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Razavirad A, Rismanchi S, Mortazavi P, Muhammadnejad A. Canine Mammary Tumors as a Potential Model for Human Breast Cancer in Comparative Oncology. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:9319651. [PMID: 38766503 PMCID: PMC11101259 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9319651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical and molecular similarities between canine mammary tumors (CMTs) and human breast cancer (HBC) propel scientists to further study their application in comparative oncology as a model for human breast cancer. In total, 64 canine mammary tumors were selected to study the most common markers, which are applicable for human breast cancer treatment, including estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR), human epidermal growth factor (HER2/neu), Ki67, and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to assess the protein expression. The Veterinary Nottingham Prognostic Index (Vet-NPI) was also computed. Moreover, univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses were applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). The results demonstrated that Ki67 was strongly expressed in the triple-negative tumors, and Ki67 protein expression continuously increased over the increase of Cox2 protein expression (p < 0.001). Further analysis revealed a significant difference among canine mammary subtypes and Vet-NPI, in which triple-negative tumors displayed the highest mean score compared to other subtypes (p < 0.001). In addition, the multivariable analysis revealed that the regional mastectomy procedure (adjusted HR = 2.78 (1.14-6.8)), the triple-negative tumors (adjusted HR = 48.08 (7.74-298.8)), strong Ki67 protein expression group (adjusted HR = 7.88 (2.02-30.68)), and strong Cox2 protein expression group (adjusted HR = 29.35 (5.18-166.4)) demonstrated significantly lower disease-free survival rates compared to other corresponding groups. Overall, canine mammary tumors showed strong similarities to human breast cancer in terms of clinical and molecular aspects; therefore, they could be suggested as a model for human breast cancer in comparative oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Razavirad
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Rismanchi
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pejman Mortazavi
- Department of Pathobiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Muhammadnejad
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Nosalova N, Huniadi M, Horňáková Ľ, Valenčáková A, Horňák S, Nagoos K, Vozar J, Cizkova D. Canine Mammary Tumors: Classification, Biomarkers, Traditional and Personalized Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2891. [PMID: 38474142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have focused their attention on the dog as a proper animal model for human cancer. In dogs, mammary tumors develop spontaneously, involving a complex interplay between tumor cells and the immune system and revealing several molecular and clinical similarities to human breast cancer. In this review, we summarized the major features of canine mammary tumor, risk factors, and the most important biomarkers used for diagnosis and treatment. Traditional therapy of mammary tumors in dogs includes surgery, which is the first choice, followed by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or hormonal therapy. However, these therapeutic strategies may not always be sufficient on their own; advancements in understanding cancer mechanisms and the development of innovative treatments offer hope for improved outcomes for oncologic patients. There is still a growing interest in the use of personalized medicine, which should play an irreplaceable role in the research not only in human cancer therapy, but also in veterinary oncology. Moreover, immunotherapy may represent a novel and promising therapeutic option in canine mammary cancers. The study of novel therapeutic approaches is essential for future research in both human and veterinary oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nosalova
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Mykhailo Huniadi
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Ľubica Horňáková
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Valenčáková
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Slavomir Horňák
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Kamil Nagoos
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Vozar
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
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3
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Gherman LM, Chiroi P, Nuţu A, Bica C, Berindan-Neagoe I. Profiling canine mammary tumors: A potential model for studying human breast cancer. Vet J 2024; 303:106055. [PMID: 38097103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite all clinical progress recorded in the last decades, human breast cancer (HBC) remains a major challenge worldwide both in terms of its incidence and its management. Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) share similarities with HBC and represent an alternative model for HBC. The utility of the canine model in studying HBC relies on their common features, include spontaneous development, subtype classification, mutational profile, alterations in gene expression profile, and incidence/prevalence. This review describes the similarities between CMTs and HBC regarding genomic landscape, microRNA expression alteration, methylation, and metabolomic changes occurring during mammary gland carcinogenesis. The primary purpose of this review is to highlight the advantages of using the canine model as a translational animal model for HBC research and to investigate the challenges and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana-Madalina Gherman
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Experimental Center of Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul Chiroi
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Nuţu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cecilia Bica
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Hernández-Suárez B, Gillespie DA, Pawlak A. DNA Damage Response (DDR) proteins in canine cancer as potential research targets in comparative oncology. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:347-361. [PMID: 34923737 PMCID: PMC9304296 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex signal transduction network that is activated when endogenous or exogenous genotoxins damage or interfere with the replication of genomic DNA. Under such conditions, the DDR promotes DNA repair and ensures accurate replication and division of the genome. High levels of genomic instability are frequently observed in cancers and can stem from germline loss‐of‐function mutations in certain DDR genes, such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53, that form the basis of human cancer predisposition syndromes. In addition, mutation and/or aberrant expression of multiple DDR genes are frequently observed in sporadic human cancers. As a result, the DDR is considered to represent a viable target for cancer therapy in humans and a variety of strategies are under investigation. Cancer is also a significant cause of mortality in dogs, a species that offers certain advantages for experimental oncology. Domestic dogs present numerous inbred lines, many of which display predisposition to specific forms of cancer and the study of which may provide insight into the biological basis of this susceptibility. In addition, clinical trials are possible in dogs and may lead to therapeutic insights that could ultimately be extended to humans. Here we review what is known specifically about the DDR in dogs and discuss how this knowledge could be extended and exploited to advance experimental oncology in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Hernández-Suárez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
| | - David A Gillespie
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38071, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
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Sakai K, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Nakagawa T, Nishimura R, Yonezawa T, Maeda S. ErbB2 copy number gain is associated with adverse outcome in canine mammary carcinoma. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:370-377. [PMID: 33473058 PMCID: PMC8025436 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number gain (CNG) and/or protein overexpression of ErbB2 have been observed in human breast cancer patients and are associated with poor prognosis.
Similarly, ErbB2 overexpression has also been observed in canine mammary carcinoma; however, data on ErbB2 copy number is limited. The purposes
of this study were to evaluate ErbB2 copy number in dogs with mammary carcinoma and to investigate associations of ErbB2 CNG
with ErbB2 expression, histological and clinical characteristics, and survival. DNA samples were isolated from 59 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded canine
mammary gland tissues (34 carcinoma, 14 adenoma, and 11 normal). Using a digital PCR assay, the ErbB2 copy number in these samples was
determined as compared to a reference gene on canine chromosome 8. ErbB2 CNG was detected in 14/34 (41%) carcinomas and 2/14 (14%) adenomas.
ErbB2 overexpression was observed in 3/34 (9%) carcinomas but not in adenomas. Neither ErbB2 CNG nor ErbB2 overexpression were detected in the
normal controls. There was no significant association of the ErbB2 CNG with histological and clinical characteristics such as age, neutered
status, histological grade, tumor size, lymph node involvement, distant metastasis, and clinical stage in the dogs with mammary carcinoma. The presence of
ErbB2 CNG, but not ErbB2 overexpression, was significantly related to the shorter overall survival. These findings suggest that
ErbB2 CNG is a prognostic factor in dogs with mammary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Sakai
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - James Ken Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nishimura
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Abdelmegeed SM, Mohammed S. Canine mammary tumors as a model for human disease. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8195-8205. [PMID: 29928319 PMCID: PMC6004712 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models for examining human breast cancer (HBC) carcinogenesis have been extensively studied and proposed. With the recent advent of immunotherapy, significant attention has been focused on the dog as a model for human cancer. Dogs develop mammary tumors and other cancer types spontaneously with an intact immune system, which exhibit a number of clinical and molecular similarities to HBC. In addition to the spontaneous tumor presentation, the clinical similarities between human and canine mammary tumors (CMT) include the age at onset, hormonal etiology and course of the diseases. Furthermore, factors that affect the disease outcome, including tumor size, stage and lymph node invasion, are similar in HBC and CMT. Similarly, the molecular characteristics of steroid receptor, epidermal growth factor, proliferation marker, metalloproteinase and cyclooxygenase expression, and the mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in CMT, mimic HBC. Furthermore, ductal carcinomas in situ in human and canine mammary glands are particularly similar in their pathological, molecular and visual characteristics. These CMT characteristics and their similarities to HBC indicate that the dog could be an excellent model for the study of human disease. These similarities are discussed in detail in the present review, and are compared with the in vitro and other in vivo animal models available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaia M Abdelmegeed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sulma Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Bentley RT, Ahmed AU, Yanke AB, Cohen-Gadol AA, Dey M. Dogs are man's best friend: in sickness and in health. Neuro Oncol 2017; 19:312-322. [PMID: 27298310 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the median survival of 14.6 months following best available standard of care, malignant gliomas (MGs) remain one of the biggest therapeutic challenges of the modern time. Although the last several decades have witnessed tremendous advancement in our understanding of MG and evolution of many successful preclinical therapeutic strategies, even the most successful preclinical therapeutic strategies often fail to cross the phase I/II clinical trial threshold. One of the significant, but less commonly discussed, barriers in developing effective glioma therapy is the lack of a robust preclinical model. For the last 30 years, rodent orthotopic xenograft models have been extensively used in the preclinical setting. Although they provide a good basic model for understanding tumor biology, their value in successfully translating preclinical therapeutic triumph into clinical success is extremely poor. Companion dogs, which share the same environmental stress as their human counterparts, also spontaneously develop MGs. Dog gliomas that develop spontaneously in an immunocompetent host are very similar to human gliomas and potentially provide a stronger platform for validating the efficacy of therapeutic strategies proven successful in preclinical mouse models. Integrating this model can accelerate development of effective therapeutic options that will benefit both human subjects and pet dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Amy B Yanke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Mahua Dey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Brunelle M, Sartin EA, Wolfe LG, Sirois J, Doré M. Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Canine Mammary Cell Lines. Vet Pathol 2016; 43:656-66. [PMID: 16966442 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammary cancer is the most common cancer in female dogs. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in prostaglandins (PGs) biosynthesis, has been demonstrated in various cancers in humans and dogs, including mammary cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and regulation of COX-2 in canine mammary epithelial cells. Cell lines derived from normal and neoplastic canine mammary glands were cultured in the absence or presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and immunoblots, immunocytochemistry, radioimmunoassays, and a cell proliferation assay were used to study COX-2 expression and PGs production. Results showed that the neoplastic cell line CMT12 constitutively overexpressed COX-2 protein whereas other mammary cell lines expressed low to undetectable basal levels of COX-2 protein. Basal PGE2 production was significantly higher ( P < .05) in CMT12 compared to other cell lines. Levels of COX-2 protein in CMT12 decreased in a time-dependent manner with serum starvation, and PMA stimulation induced a strong time-dependent increase in COX-2 protein. Treatment of CMT12 cells with NS-398 (a specific COX-2 inhibitor) significantly blocked PGE2 synthesis and reduced cell proliferation ( P < .05). These results indicate that some neoplastic canine mammary cell lines constitutively overexpress COX-2, and that COX-2 inhibition decreases PGE2 production and cell proliferation, supporting a role for COX-2 and PGs in canine mammary oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brunelle
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
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9
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Altered expression of p53, but not Rb, is involved in canine prostatic carcinogenesis. Res Vet Sci 2016; 105:195-9. [PMID: 27033932 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the retinoblastoma (Rb) and p53 tumour suppressor gene have been frequently detected in human and canine cancers, but never investigated in canine prostate cancer, considered a good model for the advanced and aggressive androgen-resistant prostate cancer in men. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of Rb and p53 in 6 normal canine prostates, 15 canine prostates with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 10 prostatic carcinomas (PCs). In all normal samples, p53 was expressed in low number of epithelial cells, while a greater number of positive cells were observed in BPH and PC. The mean number of positive cells was statistically significantly higher in PCs than normal and hyperplastic prostates. A cytoplasmic or nucleo-cytoplasmic staining was observed in 5 out of 10 PCs. Rb protein was expressed in high number of normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic cells without a statistically significant differences. Considering that Rb is frequently lost in human prostate cancer, we suggest that Rb is not involved in canine prostatic carcinogenesis. On the other hand, the increased expression of p53 that corresponds to genetic defects in the p53 gene may be associated with the malignant growth of canine prostate cancer, conferring an apoptosis-resistant phenotype.
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Investigation of HER2 expression in canine mammary tumors by antibody-based, transcriptomic and mass spectrometry analysis: is the dog a suitable animal model for human breast cancer? Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9083-91. [PMID: 26088453 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) share many features with human breast cancer (HBC), specifically concerning cancer-related pathways. Although the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) plays a significant role as a therapeutic and prognostic biomarker in HBC, its relevance in the pathogenesis and prognosis of CMT is still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate HER2 expression in canine mammary hyperplasic and neoplastic tissues as well as to evaluate the specificity of the most commonly used polyclonal anti HER2 antibody by multiple molecular approaches. HER2 protein and RNA expression were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and by quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR. A strong cell membrane associated with non-specific cytoplasmic staining was observed in 22% of carcinomas by IHC. Adenomas and carcinomas exhibited a significantly higher HER2 mRNA expression when compared to normal mammary glands, although no significant difference between benign and malignant tumors was noticed by qRT-PCR. The IHC results suggest a lack of specificity of the FDA-approved antibody in CMT samples as further demonstrated by Western immunoblotting (WB) and reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA). Furthemore, HER2 was not detected by mass spectrometry (MS) in a protein-expressing carcinoma at the IHC investigation. This study highlights that caution needs to be used when trying to translate from human to veterinary medicine information concerning cancer-related biomarkers and pathways. Further investigations are necessary to carefully assess the diagnostic and biological role specifically exerted by HER2 in CMTs and the use of canine mammary tumors as a model of HER2 over-expressing breast cancer.
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Peña L, Gama A, Goldschmidt MH, Abadie J, Benazzi C, Castagnaro M, Díez L, Gärtner F, Hellmén E, Kiupel M, Millán Y, Miller MA, Nguyen F, Poli A, Sarli G, Zappulli V, de las Mulas JM. Canine mammary tumors: a review and consensus of standard guidelines on epithelial and myoepithelial phenotype markers, HER2, and hormone receptor assessment using immunohistochemistry. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:127-45. [PMID: 24227007 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813509388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been several studies on the use of immunohistochemical biomarkers of canine mammary tumors (CMTs), the results are difficult to compare. This article provides guidelines on the most useful immunohistochemical markers to standardize their use and understand how outcomes are measured, thus ensuring reproducibility of results. We have reviewed the biomarkers of canine mammary epithelial and myoepithelial cells and identified those biomarkers that are most useful and those biomarkers for invasion and lymph node micrometastatic disease. A 10% threshold for positive reaction for most of these markers is recommended. Guidelines on immunolabeling for HER2, estrogen receptors (ERs), and progesterone receptors (PRs) are provided along with the specific recommendations for interpretation of the results for each of these biomarkers in CMTs. Only 3+ HER2-positive tumors should be considered positive, as found in human breast cancer. The lack of any known response to adjuvant endocrine therapy of ER- and PR-positive CMTs prevents the use of the biological positive/negative threshold used in human breast cancer. Immunohistochemistry results of ER and PR in CMTs should be reported as the sum of the percentage of positive cells and the intensity of immunolabeling (Allred score). Incorporation of these recommendations in future studies, either prospective or retrospective, will provide a mechanism for the direct comparison of studies and will help to determine whether these biomarkers have prognostic significance. Finally, these biomarkers may ascertain the most appropriate treatment(s) for canine malignant mammary neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Carretera de la Coruña s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Shafiee R, Javanbakht J, Atyabi N, Kheradmand P, Kheradmand D, Bahrami A, Daraei H, Khadivar F. Diagnosis, classification and grading of canine mammary tumours as a model to study human breast cancer: an Clinico-Cytohistopathological study with environmental factors influencing public health and medicine. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:79. [PMID: 23937693 PMCID: PMC3765114 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human "Elston and Ellis grading method" was utilized in dogs with mammary tumor to examine its relation to prognosis in this species, based on a 2-year follow-up period. Although cytopathology is widely used for early diagnosis of human neoplasms, it is not commonly performed in veterinary medicine. Our objectives in this study were to identify cytopathology criteria of malignancy for canine mammary tumors and the frequency of different types of mammary lesions and their relationship with histologic grade was investigated. Another aim of this study was to differentiate the simple and adenocarcinoma tumors from the complex or mixed tumor described by Elston and Ellis grading method. METHODS The study was performed in 15 pure or mixed-breed female dogs submitted to surgical resections of mammary tumours. The mammary tumours were excised by simple mastectomy or regional mastectomy, with or without the superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Female dogs were mainly terriers (9 dogs) or mixed (3 dogs), the 3 other animals were a German shepherd, Dachshund and Pekingese. Before surgical excision of the tumour, FNAC was performed using a 0.6 mm diameter needle attached to a 10 ml syringe held in a standard metal syringe holder. The cytological sample was smeared onto a glass slide and either air-dried for May-Grünwald-stain, or ethanol-fixed for Papanicolaou stain and masses were surgically removed, the tumours were grossly examined and tissue samples were fixed in 10%-buffered-formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections 4 μm thick were obtained from each sample and H&E stained. RESULTS We obtained a correct cytohistological correlation in 14/15 cases (93.3%) when all cytopathological examinations were considered. Of the 15 cases examined, 2(13.3%) had well-differentiated (grade I), 6(40%) had moderately differentiated (grade II) and 7(46.7%) had poorly differentiated (grade III) tumours. Classification of all canine mammary gland lesions revealed 13(86.7%) malignant and 2(13.3%) benign tumors. The histological examination showed that the most common tumor types of mammary glands in bitches were: complex carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, malignant mixed tumour, benign mixed tumour, simple carcinoma- (5/15; 33.3%), (3/15; 20%), (3/15; 20%) and (2/15;13.3%), respectively. Simple carcinoma and cystic hyperplasia were less common - (1/15; 6.7%), and (1/15; 6.7%), respectively. Moreover, the most often tumors occur in inguinal mammary (60%) and abdominal (27%) glands. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that, because of the similarity of the cytohistopathological findings in the human and canine mammary gland tumours, it is possible to use the same cytopathological criteria applied in human pathology for the diagnosis of canine mammary gland tumours. Furthemoer, routine use of this human grading method would help the clinician to make a more accurate prognosis in the interests of post-surgical management in dogs with mammary carcinomas. Furthermore, this research will allow a more discriminating classification of mammary tumors and probably has a bearing on cytohistopathology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and prognosis. The most often tumors occur in inguinal mammary (60%) and abdominal (27%) glands. This interesting regional difference may be due to a) the duration of the growth before the diagnosis; b) the age of the dogs; and c) high prevelance of unspayed animals. Moreover, the most common type of tumor was complex carcinoma - 33.3% (5 cases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmehr Shafiee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Javanbakht
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Atyabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Kheradmand
- Semnan University of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan, Iran
| | - Danial Kheradmand
- MD, Graduate Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hasti Daraei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Ressel L, Puleio R, Loria GR, Vannozzi I, Millanta F, Caracappa S, Poli A. HER-2 expression in canine morphologically normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic mammary tissues and its correlation with the clinical outcome. Res Vet Sci 2012; 94:299-305. [PMID: 23141215 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene HER-2/neu (c-erbB-2) encodes a transmembrane receptor protein with tyrosine-kinase activity. Previous studies have shown that HER-2 protein over-expression is present in canine mammary tumours, however, possible prognostic and predictive analogies between protein over-expression patterns in canine and human species are still controversial. Thirty-five canine mammary carcinomas, 11 mammary adenomas, and normal, hyperplastic or dysplastic tissues taken at the marginal area of the tumours were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for HER-2 expression, using the Hercept Test® system scoring guidelines. HER-2 over-expression was detected in 3/11 adenomas and 10/35 carcinomas. Normal, hyperplastic and dysplastic mammary tissues were also found to be positive. The correlations between HER-2 expression and tumour histological grading, mitotic index, the presence of lymphatic invasion, and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. In carcinomas, HER-2 positive status only correlated with the mitotic index. A positive correlation was also found between HER-2 positive status and the presence of HER-2 over-expression in normal, hyperplastic or/and dysplastic mammary tissues surrounding the tumours. The percentage of HER-2 over-expressing tumours was similar to the percentage previously observed in canine benign and malignant mammary tumours. However an investigation regarding morphologically normal and hyperplastic or dysplastic tissues surrounding neoplastic lesions also showed HER-2 over-expression. In contrast with human mammary tumours, this study confirmed that in canine species, HER-2 over-expression does not identify a subgroup of tumours with a poor prognosis. In fact, we found HER-2 over-expression in morphologically non-neoplastic mammary tissues, surrounding hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ressel
- Dipartmento di Patologia Animale, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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14
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Morphological aspects and immunophenotypic profiles of mammary carcinomas in benign-mixed tumors of female dogs. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:432763. [PMID: 23029631 PMCID: PMC3458264 DOI: 10.1155/2012/432763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoma in benign-mixed tumor (CBMT) is common in the female canine mammary gland and comprises malignant epithelial between benign mesenchymal elements. This study investigated the morphological aspects of 29 CBMT and their immunophenotypical profiles, by using an immunohistochemistry panel based on five molecular markers—estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), cytokeratin 5 (CK5), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR). From these, CBMT was classified into four subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2-like, basal-like, and normal. “In situ” and invasive carcinomatous components were analyzed and compared. Histological grade I carcinoma was observed in 16 cases (55.2%) of the tumors analyzed, grade II in 10 cases (34.5%), and grade III in three cases (10.3%). The invasive carcinomatous component has shown, more frequently, luminal A (12/29 cases, 41.4%), followed by basal-like phenotype (8/29 cases, 27.6%). There was high concordance between immunophenotypical profiles of the in situ and invasive carcinomatous components (kappa coefficient = 0.816, P < 0.001). We concluded that CBMT predominantly has features of low-grade neoplasms of malignancy. The various immunophenotypic profiles suggest the origin of these lesions in more than one cell type (luminal and myoepithelial).
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Oh SY, Ryu HH, Yoo DY, Hwang IK, Kweon OK, Kim WH. Evaluation of FOXP3 expression in canine mammary gland tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 12:20-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Y. Oh
- Department of Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - H. H. Ryu
- Department of Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - D. Y. Yoo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - I. K. Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - O. K. Kweon
- Department of Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - W. H. Kim
- Department of Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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16
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Patil SS, Gentschev I, Nolte I, Ogilvie G, Szalay AA. Oncolytic virotherapy in veterinary medicine: current status and future prospects for canine patients. J Transl Med 2012; 10:3. [PMID: 22216938 PMCID: PMC3398296 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses refer to those that are able to eliminate malignancies by direct targeting and lysis of cancer cells, leaving non-cancerous tissues unharmed. Several oncolytic viruses including adenovirus strains, canine distemper virus and vaccinia virus strains have been used for canine cancer therapy in preclinical studies. However, in contrast to human studies, clinical trials with oncolytic viruses for canine cancer patients have not been reported. An 'ideal' virus has yet to be identified. This review is focused on the prospective use of oncolytic viruses in the treatment of canine tumors - a knowledge that will undoubtedly contribute to the development of oncolytic viral agents for canine cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S Patil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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17
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Bertagnolli AC, Ferreira E, Dias EJ, Cassali GD. Canine mammary mixed tumours: immunohistochemical expressions of EGFR and HER-2. Aust Vet J 2011; 89:312-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Rasotto R, Caliari D, Castagnaro M, Zanetti R, Zappulli V. An Immunohistochemical Study of HER-2 Expression in Feline Mammary Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2011; 144:170-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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19
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Klopfleisch R, von Euler H, Sarli G, Pinho SS, Gärtner F, Gruber AD. Molecular carcinogenesis of canine mammary tumors: news from an old disease. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:98-116. [PMID: 21149845 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810390826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Studies focusing on the molecular basis of canine mammary tumors (CMT) have long been hampered by limited numbers of molecular tools specific to the canine species. The lack of molecular information for CMT has impeded the identification of clinically relevant tumor markers beyond histopathology and the introduction of new therapeutic concepts. Additionally, the potential use for the dog as a model for human breast cancer is debatable until questions are answered regarding cellular origin, mechanisms, and cellular pathways. During the past years, increasing numbers of canine molecular tools have been developed on the genomic, RNA, and protein levels, and an increasing number of studies have shed light on specific aspects of canine carcinogenesis, particularly of the mammary gland. This review summarizes current knowledge on the molecular carcinogenesis of CMT, including the role of specific oncogenes, tumor suppressors, regulators of apoptosis and DNA repair, proliferation indices, adhesion molecules, circulating tumor cells, and mediators of angiogenesis in CMT progression and clinical behavior. Whereas the data available are far from complete, knowledge of molecular pathways has a significant potential to complement and refine the current diagnostic and therapeutic approach to this tumor type. Furthermore, current data show that significant similarities and differences exist between canine and human mammary tumors at the molecular level. Clearly, this is only the beginning of an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CMT and their application in clinical patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, reie Universität Berlin, Robert von Ostertag Str 15, D-14163 Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Rivera P, von Euler H. Molecular Biological Aspects on Canine and Human Mammary Tumors. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:132-46. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810387939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Rivera
- Center of Clinical Comparative Oncology C3O, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Small Animals, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H. von Euler
- Center of Clinical Comparative Oncology C3O, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Small Animals, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kim JH, Im KS, Kim NH, Yhee JY, Nho WG, Sur JH. Expression of HER-2 and nuclear localization of HER-3 protein in canine mammary tumors: histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Vet J 2010; 189:318-22. [PMID: 20947393 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HER-2 and HER-3 are transmembrane receptor proteins that are considered to be important but poorly understood biomarkers in canine tumors. In this study, the expression and the localization of HER-2 and HER-3 were evaluated immunohistochemically in canine mammary tumors (n=64; 12 benign, 52 malignant). HER-2 overexpression was identified in 2/12 (16.7%) benign and in 18/51 (35.3%) malignant cases. HER-3 was expressed in a non-nuclear localization in 11/12 (91.7%) benign and 18/52 (34.6%) malignant tumors. In contrast, HER-3 was expressed in the nucleus of neoplastic cells in 0/12 (0%) benign and 22/52 (42.3%) malignant tumors. Nuclear HER-3 expression was higher in neoplastic epithelial cells compared to myoepithelial cells, and positively correlated with high histological grade and lymphatic vessel invasion. These results suggest that nuclear HER-3 expression is significantly associated with tumor progression and metastasis and may serve as a useful prognostic biomarker in canine malignant mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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22
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Levi M, Shalgi R. The role of Fyn kinase in the release from metaphase in mammalian oocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 314:228-33. [PMID: 19733625 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis in mammalian oocytes starts during embryonic life and arrests for the first time before birth, at prophase of the first meiotic division. The second meiotic arrest occurs after spindle formation at metaphase of the second meiotic division (MII) in selected oocytes designated for ovulation. The fertilizing spermatozoon induces the release from MII arrest only after the oocyte's spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) was deactivated. Src family kinases (SFKs) are nine non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases that regulate many key cellular functions. Fyn is an SFK expressed in many cell types, including oocytes. Recent studies, including ours, imply a role for Fyn in exit from meiotic and mitotic metaphases. Other studies demonstrate that SFKs, particularly Fyn, are required for regulation of microtubules polymerization and spindle stabilization. Altogether, Fyn is suggested to play an essential role in signaling events that implicate SAC pathway and hence in regulating the exit from metaphase in oocytes and zygote.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Levi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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23
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Mouser P, Miller MA, Antuofermo E, Badve SS, Mohammed SI. Prevalence and Classification of Spontaneous Mammary Intraepithelial Lesions in Dogs Without Clinical Mammary Disease. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:275-84. [PMID: 20106771 DOI: 10.1177/0300985809358603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammary intraepithelial lesions (IELs) are noninvasive epithelial proliferations that include ductal hyperplasia (DH), atypical DH (ADH), and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). In women, IELs are associated with increased risk of invasive breast cancer and form a basis for therapeutic decisions. Similarly, in female dogs, IELs are common in tumor-bearing glands and in non-tumor-bearing glands. To determine the prevalence and types of spontaneous IELs, mammary glands from 108 female dogs without clinical mammary disease were evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically. Within this population, 56 dogs (52%) had at least one type of spontaneous IEL, including DH (49 dogs), ADH (14 dogs), low-grade DCIS (19 dogs), intermediate-grade DCIS (12 dogs), and high-grade DCIS (1 dog). Twenty-one dogs had two or more different IEL types. In 23 of 24 dogs with atypical IELs (ADH or DCIS), immunohistochemical expression was determined for estrogen receptor α (ER-α), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2/neu), and Ki-67. For all markers examined, low-grade DCIS had significantly lower scores than did adjacent nonlesional gland; PR expression was significantly decreased in low-grade DCIS compared to other atypical lesions. Sixty-one lesions were ER-α negative (12 ADH, 36 low-grade DCIS, 13 intermediate-grade DCIS), and no lesions overexpressed HER-2/neu. Based on the dog’s prevalence of spontaneous mammary IELs that precede clinical mammary disease, the remarkable histologic similarity between canine and human IELs, and the loss of ER expression in certain IELs in both species, the dog shows promise as a model for human breast preneoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Mouser
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - M. A. Miller
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - E. Antuofermo
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sassari University, Italy
| | - S. S. Badve
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - S. I. Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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24
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Ferreira E, Bertagnolli AC, Cavalcanti MF, Schmitt FC, Cassali GD. The relationship between tumour size and expression of prognostic markers in benign and malignant canine mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2009; 7:230-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2009.00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Morris JS. Improving the diagnosis and treatment of canine mammary tumours: Immunohistochemical markers as prognostic tools. Vet J 2009; 184:3-4. [PMID: 19713137 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Immunohistochemical expression of dogTERT in canine testicular tumours in relation to PCNA, ki67 and p53 expression. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:905-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Uva P, Aurisicchio L, Watters J, Loboda A, Kulkarni A, Castle J, Palombo F, Viti V, Mesiti G, Zappulli V, Marconato L, Abramo F, Ciliberto G, Lahm A, La Monica N, de Rinaldis E. Comparative expression pathway analysis of human and canine mammary tumors. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:135. [PMID: 19327144 PMCID: PMC2670324 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous tumors in dog have been demonstrated to share many features with their human counterparts, including relevant molecular targets, histological appearance, genetics, biological behavior and response to conventional treatments. Mammary tumors in dog therefore provide an attractive alternative to more classical mouse models, such as transgenics or xenografts, where the tumour is artificially induced. To assess the extent to which dog tumors represent clinically significant human phenotypes, we performed the first genome-wide comparative analysis of transcriptional changes occurring in mammary tumors of the two species, with particular focus on the molecular pathways involved. RESULTS We analyzed human and dog gene expression data derived from both tumor and normal mammary samples. By analyzing the expression levels of about ten thousand dog/human orthologous genes we observed a significant overlap of genes deregulated in the mammary tumor samples, as compared to their normal counterparts. Pathway analysis of gene expression data revealed a great degree of similarity in the perturbation of many cancer-related pathways, including the 'PI3K/AKT', 'KRAS', 'PTEN', 'WNT-beta catenin' and 'MAPK cascade'. Moreover, we show that the transcriptional relationships between different gene signatures observed in human breast cancer are largely maintained in the canine model, suggesting a close interspecies similarity in the network of cancer signalling circuitries. CONCLUSION Our data confirm and further strengthen the value of the canine mammary cancer model and open up new perspectives for the evaluation of novel cancer therapeutics and the development of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers to be used in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Uva
- IRBM P Angeletti, Merck MRL-Rome, Pomezia, Italy.
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28
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Morris JS, Nixon C, King OJ, Morgan IM, Philbey AW. Expression of TopBP1 in canine mammary neoplasia in relation to histological type, Ki67, ERα and p53. Vet J 2009; 179:422-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Zhang J, Chen X, Kent MS, Rodriguez CO, Chen X. Establishment of a dog model for the p53 family pathway and identification of a novel isoform of p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:67-78. [PMID: 19147538 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous tumors in the dog offer a unique opportunity as models to study human cancer etiology and therapy. p53, the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers, is found to be altered in dog cancers. However, little is known about the role of p53 in dog tumorigenesis. Here, we found that on exposure to DNA damage agents or MDM2 inhibitor nutlin-3, canine p53 is accumulated and capable of inducing its target genes, MDM2 and p21. We also found that on DNA damage, canine p53 is accumulated in the nucleus, followed by MDM2 nuclear translocation and increased 53BP1 foci formation. In addition, we found that canine p63 and p73 are up-regulated by DNA damage agents. Furthermore, colony formation assay showed that canine tumor cells are sensitive to DNA damage agents and nutlin-3 in a p53-dependent manner. Surprisingly, canine p21 is expressed as two isoforms. Thus, we generated multiple canine p21 mutants and found that amino acids 129 to 142 are required, whereas amino acid 139 is one of the key determinants, for the expression of two p21 isoforms. Finally, we showed that although the full-length human p21 cDNA expresses one polypeptide, amino acid 139 seems to play a similar role as that in canine p21 for various migration patterns. Taken together, our results indicate that canine p53 family proteins have biological activities similar to human counterparts. These similarities make the dog an excellent outbred spontaneous tumor model, and the dog can serve as a translation model from benchtop to cage side and then to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Comparative Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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30
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Klopfleisch R, Gruber AD. Differential expression of cell cycle regulators p21, p27 and p53 in metastasizing canine mammary adenocarcinomas versus normal mammary glands. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:91-6. [PMID: 19185891 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 are important regulators of cell cycle progression. To analyze their role in the malignant progression of canine mammary tumors expression levels of p27 and p21 and its major regulator p53 were compared in simple adenomas, adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland and lymph node metastases with normal mammary gland. Laser microdissection of tissue samples and real-time PCR were used for quantification of mRNA expression levels. p21 was overexpressed in adenocarcinomas, whereas adenomas and metastases expressed p21 more heterogeneously. Comparison of p21 expression in adenocarcinomas and their metastases revealed a significant decrease in expression in metastases. In contrast, p27 expression was reduced in the adenocarcinomas but heterogeneously expressed in adenomas and metastases. Taken together the results suggest that loss of p21 overexpression is associated with tumor metastasis while reduced cell cycle inhibition by p27 is associated with malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strabe 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Bertagnolli AC, Cassali GD, Genelhu MCLS, Costa FA, Oliveira JFC, Gonçalves PBD. Immunohistochemical Expression of p63 and ΔNp63 in Mixed Tumors of Canine Mammary Glands and Its Relation with p53 Expression. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:407-15. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0128-c-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The immunohistochemical expression of p63, ΔNp63, and p53 was studied in mixed tumors of canine mammary glands (13 benign mixed tumors and 19 carcinomas arising from benign mixed tumors) to determine the role of p63 and its isoform ΔNp63 in the development of mixed tumors, as well as to assess its relation with p53. P63 was expressed in myoepithelial cells of all benign mixed tumors and in 18 of 19 carcinomas in mixed tumors. The p63-negative carcinoma in mixed tumors was invasive, and a loss of p63 was detected in the other malignant tumors showing a discontinuous p63-stained myoepithelial layer. ΔNp63 was expressed in all benign mixed tumors but only in p63-positive carcinomas in mixed tumors. Despite its positive correlation with p63 expression in carcinomas in mixed tumors ( r = 0.8323, P < .00001), ΔNp63 expression showed a decrease in benign tumors. Positivity for p53 was detected in 2 of 13 and 1 of 19 benign mixed tumors and carcinomas in mixed tumors, respectively. There was no correlation between p63 or ΔNp63 and p53 expression. Our data support the notion that the decrease of p63 expression, in particular of its isoform ΔNp63, seems to be an important factor in the development of carcinomas in mixed tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Bertagnolli
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - G. D. Cassali
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - M. C. L. S. Genelhu
- Immunology Research Laboratory, Vale do Rio Doce University, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - F. A. Costa
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - J. F. C. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - P. B. D. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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32
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Klopfleisch R, Gruber AD. Increased Expression of BRCA2 and RAD51 in Lymph Node Metastases of Canine Mammary Adenocarcinomas. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:416-22. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0212-k-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The BRCA/RAD51 complex of tumor suppressor genes plays a major role in the DNA damage response. In this explorative study, BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51 mRNA expression was quantified in highly defined laser microdissected tissue samples of simple adenomas, adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland, and their lymph node metastases by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Expression levels in the tumors were normalized to the geometric mean of 3 housekeeping genes and quantified relative to normal mammary epithelium of the same dog. In adenomas, mRNA expression was reduced for BRCA1 (6/10 dogs, 60%), BRCA2 (4/10 dogs, 40%), and RAD51 (4/10, 40%). In adenocarcinomas BRCA1 expression varied with increased expression in 3 of 10 (30%) dogs and no differences in 7 of 10 (70%) dogs when compared with normal mammary gland. BRCA2 and RAD51 were overexpressed in 5 of 10 (50%) and 6 of 10 (60%) of adenocarcinomas, respectively. An overexpression of RAD51 and BRCA2 was found in 8 of 10 (80%) and 5 of 10 (50%) of the lymph node metastases, respectively. Direct comparison of primary tumors and metastases revealed increased mRNA expression of BRCA1 (2/10 dogs, 20%), BRCA2 (2/10 dogs, 20%), and RAD51 (3/10 dogs, 30%) in lymph node metastases. Taken together, the results suggest that RAD51 is upregulated in the majority of lymph node metastases of canine mammary tumors. Further experimental studies are needed to clarify whether these changes in gene expression are a direct carcinogenetic stimulus or a protective response due to genetic instability during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. D. Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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33
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Gama A, Alves A, Schmitt F. Identification of molecular phenotypes in canine mammary carcinomas with clinical implications: application of the human classification. Virchows Arch 2008; 453:123-32. [PMID: 18677512 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Similarly to humans, canine mammary cancer represents a heterogeneous group in terms of morphology and biological behaviour. In the present study, we evaluated a series of canine mammary carcinomas based on a new human classification, initially based on gene expression profiling analysis. Similarly to human breast cancer, by using an immunohistochemistry surrogate panel based on five molecular markers [estrogen receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), cytokeratin 5, p63 and P-cadherin], we were able to classify canine mammary carcinomas into four different subtypes: luminal A [estrogen receptor (ER)+/HER2-; 44.8%], luminal B (ER+/HER2+; 13.5%), basal (ER-/HER2- and a basal marker positive; 29.2%) and HER2 overexpressing tumours (ER-/HER2+; 8.3%). Luminal A-type tumours were characterised by lower grade and proliferation rate, whereas basal-type tumours were mostly high grade, high proliferative and positive for cytokeratin 5, p63 and P-cadherin. In addition, as in humans, basal subtype was significantly associated with shorter disease-free and overall survival rates, and we propose canine mammary carcinomas as a suitable natural model for the study of this particular subset of human carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-811, Vila Real, Portugal
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Morris JS, Nixon C, Bruck A, Nasir L, Morgan IM, Philbey AW. Immunohistochemical expression of TopBP1 in feline mammary neoplasia in relation to histological grade, Ki67, ERα and p53. Vet J 2008; 175:218-26. [PMID: 17336111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The immunohistochemical expression of topoisomerase IIbeta binding protein 1 (TopBP1) was examined in 123 feline mammary lesions (18 non-neoplastic lesions including six fibroadenomatous hyperplasia and 12 duct ectasia, 17 adenomas and 88 carcinomas) in relation to histological grade, oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) status, proliferation index (Ki67) and p53 expression. There was positive staining for TopBP1 in 122 of 123 feline mammary lesions, although nine samples had fewer than 20% positive cells. The percentage of cells positive for TopBP1 increased with histological grade. Most staining was nuclear but both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining was observed as the degree of malignancy increased. TopBP1 is expressed in feline mammary tumours and its expression is correlated with histological grade. Many neoplasms which over-express p53 or are ERalpha negative show TopBP1 immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Morris
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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35
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Hsu WL, Huang HM, Liao JW, Wong ML, Chang SC. Increased survival in dogs with malignant mammary tumours overexpressing HER-2 protein and detection of a silent single nucleotide polymorphism in the canine HER-2 gene. Vet J 2007; 180:116-23. [PMID: 18061495 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between clinical outcome and HER-2 protein expression in dogs with malignant mammary tumours after surgery and to determine the sequence of the HER-2 gene. Tissues from 91 dogs diagnosed with malignant mammary tumours, six with benign lesions and two normal mammary glands were analysed for the expression of HER-2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Exons 14-18 of the HER-2 gene were amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and sequenced in 19 tumours with IHC scores >2+; larger coding regions of HER-2 were analysed in five tumours. HER-2 protein overexpression was found in 27/91 (29.7%) of canine malignant mammary tumours. Dogs with HER-2-overexpressing malignant mammary tumours tended to have a higher survival rate than those that expressed a normal level of HER-2 within 2 years of surgery. In 3/19 cases, HER-2 sequences had a single nucleotide polymorphism, T(1725)C, with no change in the amino acid identity (Cys). No other sequence aberration of HER-2 was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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36
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Antuofermo E, Miller MA, Pirino S, Xie J, Badve S, Mohammed SI. Spontaneous Mammary Intraepithelial Lesions in Dogs A Model of Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:2247-56. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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37
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Ordás J, Millán Y, Dios R, Reymundo C, Martín de las Mulas J. Proto-oncogene HER-2 in normal, dysplastic and tumorous feline mammary glands: an immunohistochemical and chromogenic in situ hybridization study. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:179. [PMID: 17880730 PMCID: PMC2045669 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Feline mammary carcinoma has been proposed as a natural model of highly aggressive, hormone-independent human breast cancer. To further explore the utility of the model by adding new similarities between the two diseases, we have analyzed the oncogene HER-2 status at both the protein and the gene levels. Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 30 invasive carcinomas, 7 benign lesions and two normal mammary glands were analyzed. Tumour features with prognostic value were recorded. The expression of protein HER-2 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and the number of gene copies by means of DNA chromogenic in situ hybridization. Results Immunohistochemical HER-2 protein overexpression was found in 40% of feline mammary carcinomas, a percentage higher to that observed in human breast carcinoma. As in women, feline tumours with HER-2 protein overexpression had pathological features of high malignancy. However, amplification of HER-2 was detected in 16% of carcinomas with protein overexpression, a percentage much lower than that observed in their human counterpart. Conclusion Feline mammary carcinoma would be a suitable natural model of that subset of human breast carcinomas with HER-2 protein overexpression without gene amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ordás
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera de Madrid- Cádiz Km 396 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Yolanda Millán
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera de Madrid- Cádiz Km 396 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafaela Dios
- Departamento de Estadística, Econometría, Investigación Operativa y Organización de Empresas, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera de Madrid-Cádiz Km. 396 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Reymundo
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14001 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juana Martín de las Mulas
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera de Madrid- Cádiz Km 396 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Keller SM, Schade B, Rickenbacher AB, Brugnera E, Wergin MC, Müller EJ, Suter MM, Guscetti F. A Comprehensive Test System to Identify Suitable Antibodies Against p53 for Immunohistochemical Analysis of Canine Tissues. J Comp Pathol 2007; 137:59-70. [PMID: 17629968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53 is commonly detected in tissues of companion animals by means of antibodies raised against the human protein. The following three-step procedure was devised to test the suitability of such antibodies for immunohistochemistry on canine tissues. (1) Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses on bacterially expressed recombinant canine protein to assess human-to-canine cross-reactivity. (2) Immunohistochemistry of cultured, UVB-irradiated canine keratinocytes to evaluate suitability for detection of endogenous p53. (3) Immunohistochemistry on tissue arrays to further substantiate suitability of the antibodies on a panel of normal and neoplastic human and canine tissues. Five of six antibodies cross-reacted with recombinant canine p53. Three of these (PAb122, PAb240, CM-1) also immunolabelled stabilized wild type p53 in cell cultures and elicited a consistent, characteristic labelling pattern in a subset of tumours. However, two alternative batches of polyclonal antibody CM-1 failed to detect p53 in cell cultures, while showing a characteristic labelling pattern of a completely different subset of tumours and unspecific labelling of normal tissues. The test system described is well suited to the selection of antibodies for immunohistochemical p53 detection. The results emphasize the need to include appropriate controls, especially for polyclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B Schade
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology
| | | | | | - M C Wergin
- Section of Diagnostic Imaging and Radio-oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty of Zurich, Zurich
| | - E J Müller
- Molecular Dermatology, Institute for Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - M M Suter
- Molecular Dermatology, Institute for Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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Kumaraguruparan R, Prathiba D, Nagini S. Of humans and canines: Immunohistochemical analysis of PCNA, Bcl-2, p53, cytokeratin and ER in mammary tumours. Res Vet Sci 2006; 81:218-24. [PMID: 16740286 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 07/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mammary tumours are the most common neoplasms in humans and canines. Human and canine mammary tumours share several important epidemiological, clinicopathological and biochemical features. Development of mammary tumours involves accumulation of mutant cells caused by excessive proliferation and insufficient apoptosis or dysregulation of cellular differentiation. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the expression of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis associated proteins together with expression of estrogen receptors (ER) in both human and canine mammary tumours. Thirty breast cancer patients categorized as pre- and postmenopausal, and 30 mammary gland tumours obtained from bitches were included in this study. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bcl-2, p53, cytokeratin and ER in tumour tissues and adjacent tissues were investigated using immunohistochemical staining. While the expression of PCNA, Bcl-2, p53 and ER was significantly increased, expression of cytokeratin was significantly lower in both human as well as canine mammary tumours compared to corresponding adjacent tissues. The magnitude of the changes was however more pronounced in premenopausal patients compared to postmenopausal patients. The changes in proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation associated proteins in human and canine mammary tumours validate use of the canine model to understand the molecular mechanisms of mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumaraguruparan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
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40
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Kumaraguruparan R, Subapriya R, Balachandran C, Manohar BM, Thangadurai A, Nagini S. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in canine mammary tumours. Vet J 2006; 172:364-8. [PMID: 16014333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammary tumours are the most common neoplasms in female dogs. The present study was designed to evaluate the relationship between different clinical stages with activities of phase I and phase II carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes in canine mammary tumours. The levels of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 and the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), DT-diaphorase (DTD) and NADPH diaphorase in tumour tissues of 25 bitches was estimated. Enhanced levels of cytochrome P450 and b5 and phase II enzyme activities were observed in tumour tissues compared to the corresponding uninvolved adjacent tissues. The magnitude of the changes in phase I and phase II enzyme status was, however, more pronounced in stages I and II compared to stages III and IV. The results suggest that the balance between phase I carcinogen activation and phase II detoxification systems may play an important role in canine mammary tumour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumaraguruparan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kumaraguruparan R, Karunagaran D, Balachandran C, Manohar BM, Nagini S. Of humans and canines: A comparative evaluation of heat shock and apoptosis-associated proteins in mammary tumors. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 365:168-76. [PMID: 16176813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammary tumors are the most common neoplasms in humans and canines. Human and canine mammary tumors share several important epidemiological, clinicopathological and biochemical features. Dysregulation of normal programmed cell death mechanisms play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of breast cancer. We investigated the expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps) as well as apoptosis-associated proteins in both human and canine mammary tumors. METHODS Twenty breast cancer patients who were categorized as pre- and postmenopausal and 20 mammary gland tumors obtained from dogs were included in this study The expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), Bax, caspases 8 and 3 as well as Hsp 70 and 90 in tumor tissues and adjacent tissues were investigated using Western blotting. RESULTS While expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), Hsp 70 and 90 was increased, expression of Bax and caspases 8 and 3 was significantly lower in both human as well as canine mammary tumor tissues compared to corresponding adjacent tissues. The magnitude of the changes was however more pronounced in premenopausal patients compared to postmenopausal patients. CONCLUSIONS The shift of balance towards expression of Hsp and antiapoptotic proteins may lead to evasion of apoptosis both in humans and canines. The similar pattern of changes in Hsps and apoptosis-associated proteins in human and canine mammary tumors validate use of the canine model to understand the molecular mechanisms of mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Kumaraguruparan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53 plays a key role in DNA damage and repair. It is the most frequently altered gene in human cancers and these mutations may implicate the genesis and/or progression of tumours. Mutations of the p53 gene were also found in a number of canine cancers, although it is poorly estimated in canine lymphomas. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the p53 status in these types of tumours. We have shown that the expression of p53 in canine lymphomas is rare, however significantly differs between lymphomas of T- and B-cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sokołowska
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Millanta F, Calandrella M, Citi S, Della Santa D, Poli A. Overexpression of HER-2 in feline invasive mammary carcinomas: an immunohistochemical survey and evaluation of its prognostic potential. Vet Pathol 2005; 42:30-4. [PMID: 15657269 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-1-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of c-erbB-2 protooncogene status in feline invasive mammary carcinomas (FMCs) was assessed through the HER-2 receptor immunohistochemical expression. The HER-2 overexpression was then correlated with some relevant histologic parameters and with the clinical course of the disease during a 2-year follow-up. Forty-seven FMCs from surgically treated queens were considered. Tumors were classified according to the WHO criteria and stromal or lymphatic invasion (or both) and histologic grading were recorded. The immunohistochemical staining was performed on paraffin sections and a well-defined scoring system based upon numbers of HER-2 receptors expressed on the cell surface was applied according to standard guidelines. Overall survival (OS) distributions were generated with the Kaplan-Meier method. HER-2 overexpression was detected in 28 of the 47 carcinomas (59.6%). This parameter was demonstrated to be significantly correlated with the shorter OS (P = 0.02). However, the HER-2 overexpression did not show significant correlation with histologic type, tumor grading, or presence of lymphatic invasion. Furthermore, the HER-2 overexpression appeared with a higher percentage in FMCs than what is reported in canine or human mammary carcinomas. The significant correlation with a shorter OS suggests a possible role of HER-2 as an additional marker of malignancy in FMCs and as a reliable prognostic indicator. As in the human oncology practice, the identification of the FMCs that overexpress HER-2 may also promote new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Millanta
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa I-56124, Italy
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44
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Winston J, Craft DM, Scase TJ, Bergman PJ. Immunohistochemical detection of HER-2/neu expression in spontaneous feline mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2005; 3:8-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5810.2005.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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45
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Dutra A, Cassali G. Response to the Comments of K. Metze and R.L. Adam on the paper "c-erbB-2 expression and nuclear pleomorphism in canine mammary tumors". Braz J Med Biol Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A.P. Dutra
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
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46
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Dutra AP, Granja NVM, Schmitt FC, Cassali GD. c-erbB-2 expression and nuclear pleomorphism in canine mammary tumors. Braz J Med Biol Res 2004; 37:1673-81. [PMID: 15517084 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2004001100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to study the expression of c-erbB-2 and MIB-1 and try to associate them with morphological features of the cell such as nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic count and histological grade in a series of 70 canine mammary gland tumors, 22 of them benign and 48 malignant. Tumors were collected at the Veterinary Hospital of UFMG (Brazil) and the Veterinary Faculty of Porto University (Portugal). c-erbB-2 expression was determined according to the guidelines provided by the manufacturer of the HercepTest system and nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic count and histological grade according the Elston and Ellis grading system. The HercepTest is the FDA-approved in vitro diagnostic test marketed by Dako. It is a semi-quantitative immunohistochemical assay used to determine overexpression of HER2 protein (human epidermal growth factor receptor) in breast cancer tissue. MIB-1 expression was also evaluated in 28 malignant tumors. Seventeen (35.4%) of the malignant tumors were positive for c-erbB-2 expression, which was positively associated with nuclear pleomorphism (P < 0.0001), histological grade (P = 0.0017) and mitotic count (P < 0.05). Nuclear pleomorphism also showed a positive association with MIB-1 index (P < 0.0001). These results suggest that some of the biological and morphological characteristics of the tumor are associated in canine mammary gland tumors, as also reported for human breast cancer. It was also possible to show that the immunoexpression of c-erbB-2 can be a factor in mammary carcinogenesis. This fact opens the possibility of using anti-c-erbB-2 antibodies in the treatment of canine mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Dutra
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Martin de las Mulas J, Ordás J, Millán Y, Fernández-Soria V, Ramón y Cajal S. Oncogene HER-2 in canine mammary gland carcinomas: an immunohistochemical and chromogenic in situ hybridization study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 80:363-7. [PMID: 14503809 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024929730165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical (IHC) HER-2/neu protein overexpression was found in 17.6% of canine mammary gland carcinomas, a percentage similar to that observed in human breast carcinoma, but there was no gene amplification by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Canine mammary carcinoma would be a suitable natural model of that subset of human breast carcinomas with HER-2 protein overexpression without gene amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martin de las Mulas
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary School, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
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48
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Loukopoulos P, Thornton JR, Robinson WF. Clinical and pathologic relevance of p53 index in canine osseous tumors. Vet Pathol 2003; 40:237-48. [PMID: 12724563 DOI: 10.1354/vp.40-3-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The clinicopathologic value of the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of p53 protein was evaluated in 167 canine osseous tumors. p53 staining frequency and intensity in tumor cells was expressed as a p53 index. p53 index was significantly higher in osteosarcomas than in other sarcomas, chondrosarcoma, multilobular tumor of bone, and tumors initially misdiagnosed as osteosarcomas as well as in appendicular versus axial and in distal versus proximal osteosarcomas. A strong correlation is demonstrated between the p53 index and a range of clinicopathologic parameters in osteosarcoma, including the tumor site, histologic grade and score, mitotic index, degree of tumor necrosis, and pleomorphism. Chondroblastic osteosarcomas had significantly higher and telangiectatic osteosarcomas significantly lower p53 index than did osteosarcomas belonging to other histopathologic subtypes, a fact that tends to reinforce the perception of these osteosarcomas as distinct clinicopathologic entities. Entire males had higher p53 index than did neutered males. p53 index was higher in Rottweilers than in Great Danes and Terriers, confirming breed susceptibilities to osteosarcoma. p53 index showed no association with age, primary or secondary site status, or the presence of metastases or other tumor types. Biopsy samples had a higher p53 index than did postmortem samples, either because of differences in sample processing or the possibility that p53 overexpression is more evident at the earlier stages of osteosarcoma pathogenesis, presumably represented by the biopsy material. IHC examination for p53 and the derived index has the potential to be used as an additional diagnostic tool and prognostic indicator for osseous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Loukopoulos
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Matsuyama S, Nakamura M, Yonezawa K, Shimada T, Ohashi F, Takamori Y, Kubo K. Expression patterns of the erbB subfamily mRNA in canine benign and malignant mammary tumors. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63:949-54. [PMID: 11642281 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.63.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ErbB subfamily genes, known as proto-oncogenes, encode receptor tyrosine kinases, and are expressed in relation to tumorigenesis of the mammary gland in humans. In this study, we examined the expression of erbB subfamily mRNAs in two canine normal mammary glands and 12 mammary tumor samples by reverse transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Each primer set was designed from the nucleotide sequence of the region conserved in erbB subfamily cDNA among other species. No erbB subfamily mRNAs were expressed in the normal mammary gland. In contrast, all of the subfamily mRNAs were expressed in a benign mammary tumor, and more than one type of the subfamily mRNA were observed in 11 malignant mammary tumors. The length of RT-PCR products were 380 bp for erbB1, 500 bp for erbB2, 644 bp for erbB3, and 416 bp for erbB4. These sequences were highly homologous to the cDNA sequences of other species. Therefore, these results suggest that the expression of erbB subfamily mRNAs in canine mammary tumors plays an important role in tumorigenesis of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsuyama
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
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50
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Murakami Y, Tateyama S, Rungsipipat A, Uchida K, Yamaguchi R. Immunohistochemical analysis of cyclin A, cyclin D1 and P53 in mammary tumors, squamous cell carcinomas and basal cell tumors of dogs and cats. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:743-50. [PMID: 10945293 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of cyclin A, cyclin D1 and p53 proteins in canine and feline tumorigenesis was analyzed immunohistochemically. In the present study, a total of 176 cases were examined, among which there were 108 canine cases (75 mammary lesions, 16 squamous cell carcinomas and 17 basal cell tumors) and 68 feline cases (43 mammary lesions, 20 squamous cell carcinomas and 5 basal cell tumors). Speckled nuclear staining for cyclin A was observed in 19/38 (50%) canine malignant mammary tumors and 18/37 (48.6%) feline mammary carcinomas, while this was not seen in benign mammary tumors of either dogs or cats. Marked intense nuclear cyclin A staining was seen in 7/16 (43.8%) canine squamous cell carcinomas and 18/20 (90.0%) feline squamous cell carcinomas. Only 3/17 (17.6%) canine basal cell tumors showed slight and scattered staining for cyclin A. Expression of cyclin D1 was very rare in both canine and feline tumors. Nuclear staining of p53 was found in 7/37 (18.9%) feline mammary carcinomas. Intense immunoreactivity for p53 was found in 6/16 (37.5%) canine squamous cell carcinomas and 8/20 (40%) feline squamous cell carcinomas. These results suggest that cyclin A may have a role in the proliferation of canine malignant mammary tumors, feline mammary carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of dogs and cats, and p53 may associate with the tumorigenesis of feline mammary carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Japan
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