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Chen J, Hu X, Li G, Wan P, Shao Z, Jin E, Liu X, Yang Q, Long A, Qian Y. Investigation of Prototheca bovis Infection and Its Correlation with Dairy Herd Improvement Data from a Dairy Farm in Central China. Vet Sci 2024; 11:37. [PMID: 38250943 PMCID: PMC10820511 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Prototheca bovis (P. bovis), an alga that has attracted considerable attention over the years as a causative microorganism of mastitis in dairy cows, exhibits limited susceptibility to specific aminoglycosides and antifungal agents, and no effective clinical treatment is currently available, thereby posing challenges for both prevention and treatment. To investigate the infection of P. bovis mastitis and its impact on raw milk production, a total of 348 raw milk samples were collected from August to December 2022 from a dairy farm in central China. P. bovis and other bacteria were detected, and the average infection rate of P. bovis in raw milk was 60.34% (210/348). The total number of colonies and the somatic cell count (SCC) of P. bovis positive samples were significantly higher than those of P. bovis negative samples (p < 0.01). The daily milk yield, 305-day milk yield, peak milk yield, and days to peak milk yield of the P. bovis positive samples were significantly lower than those of P. bovis negative samples (p < 0.01). A correlation analysis showed that P. bovis infection was negatively correlated with daily milk yield, 305-day milk yield, peak milk yield, and days to peak milk yield (p < 0.0001), while being positively correlated with the total number of colonies, SCC, milk loss, and protein percentage (p < 0.0001). These findings may help practitioners in comprehending the occurrence of Prototheca mastitis and developing more effective strategies for the prevention of P. bovis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
| | - Xiuxiu Hu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Guohong Li
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430206, China;
| | - Pingmin Wan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
| | - Erguang Jin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
| | - Qian Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Anying Long
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunguo Qian
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China; (J.C.); (X.H.); (P.W.); (Z.S.); (E.J.); (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (A.L.)
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Arabe Filho MF, Jagielski T, Proskurnicka A, dos Santos MV, Fidelis CE, Guimarães FF, Guerra ST, Joaquim SF, Mioni MDSR, Pantoja JCDF, Langoni H, Sanchez LFG, Ribeiro MG. In Vitro Activity of Quaternary Ammonium in Prototheca Isolated from Clinical Bovine Mastitis Identified by Mass Spectrometry and PCR Sequencing of the cytb Gene Marker. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3286. [PMID: 37894008 PMCID: PMC10603881 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro algaecide activity of quaternary ammonium (QA) against Prototheca isolated from bovine clinical mastitis was investigated, in which the clinical severity was scored, milk samples were subjected to microbiological culture, and algal species were identified by molecular typing. A total of 4275 milk clinical samples of different cows from ten large dairy farms were used. Forty-four (1%) samples of cows from three dairy farms yielded growth of Prototheca, of which 88.6% (39/44) were identified as Prototheca bovis and 11.3% (5/44) as Prototheca sp. by MALDI-TOF MS, whereas 100% of the isolates were identified as P. bovis using PCR sequencing of the cytb gene. Among cows for which clinical severity scoring was available, 78.8% (26/33) and 21.2% (7/33) had mild and moderate infections, respectively, whereas no animal showed severe clinical signs. The algaecide activity of QA in Prototheca was observed in low concentrations among all isolates, in 20.4% (9/44) at 35 ppm, 36.4% (16/44) at 17 ppm, and 43.2% (19/44) at an 8 ppm, in addition to activity on three reference Prototheca strains. Overall, the study highlights the predominance of P. bovis as the causative agent of algal mastitis in bovines. Prototheca induced abnormalities preponderantly in the milk and mammary gland tissue of cows, and to our knowledge, our study is the first to apply clinical severity scoring in protothecal mastitis. In addition, the study underlines the activity of QA in low concentrations against Prototheca, indicating its potential use as an antiseptic/disinfectant in milking facilities and dairy environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Fagali Arabe Filho
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 19806-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.A.F.); (F.F.G.); (S.T.G.); (S.F.J.); (J.C.d.F.P.); (H.L.); (L.F.G.S.)
| | - Tomasz Jagielski
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland; (T.J.); (A.P.)
| | - Angelika Proskurnicka
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland; (T.J.); (A.P.)
| | - Marcos Veiga dos Santos
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo—USP, Pirassununga 05508-220, SP, Brazil; (M.V.d.S.); (C.E.F.)
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fidelis
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo—USP, Pirassununga 05508-220, SP, Brazil; (M.V.d.S.); (C.E.F.)
| | - Felipe Freitas Guimarães
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 19806-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.A.F.); (F.F.G.); (S.T.G.); (S.F.J.); (J.C.d.F.P.); (H.L.); (L.F.G.S.)
| | - Simony Trevizan Guerra
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 19806-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.A.F.); (F.F.G.); (S.T.G.); (S.F.J.); (J.C.d.F.P.); (H.L.); (L.F.G.S.)
| | - Sâmea Fernandes Joaquim
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 19806-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.A.F.); (F.F.G.); (S.T.G.); (S.F.J.); (J.C.d.F.P.); (H.L.); (L.F.G.S.)
| | - Mateus de Souza Ribeiro Mioni
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - José Carlos de Figueiredo Pantoja
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 19806-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.A.F.); (F.F.G.); (S.T.G.); (S.F.J.); (J.C.d.F.P.); (H.L.); (L.F.G.S.)
| | - Helio Langoni
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 19806-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.A.F.); (F.F.G.); (S.T.G.); (S.F.J.); (J.C.d.F.P.); (H.L.); (L.F.G.S.)
| | - Luísa Fernanda García Sanchez
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 19806-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.A.F.); (F.F.G.); (S.T.G.); (S.F.J.); (J.C.d.F.P.); (H.L.); (L.F.G.S.)
| | - Marcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 19806-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.A.F.); (F.F.G.); (S.T.G.); (S.F.J.); (J.C.d.F.P.); (H.L.); (L.F.G.S.)
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Tashakkori N, Rahmani HK, Khoramian B. Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of Prototheca spp. recovered from bovine mastitis in terms of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation ability. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:452. [PMID: 36572871 PMCID: PMC9791747 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Prototheca algae have recently emerged as an important cause of bovine mastitis globally. Isolates from bovine mastitis in several countries were nearly all identified as P. bovis, suggesting that it was the main causative agent of bovine protothecal mastitis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence and isolation of Prototheca spp. in dairy farms, detect the genetic diversity among strains, determine the capacity of producing biofilm and their resistance to antifungal and antimicrobial drugs. RESULTS A total of 48 Prototheca isolates from four different farms were randomly selected to be investigated. Multiplex PCR showed all isolated colonies were Prototheca bovis. Performing RAPD-PCR by using OPA-4 primer, it was revealed that there was a clear amplification pattern. Different levels of biofilm production were observed among strains. Among 48 isolates, only 4 of them (8.33%) showed strong biofilm production. By using E-test strips, amphotericin B was able to inhibit the growth of all the strains tested. Disc diffusion method used for antimicrobial sensitivity test showed that the highest activity was demonstrated by gentamicin and colistin with 95.83% (46/48) and 89.58% (43/48) of sensitive strains, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that RAPD-PCR was a rapid tool for discriminating P. bovis strains. Also, gentamicin and colistin can be considered as potential antimicrobial drugs which can prevent the growth of the mentioned strains in vitro, although there is no effective clinical treatment yet. Further studies are needed in order to detect an effective clinical therapy considering biofilm production by Prototheca spp. and their probable role in Prototheca pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Tashakkori
- grid.411301.60000 0001 0666 1211Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Sq., P.O. Box: 9177948974, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi Iran
| | - Hamideh Kalateh Rahmani
- grid.411301.60000 0001 0666 1211Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Babak Khoramian
- grid.411301.60000 0001 0666 1211Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Sq., P.O. Box: 9177948974, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi Iran
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Libisch B, Picot C, Ceballos-Garzon A, Moravkova M, Klimesová M, Telkes G, Chuang ST, Le Pape P. Prototheca Infections and Ecology from a One Health Perspective. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050938. [PMID: 35630382 PMCID: PMC9144699 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prototheca microalgae were only recognized as pathogens of both humans and animals in the 1960s; however, since then, these microbes have been drawing increasing interest in both human and veterinary medicine. The first human outbreak of protothecosis in a tertiary care chemotherapy ward in 2018 further highlighted the need to understand in more depth and detail their ecology, etiology, pathogenesis and routes of transmission between different hosts, environments and habitats from a One Health perspective. Protothecal infections have been reported in a growing number of cattle herds around the world in recent decades, and Prototheca has become an important bovine mastitis pathogen in certain countries and regions. The survival of Prototheca in the environment and its ability to spread in the herd pose a serious challenge to the management of infected dairy farms. Prevention of the disease is particularly important, as there is no effective and reliable treatment for it and the chances of self-healing are minimal. Therefore, the development of more effective drugs is needed for the treatment of human and animal protothecosis. The prudent use of antibiotics and their replacement by alternative or preventive measures, when possible, may further contribute to the control of protothecal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Libisch
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Carine Picot
- EA 1155 IICiMed—Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France; (C.P.); (A.C.-G.)
| | - Andrés Ceballos-Garzon
- EA 1155 IICiMed—Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France; (C.P.); (A.C.-G.)
| | | | | | - Gábor Telkes
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Shih-Te Chuang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
| | - Patrice Le Pape
- EA 1155 IICiMed—Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France; (C.P.); (A.C.-G.)
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (P.L.P.)
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Ely VL, Pereira DIB, da Costa MM, Panagio L, Nakasato G, Reis G, Cargnelutti JF, Sangioni LA, de Avila Botton S. Activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles against isolates of
Prototheca
species from bovine mastitis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:24-28. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valessa Lunkes Ely
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP) Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima 1000 Prédio 44 Sala 5125 Bairro Camobi Santa Maria RS Brasil
| | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) Prédio 18 Sala 14 Campus Universitário Capão do Leão s/nº CEP 96160‐000 Brasil
| | - Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF) Projeto Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/nº Rodovia BR 407 ‐ Km 12, Lote 543 Petrolina CEP 56300‐990 Brasil
| | - Luciano Panagio
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) Centro de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Microbiologia Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Paraná 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário 86051990 Londrina Brasil
| | - Gerson Nakasato
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) Centro de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Microbiologia Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Paraná 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário 86051990 Londrina Brasil
| | - Guilherme Reis
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) Centro de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Microbiologia Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Paraná 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário 86051990 Londrina Brasil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP) Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima 1000 Prédio 44 Sala 5125 Bairro Camobi Santa Maria RS Brasil
| | - Luís Antônio Sangioni
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP) Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima 1000 Prédio 44 Sala 5125 Bairro Camobi Santa Maria RS Brasil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV) Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP) Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima 1000 Prédio 44 Sala 5125 Bairro Camobi Santa Maria RS Brasil
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