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Seroprevalence of Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and Equine Herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in the Northern Moroccan Horse Populations. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102851. [PMID: 34679874 PMCID: PMC8532652 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This work aims to evaluate the seroprevalence of equine EHV-1/4 in horse populations in the north of Morocco and to measure the antibody titers in vaccinated horses, under field conditions, with monovalent EHV-1 vaccines. Overall, 12.8% unvaccinated, and 21.8% vaccinated horses were positive for EHV-1. All samples were positive for EHV-4 when tested with the type-specific ELISA. The virus neutralization test showed low antibody titers in samples from vaccinated horses. Our study demonstrated that EHV-1 and EHV-4 are endemic in the horse populations in the north of Morocco and highlighted the necessity of reevaluating the vaccines and the vaccination protocol used. Abstract This study reports the first equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and equine herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) seroprevalence investigation in horse populations of Morocco in 24 years. It also aims to determine antibody titers in horses vaccinated under field conditions with a monovalent EHV-1 vaccine. Blood samples were collected from 405 horses, including 163 unvaccinated and 242 vaccinated animals. They were tested using a commercial type-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a virus neutralization test (VNT). Overall, 12.8% unvaccinated, and 21.8% vaccinated horses were positive for EHV-1. All samples were positive for EHV-4 when tested with the type-specific ELISA. In the vaccinated group, the VNT revealed a mean antibody titer of 1:49 for EHV-1 and 1:45 for EHV-4. The present study demonstrates that EHV-1 and EHV-4 are endemic in the horse populations in the north of Morocco, with prevalence differences between regions. Furthermore, horses vaccinated with a monovalent EHV-1 vaccine had low antibodies titers. This study highlights the necessity to establish and/or support efficient biosecurity strategies based on sound management of horses and characterize further and potentially improve the efficiency of the EHV vaccines and vaccination protocol used in the field.
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Attili AR, Colognato R, Preziuso S, Moriconi M, Valentini S, Petrini S, De Mia GM, Cuteri V. Evaluation of Three Different Vaccination Protocols against EHV1/EHV4 Infection in Mares: Double Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020268. [PMID: 32492841 PMCID: PMC7350013 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
EHV1 and EHV4 are the most important herpesviruses in horses. Repeated cases of abortion in mares regularly vaccinated, prompted us to investigate the immune response after vaccination with the same inactivated vaccine, but with three different protocols. Eighteen mares were chosen and randomly divided in three study groups (G1-G2-G3) and a control group (Ctrl). For serologic and PCR investigations nasal swabs, sera and blood were collected. The protocol used in G3 (4 doses) increased the titer recorded by ELISA and seroneutralization (SN). Poor agreement and no correlation were observed in titer values between ELISA and SN and between SN and PCR. A very weak positive correlation between ELISA and PCR was obtained. Seven out of 18 nasal swabs were positive by PCR; none showed viremia and no abortion occurred, regardless of vaccination status and despite active circulation of EHV-1 in the farm at the time of the study. The study was conducted in field conditions, in a susceptible population with a known history of infection and abortion, and among the three protocols, the one proposed in the G1 was the least efficient while the one proposed for the G3, seems to have induced a higher antibody titer in both SN and ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Rita Attili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (A.-R.A.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Silvia Preziuso
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (A.-R.A.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Martina Moriconi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (A.-R.A.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
- Veterinary Practitioner, 60010 Ostra, Italy
| | - Silvia Valentini
- Veterinary Practitioner, 30028 San Michele al Tagliamento, Italy;
| | - Stefano Petrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (G.M.D.M.)
| | - Gian Mario De Mia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (G.M.D.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Cuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (A.-R.A.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Development of a peptide ELISA for discrimination between serological responses to equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:667-73. [PMID: 23928223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for discrimination between serological responses to equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) was developed. Three and four peptides for EHV-1 and EHV-4, respectively, were designed and studied initially in the ELISA using sera from foals infected experimentally. The most promising peptide pair, derived from EHV-1 glycoprotein E and EHV-4 glycoprotein G, was evaluated further using acute and convalescent sera from horses infected experimentally and naturally as well as a panel of horse field sera. Ten pre- and post-vaccination serum pairs were similarly tested in the type-specific ELISA. The peptide ELISA was able to identify horses which had been infected with EHV-1 or EHV-4 as derived from the results using acute and convalescent sera collected from natural outbreaks. When applied to a set of field samples, the assay proved robust with respect to determining the EHV-1 and EHV-4 antibody status. Also, the peptide ELISA was able to detect type-specific seroconversion for EHV-1 in vaccinated animals. With further validation, the EHV-1/EHV-4 peptide ELISA described in this study could serve as a reliable and cost-effective alternative to current methods for serological EHV-1 and EHV-4 diagnosis.
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Identification of a major immunogenic region of equine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein E and its application to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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BANNAI H, TSUJIMURA K, KONDO T, NEMOTO M, YAMANAKA T, SUGIURA T, KATO T, MAEDA K, MATSUMURA T. Mitigation of Pyrexia by a Th-1-Biased IgG Subclass Response after Infection with Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 in Horses Pre-Immunized with Inactivated Vaccine. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:791-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi BANNAI
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji TSUJIMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi KONDO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Manabu NEMOTO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi YAMANAKA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takeo SUGIURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Tomohiro KATO
- Racehorse Clinic, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, 1028 Misono, Ritto, Shiga 520-3085, Japan
| | - Ken MAEDA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Tomio MATSUMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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BANNAI H, TSUJIMURA K, KONDO T, NEMOTO M, YAMANAKA T, SUGIURA T, MAEDA K, MATSUMURA T. Induction of a Th-1-Biased IgG Subclass Response against Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 in Horses Previously Infected with Type 4 Virus. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:535-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi BANNAI
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Koji TSUJIMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Takashi KONDO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Manabu NEMOTO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Takashi YAMANAKA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Takeo SUGIURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Ken MAEDA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Tomio MATSUMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
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Ohta M, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Evaluation of the usefulness of a PCR assay performed at a clinical laboratory for the diagnosis of respiratory disease induced by equine herpesvirus type 1 in the field. J Equine Sci 2011; 22:53-6. [PMID: 24833987 PMCID: PMC4013993 DOI: 10.1294/jes.22.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A PCR assay for the diagnosis of respiratory disease induced by equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) was performed at the clinical laboratory in the Racehorse Clinic of the Ritto Training Center of the Japan Racing Association from December 2007 to March 2008. The assay was performed without the trouble of contamination throughout the study and its turnaround time was approximately 6 hr. The PCR detection rates of EHV-1 among seroconverted horses were 22.2% for nasal swabs and 33.3% for blood samples. However, EHV-1 DNA was also detected in horses without seroconversion at a low rate. These results indicated that the PCR assay should be used as an adjunct method, but would help to make an early diagnosis of EHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ohta
- Racehorse Clinic, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association (JRA), 1028 Misono, Ritto-shi, Shiga 520-3085, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, JRA, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, JRA, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, JRA, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Tomio Matsumura
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, JRA, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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Pellegrini-Masini A, Livesey LC. Meningitis and Encephalomyelitis in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2006; 22:553-89, x. [PMID: 16882487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of meningitis and encephalomyelitis in horses, including diagnostic tests, treatment developments, and preventative measures reported in the equine and human medical literature of the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pellegrini-Masini
- Equine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Maeda K, Kai K, Matsumura T. Genomic diversity among equine herpesvirus-4 field isolates. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:555-61. [PMID: 15997181 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with equine herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) is a major cause of respiratory tract disease, equine rhinopneumonitis, in horses. Although the full sequence of EHV-4 has been reported, genomic differences among EHV-4 field isolates have not yet been characterized. In this study, the genomic diversity between 23 Japanese EHV-4 isolates was analyzed by digestion with restriction endonucleases (BamHI, BgIII, EcoRI, SacI, and SalI) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The restriction endonuclease digestion patterns of the EHV-4 field isolates showed distinct differences which included mobility shifts of some fragments as well as loss and/or gain of fragments. Two EHV-4 genes containing repeat sequences, ORFs 24 and 71, were amplified by PCR and the amplified fragments were compared among the field isolates. The sizes of the amplified fragments varied among epizootiologically unrelated isolates, while the fragments of related isolates had the same size. The observed genomic diversity among EHV-4 field isolates may be a useful tool for epidemiological study of equine rhinopneumonitis by EHV-4 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Japan
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Maeda K, Mizukoshi F, Hamano M, Kai K, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Identification of another B-cell epitope in the type-specific region of equine herpesvirus 4 glycoprotein G. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:122-4. [PMID: 15642995 PMCID: PMC540206 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.1.122-124.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a novel 12-mer B-cell epitope, MKNNPIYSEGSL, in the type-specific region of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) glycoprotein G (gG) was identified and used as an antigen for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Maeda et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:1095-1098, 2004). Although our prototype strain, TH20p, possesses two repeat sequences containing the B-cell epitope, the EHV-4 NS80567 strain has two repeat sequences that are not identical. One repeat sequence stretch contained the B-cell epitope, while the other contained the 11-mer, MKNNPVYSESL (underlining indicates a different amino acid). In this study, heterogeneity of the type-specific region was compared among Japanese EHV-4 isolates. The 11-mer peptide, MKNNPVYSESL, specifically reacted with sera from horses naturally infected with EHV-4 but not with sera from horses experimentally infected with EHV-4 TH20p. The 11-mer peptide may be another B-cell epitope in the type-specific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
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Foote CE, Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM, Love DN. Seroprevalence of equine herpesvirus 1 in mares and foals on a large Hunter Valley stud farm in years pre- and postvaccination. Aust Vet J 2004; 81:283-8. [PMID: 15084039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2003.tb12576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence of equine herpesvirus 1 antibody in mares and foals on a large Hunter Valley Thoroughbred stud farm in New South Wales before and after the introduction of an inactivated whole virus vaccine. DESIGN Cross-sectional serological surveys performed in February 1995 and 2000 to determine the prevalence of EHV-1 antibody-positive mares and foals. A further cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2001 to complement the 2000 data. STUDY POPULATION Two hundred and twenty-nine mares and their foals were sampled in 1995 and 236 mares and their foals were sampled in 2000. The study population comprised all of the mares with foals at foot on this property at each sample period. Fifty mares were sampled in both studies. A further 264 mares and their foals were sampled in 2001. PROCEDURE A blood sample was collected from each mare and foal at the beginning of February 1995, 2000 and 2001. Each sample was tested in triplicate using an antibody-detection ELISA that is type-specific for EHV-1 and EHV-4 antibodies. RESULTS The prevalence of EHV-1 antibody-positive mares was not statistically different in 2000 compared to 1995. However, the prevalence of antibody-positive foals was significantly lower in 2000 than in 1995. In 2001, the prevalence of antibody-positive mares was higher than in 2000, but not different from that in 1995. The prevalence of antibody-positive foals in 2001 was not significantly different from the prevalence observed in 1995 or that observed in 2000. However, when the three studies were compared there was a significant variation in the prevalence of EHV-1 positive foals due to the variation between the 1995 and the 2000 data. CONCLUSIONS Mares are the source of virus from which foals are infected early in life and following analysis of the 2001 data, the difference in the prevalence of EHV-1 antibody-positive foals between 1995 and 2000 was likely to be a reflection of seasonal, nutritional and management factors, rather than the result of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Foote
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006
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Maeda K, Mizukoshi F, Hamano M, Kai K, Iwata H, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Development of an equine herpesvirus type 4-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a B-cell epitope as an antigen. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1095-8. [PMID: 15004059 PMCID: PMC356883 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.3.1095-1098.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4)-specific region of glycoprotein G has served as an antigen for serodiagnosis and seroepizootic studies of EHV-4 infection (B. S. Crabb and M. J. Studdert, J. Virol. 67:6332-6338, 1993; S. Yasunaga, K. Maeda, T. Matsumura, K. Kai, H. Iwata, and T. Inoue, J. Vet. Med. Sci. 60:1133-137, 1998; S. Yasunaga, K. Maeda, T. Matsumura, T. Kondo, and K. Kai, J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62:687-691, 2000). Here we identified a major B-cell epitope in the type-specific region of EHV-4 and applied it as an antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). A 24-amino-acid repeat sequence expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein specifically reacted as well as the type-specific region with sera from foals infected with EHV-4. Five synthetic peptides (12-mer peptides) in the repeat sequence were included as ELISA antigens. The results indicated that the 12-mer peptide MKNNPIYSEGSL contained a major B-cell epitope specific for EHV-4 infection. Inclusion of this 12-mer peptide in ELISAs for an epidemiological study specifically detected EHV-4 infection in the field. These results indicated that the 12-mer epitope was responsible for the type-specific antibody response and therefore is useful for seroepizootic studies and serodiagnosis of EHV-4 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
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Mizukoshi F, Maeda K, Hamano M, Iwata H, Matsumura T, Kondo T, Sugiura T. IgG antibody subclass response against equine herpesvirus type 4 in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 88:97-101. [PMID: 12088649 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, IgG subclass responses against equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a type-specific region of EHV-4 glycoprotein G (gG). ELISA using sera collected from horses experimentally infected with EHV-4 revealed that IgGa and IgGb antibodies were detected at high level, but IgGc and IgG(T) antibody responses were detected at low level or were undetectable. The IgGa antibody response reached its peak on day 10 post-infection, and then dropped. The IgGb antibody response reached its maximum level on day 12 post-infection, and then the level was sustained during at least 28 days after infection. Forty healthy racehorses that had already been infected with EHV-4 possessed antibody against EHV-4. Although IgGa antibodies specific for EHV-4 were not detected in any horses, IgGb antibodies were detected and the levels correlated with total IgG antibodies against EHV-4 gG. The results suggest that EHV-4-specific IgGa and IgGb antibodies are induced in EHV-4-infected horses, and that IgGb antibody, but not IgGa, is long lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Mizukoshi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Japan
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Foote CE, Love DN, Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM. Serological responses of mares and weanlings following vaccination with an inactivated whole virus equine herpesvirus 1 and equine herpesvirus 4 vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2002; 88:13-25. [PMID: 12119135 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a major cause of respiratory disease and abortion in horses worldwide. Although some vaccines have been shown experimentally to reduce disease, there are few reports of the responses to vaccination in the field. This study measured antibody responses to vaccination of 159 mares (aged 4-17 years) and 101 foals (aged 3-6 months) on a large stud farm with a killed whole virus EHV-1/4 vaccine used as per the manufacturer's recommendations. Using an EHV glycoprotein D (gD)-specific ELISA and a type-specific glycoprotein G (gG) ELISA, respectively 13.8 and 28.9% of mares, and 42.6 and 46.6% of foals were classed as responding to vaccination. Additionally, 16.4 and 17.6% of mares were classified as persistently seropositive mares. Using both assays, responder mares and foals had lower week 0 mean ELISA absorbances than non-responder mares and foals. Responder mares were ten times more likely to have responder foals, and non-responder mares were six times more likely to have non-responder foals than other mares using the gG ELISA. Mares aged 7 years or less and foals aged 4 months or more were more likely to respond to vaccination than animals in other age groups. There was no association between response of mares and the number of previous vaccinations received and persistently seropositive mares did not respond to vaccination. This study documents the responses of mares and foals to vaccination in a large scale commercial environment in 2000, and suggests that knowledge of antibody status may allow a more selective vaccination strategy, representing considerable savings to industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Foote
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia
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