide potent and long-term anti-H5N1 virus effects in rAAV-shRNA-enriched MDCK cells. Our findings provide a rational basis for developing RNA interference for the prevention and therapy of IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Fai Ng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Chu M, Zhou B, Tu H, Li M, Huang L, He Y, Liu L, Han S, Yin J, Peng B, He X, Liu W. The Upregulation of a Novel Long Noncoding RNA AK097647 Promotes Enterovirus 71 Replication and Decreases IFN-λ1 Secretion. Intervirology 2021; 64:147-155. [PMID: 33951637 DOI: 10.1159/000515903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infects millions of children every year in China and has become a challenge to public health. However, there is no effective treatment for EV71 infection. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to play various roles in virus replication and infection. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the role of a novel long noncoding RNA AK097647 (lncRNA-AK097647) during EV71 infection. METHODS To assess the role of lncRNA-AK097647 during EV71 infection, siRNAs were used to silence lncRNA-K097647 expression. RT-qPCR assay and Western blotting were applied to measure the mRNA and protein levels of EV71 VP1 and the phosphorylation of NF-κB. ELISA was used to detect the level of IFN-λ1 expression. RESULTS The novel lncRNA-AK097647 was upregulated in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells and the blood of hand, foot, and mouth disease patients infected with EV71, as demonstrated by RT-qPCR. Interestingly, RNAi-mediated knockdown of lncRNA-AK097647 dramatically increased the level of IFN-λ1 expression, resulting in the suppression of EV71 replication. In contrast, overexpression of lncRNA-AK097647 decreased the level of IFN-λ1 expression and resulted in increased EV71 replication. In addition, we found that lncRNA-AK097647 could inhibit the phosphorylation of NF-κB. CONCLUSION These results suggest a novel mechanism by which EV71 evades the IFN-mediated host antiviral response by increasing lncRNA-AK097647 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chu
- Shenzhen Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingfei Zhou
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huilin Tu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Li
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Huanggang, Huanggang, China
| | - Li Huang
- The Medical Research for Structural Biology of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan He
- The Medical Research for Structural Biology of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luo Liu
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Song Han
- Shenzhen Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Shenzhen Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Diarimalala RO, Hu M, Wei Y, Hu K. Recent advances of enterovirus 71 [Formula: see text] targeting Inhibitors. Virol J 2020; 17:173. [PMID: 33176821 PMCID: PMC7657364 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With CA16, enterovirus-71 is the causative agent of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) which occurs mostly in children under 5 years-old and responsible of several outbreaks since a decade. Most of the time, HFMD is a mild disease but can progress to severe complications such as meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and even death; EV71 has been identified in all severe cases. Therefore, it is actually one of the most public health issues that threatens children's life. [Formula: see text] is a protease which plays important functions in EV71 infection. To date, a lot of [Formula: see text] inhibitors have been tested but none of them has been approved yet. Therefore, a drug screening is still an utmost importance in order to treat and/or prevent EV71 infections. This work highlights the EV71 life cycle, [Formula: see text] functions and [Formula: see text] inhibitors recently screened. It permits to well understand all mechanisms about [Formula: see text] and consequently allow further development of drugs targeting [Formula: see text]. Thus, this review is helpful for screening of more new [Formula: see text] inhibitors or for designing analogues of well known [Formula: see text] inhibitors in order to improve its antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rominah Onintsoa Diarimalala
- National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meichun Hu
- National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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