1
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Grenl A, Blasi B. Meta-Analysis and Systematic Literature Review of the Genus Pneumocystis in Pet, Farm, Zoo, and Wild Mammal Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1081. [PMID: 37998885 PMCID: PMC10672670 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic literature search on Pneumocystis in 276 pet, farm, zoo, and wild mammal species resulted in 124 publications originating from 38 countries that were analyzed descriptively and statistically, for which inclusion and exclusion criteria were exactly defined. The range of recorded Pneumocystis prevalence was broad, yet in half of the citations a prevalence of ≤25% was documented. Prevalence was significantly dependent on the method used for Pneumocystis detection, with PCR revealing the highest percentages. Pet animals showed the lowest median Pneumocystis prevalence, followed by farm, wild, and zoo animals. In contrast, pet and farm animals showed higher proportions of high-grade infection levels compared to zoo and wild mammals. Only in individual cases, all of them associated with severe Pneumocystis pneumonia, was an underlying immunosuppression confirmed. Acquired immunosuppression caused by other diseases was frequently discussed, but its significance, especially in highly immunosuppressive cases, needs to be clarified. This meta-analysis supported a potential influence of the social and environmental factors of the host on Pneumocystis transmission in wildlife, which must be further elucidated, as well as the genetic diversity of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.G.); (B.B.)
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2
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Detection of Pneumocystis and Morphological Description of Fungal Distribution and Severity of Infection in Thirty-Six Mammal Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020220. [PMID: 36836334 PMCID: PMC9960768 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis spp. are thought to adapt to the lungs of potentially all mammals. However, the full host range, fungal burden and severity of infection are unknown for many species. In this study, lung tissue samples originating from 845 animals of 31 different families of eight mammal orders were screened by in situ hybridization (ISH) using a universal 18S rRNA probe for Pneumocystis, followed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining for determining histopathological lesions. A total of 216 (26%) samples were positive for Pneumocystis spp., encompassing 36 of 98 investigated mammal species, with 17 of them being described for the first time for the presence of Pneumocystis spp. The prevalence of Pneumocystis spp. as assessed by ISH varied greatly among different mammal species while the organism load was overall low, suggesting a status of colonization or subclinical infection. Severe Pneumocystis pneumonia seemed to be very rare. For most of the Pneumocystis-positive samples, comparative microscopic examination of H&E- and ISH-stained serial sections revealed an association of the fungus with minor lesions, consistent with an interstitial pneumonia. Colonization or subclinical infection of Pneumocystis in the lung might be important in many mammal species because the animals may serve as a reservoir.
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3
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Danesi P, Petini M, Falcaro C, Bertola M, Mazzotta E, Furlanello T, Krockenberger M, Malik R. Pneumocystis Colonization in Dogs Is as in Humans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063192. [PMID: 35328882 PMCID: PMC8955813 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pneumocystis is an atypical fungus that resides in the pulmonary parenchyma of many mammals, including humans and dogs. Immunocompetent human hosts are usually asymptomatically colonised or show subtle clinical signs, but some immunocompromised people can develop florid life-threatening Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Since much less is known concerning Pneumocystis in dogs, we posit the question: can Pneumocystis colonization be present in dogs with inflammatory airway or lung disease caused by other pathogens or disease processes? In this study, Pneumocystis DNA was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of 22/255 dogs (9%) with respiratory distress and/or chronic cough. Although young dogs (<1 year-of-age) and pedigree breeds were more often Pneumocystis-qPCR positive than older dogs and crossbreds, adult dogs with other infectious conditions and/or a history of therapy-resistant pulmonary disease could also be qPCR-positive, including two patients with suppression of the immune system. Absence of pathognomonic clinical or radiographic signs render it impossible to convincingly discriminate between overt PCP versus other lung/airway disease processes colonised by P. canis. It is possible that colonisation with P. canis might play a certain role as a co-pathogen in some canine patients with lower respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Danesi
- Parasitology, Mycology and Medical Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (C.F.); (M.B.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8084902
| | - Matteo Petini
- Clinica e Laboratorio Veterinario San Marco, Veggiano, 35030 Padua, Italy; (M.P.); (T.F.)
| | - Christian Falcaro
- Parasitology, Mycology and Medical Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (C.F.); (M.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Michela Bertola
- Parasitology, Mycology and Medical Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (C.F.); (M.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisa Mazzotta
- Parasitology, Mycology and Medical Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (C.F.); (M.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Tommaso Furlanello
- Clinica e Laboratorio Veterinario San Marco, Veggiano, 35030 Padua, Italy; (M.P.); (T.F.)
| | - Mark Krockenberger
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
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4
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Sakashita T, Kaneko Y, Izzati UZ, Hirai T, Fuke N, Torisu S, Yamaguchi R. Disseminated Pneumocystosis in a Toy Poodle. J Comp Pathol 2020; 175:85-89. [PMID: 32138848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 1-year and 7-months-old neutered male toy poodle was presented with persistent respiratory distress, gradual weight loss and melaena. Thoracic radiography showed an unstructured interstitial lung pattern. Histopathological examination of tissues collected at necropsy examination revealed disseminated infection by Pneumocystis carinii. The organisms were detected in the lungs, lymph nodes, liver, heart, kidneys, spleen, gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. In the lungs, the organisms were present in the alveolar space and interstitial tissue, and calcified foci containing P. carinii were observed. The presence of the organism in non-thoracic lymph nodes provided evidence of lymphogenous spread. A definitive diagnosis of disseminated pneumocystosis was achieved through the use of Grocott methenamine silver staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction for P. carinii. Depletion of cells expressing immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG was confirmed by IHC of lymphoid tissue, suggesting possible underlying immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sakashita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Y Kaneko
- Department of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - U Z Izzati
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - T Hirai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - N Fuke
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - S Torisu
- Department of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - R Yamaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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5
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Petini M, Furlanello T, Danesi P, Zoia A. Nested-polymerase chain reaction detection of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. canis in a suspected immunocompromised Cavalier King Charles spaniel with multiple infections. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2019; 7:2050313X19841169. [PMID: 31065354 PMCID: PMC6487761 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x19841169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-month-old Cavalier King Charles Spaniel female was referred due to a chronic cough refractory to antibiotic treatments. Laboratory findings showed leukocytosis, increased serum C-reactive protein, hypogammaglobulinemia, and decreased total serum immunoglobulin G concentration. Thoracic radiographs showed a mild bronchial pattern. Cytology of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed a septic inflammation. Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma spp., and Pneumocystis carinii were identified by polymerase chain reaction testing, and Klebsiella pneumonia was cultured from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, Escherichia coli was also cultured from urine. Pneumocystis spp. identification was done by sequencing of genetic amplicons. The dog died due to cardiopulmonary arrest secondary to a spontaneous pneumothorax on the day following the procedure. This report documents the detection of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. canis in a suspected immunocompromised Cavalier King Charles Spaniel with concurrent pulmonary and urinary tract infections involving four different pathogens, and highlights the importance of the use of polymerase chain reaction testing to detect canine Pneumocystis spp. in cases with negative bronchoalveolar lavage cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrizia Danesi
- Operative Unit of Mycology, Parasitology Lab, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVE), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Zoia
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Veggiano, Italy
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6
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Best MP, Boyd SP, Danesi P. Confirmed case of
Pneumocystis
pneumonia in a Maltese Terrier × Papillon dog being treated with toceranib phosphate. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:162-165. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MP Best
- Brisbane Veterinary Specialist Centre Albany Creek Queensland Australia
| | - SP Boyd
- QML Vetnostics Murrarie Queensland Australia
| | - P Danesi
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Legnaro (PD) Italy
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7
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Okine AAK, Chapman S, Hostutler RA, Livingston R. Diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia in a 2-year-old King Charles Cavalier Spaniel using the polymerase chain reaction. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:146-149. [PMID: 29575136 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old, female spayed, King Charles Cavalier Spaniel was presented for evaluation of dyspnea, inappetence, and lethargy. Thoracic radiographs revealed a moderate diffuse interstitial lung pattern affecting the perihilar and caudodorsal lung fields, and an echocardiogram revealed severe pulmonary hypertension. A bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, and cytology revealed mixed inflammation with cysts and trophozoites consistent with Pneumocystis. Pneumocystis infection was later confirmed with PCR. To the author's knowledge, this report represents the first case of canine pneumocystis pneumonia diagnosed antemortem with PCR from a BAL sample. Pneumocystis represents an important, but uncommon cause of afebrile pneumonia in immunosuppressed dogs.
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8
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Danesi P, Ravagnan S, Johnson LR, Furlanello T, Milani A, Martin P, Boyd S, Best M, Galgut B, Irwin P, Canfield PJ, Krockenberger MB, Halliday C, Meyer W, Malik R. Molecular diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in dogs. Med Mycol 2018; 55:828-842. [PMID: 28339756 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening fungal disease that can occur in dogs. The aim of this study was to provide a preliminary genetic characterisation of Pneumocystis carinii f.sp.'canis' (P. canis) in dogs and thereby develop a reliable molecular protocol to definitively diagnose canine PCP. We investigated P. canis in a variety of lung specimens from dogs with confirmed or strongly suspected PCP (Group 1, n = 16), dogs with non-PCP lower respiratory tract problems (Group 2, n = 65) and dogs not suspected of having PCP or other lower respiratory diseases (Group 3, n = 11). Presence of Pneumocystis DNA was determined by nested PCR of the large and small mitochondrial subunit rRNA loci and by a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay developed using a new set of primers. Molecular results were correlated with the presence of Pneumocystis morphotypes detected in cytological/histological preparations. Pneumocystis DNA was amplified from 13/16 PCP-suspected dogs (Group 1) and from 4/76 dogs of control Groups 2 and 3 (combined). The latter four dogs were thought to have been colonized by P. canis. Comparison of CT values in 'infected' versus 'colonized' dogs was consistent with this notion, with a distinct difference in molecular burden between groups (CT ≤ 26 versus CT range (26 <CT < 35), respectively). Phylogenetic analyses showed that P. canis is specifically 'canine' associated, being separated from other mammalian Pneumocystis species, thereby confirming the accuracy of qPCR amplicon for Pneumocystis in dogs. Using qPCR, Pneumocystis DNA can be detected in specimens from the respiratory tract and a CT value can be interpreted to distinguish infection versus colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Silvia Ravagnan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Adelaide Milani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Patricia Martin
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Boyd
- QML Vetnostics, Riverview Place, Metroplex on Gateway, Murrarie, QLD Australia
| | - Matthew Best
- Brisbane Veterinary Specialist Centre, Corner Keong & Old Northern Roads, Albany Creek, QLD Australia
| | - Bradley Galgut
- Australian Specialised Animal Pathology (ASAP) Laboratories, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Irwin
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul J Canfield
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catriona Halliday
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR - Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, B22, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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Schiborra F, Scudder CJ, Littler RM, Lamb CR, McConnell JF, Maddox TW. CT findings in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in five dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:508-513. [PMID: 29577303 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a rare disease in dogs. It is primarily reported in cavalier King Charles spaniels and miniature dachshunds with suspected underlying immunodeficiency. This case series reports the findings in five dogs (four cavalier King Charles spaniels and one Bedlington terrier) with confirmed P. carinii pneumonia. Thoracic (CT) revealed ground glass opacity of the pulmonary parenchyma with a diffuse or multifocal distribution. The severity of this pattern was variable. Less consistent imaging findings included parenchymal bands, bronchial dilation and signs consistent with pulmonary hypertension. Four dogs recovered well with treatment and there was resolution of CT abnormalities in all dogs with follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schiborra
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C J Scudder
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - R M Littler
- Northwest Surgeons, Delamere House, Sutton Weaver, Cheshire, WA7 3FW, UK
| | - C R Lamb
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - J F McConnell
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - T W Maddox
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
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10
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Guija-De-Arespacochaga A, Klang A, Weissenböck H, Künzel F. Pneumocystosis in dogs: meta-analysis of 43 published cases including clinical signs, diagnostic procedures, and treatment. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:26-35. [PMID: 29145787 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717742429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated 43 published cases of dogs with confirmed Pneumocystis infection regarding the value of clinical parameters indicating the presence of the disease as well as tools for the detection of the pathogen. The assessed parameters included clinical signs, laboratory findings, results of thoracic radiography, autopsy, histopathology, methods for the detection of Pneumocystis, as well as medical therapy. Pneumocystosis was diagnosed most often in certain breeds (Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Miniature Dachshund) with a predisposition for impaired immunity. The median age of the dogs was 1 y. Chronic therapy-resistant respiratory signs, such as tachypnea, dyspnea, and cough, along with leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and hypogammaglobulinemia, were the most frequently described clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities. Pneumocystosis can be masked by coinfections with other respiratory pathogens, and the successful detection of Pneumocystis organisms is of major relevance. Several detection methods have been used in the past, but only a few provide reliable results. In 2017, the cytologic evaluation of Giemsa-stained bronchoalveolar lavage samples is generally used, even if sensitivity is only moderate. More reliable results can be achieved using special stains or sensitive molecular techniques. Fast and reliable detection of Pneumocystis is the essential basis for appropriate treatment and higher survival chances for dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Fuchs-Baumgartinger
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Abigail Guija-De-Arespacochaga
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Klang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Künzel
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Kanemoto H, Morikawa R, Chambers JK, Kasahara K, Hanafusa Y, Uchida K, Ohno K, Nakayama H. Common variable immune deficiency in a Pomeranian with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:715-9. [PMID: 25715954 PMCID: PMC4488410 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A Pomeranian dog, 1 year- and 8 month-old neutered female, was presented with persistent respiratory distress and recurrent generalized demodicosis. Physical examination revealed cyanosis, rough respiratory sounds, multifocal alopecia and dermal erosions on the dorsal side of the forelimbs, perineal area and skin around the eyes. A severe diffuse interstitial lung pattern was observed on thoracic radiographs. The blood examination revealed neutrophilia and hypoglobulinemia. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations of IgG and IgA were low. Histopathological examination revealed severe diffuse interstitial pneumonia with Pneumocystis carinii infection. Severe lymphoid depletion was observed in the spleen and other organs with lymphoid follicles consisted mainly of CD3-positive T cells and few cells of B-cell lineage. B-cell hypoplasia with subsequent antibody deficiency was suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Kanemoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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12
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Ralph E, Reppas G, Halliday C, Krockenberger M, Malik R. Pneumocystis canis pneumonia in dogs. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ma15026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Blehaut TRW, Hardstaff JL, Chapman PS, Pfeiffer DU, Boag AK, Guitian FJ. Spatial, demographic and clinical patterns of Angiostrongylus vasorum
infection in the dog population of Southern England. Vet Rec 2014; 175:148. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. R. W. Blehaut
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield Herts AL9 7TA UK
- Fitzalan House Veterinary Group; 31 Fitzalan Road Littlehampton West Sussex BN17 5ET UK
| | - J. L. Hardstaff
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - P. S. Chapman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK; Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center; 301 Veterans Highway Levittown PA 19056 USA
| | - D. U. Pfeiffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - A. K. Boag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK, Vets Now, Penguin House, Castle Riggs Dunfermline KY11 8SG UK
| | - F. J. Guitian
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield Herts AL9 7TA UK
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14
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Vieson MD, Piñeyro P, LeRoith T. A review of the pathology and treatment of canine respiratory infections. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2012; 3:25-39. [PMID: 30155431 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s25021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous infectious agents are responsible for causing primary or secondary respiratory disease in dogs. These agents can cause upper or lower respiratory infections commonly observed in veterinary practices. Clinical signs might vary from mild dyspnea, sneezing, and coughing to severe pneumonia with systemic manifestations. Depending on the etiologic agent, the gross and microscopic changes observed during these infections can be rather unspecific or have highly characteristic patterns. While histopathology and cytology are not always required for diagnosis of respiratory infections, they are often useful for establishing a definitive diagnosis and identifying specific etiologic agents. Research regarding epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and clinical manifestations related to these infectious pathogens provides valuable information that has improved treatments and management of the diseases they cause. This review discusses the epidemiology, general clinical characteristics, and pathologic lesions for some of the important viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic etiologies of canine respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda D Vieson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA,
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA,
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA,
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15
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Abstract
Every breath holds the potential to introduce infectious organisms and irritating particulates into the respiratory tract. Despite this continuous exposure, the lungs usually remain sterile. Further, potential pathogens are distinguished from innocuous particulates, thus sparing the respiratory tract from damaging inflammation. The article reviews the complex defenses used to protect the respiratory tract and also discusses the implications of failed defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Watson P, Wotton P, Eastwood J, Swift S, Jones B, Day M. Immunoglobulin Deficiency in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels withPneumocystisPneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Angiostrongylosis was diagnosed in 23 dogs presenting to the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals between June 1999 and August 2002. The animals' clinical records were reviewed retrospectively and certain risk factors were compared with a control population of 3407 dogs. Twenty-two of the 23 dogs were from south-east England and dogs from Surrey (n=8) were significantly overrepresented. There were also significantly more Cavalier King Charles spaniels (n=5) and Staffordshire bull terriers (n=5) among the affected dogs than in the control group. The median age of affected dogs was 10 months (range five to 90 months). The most common presenting signs were cough (65 per cent), dyspnoea (43 per cent), haemorrhagic diathesis (35 per cent) and collapse (26 per cent). Four dogs were thrombocytopenic and eight had significant prolongations in prothrombin time and/or activated partial thromboplastin time. Thoracic radiographs were abnormal in 18 of 19 dogs. A variety of changes were observed, the most typical being a patchy alveolar-interstitial pattern affecting the dorsocaudal lung fields. Angiostrongylus vasorum larvae were found in seven of 10 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens and 19 of 19 faecal samples. Three dogs died shortly after admission to the hospital. The remainder were successfully treated with fenbendazole at a dose of 50 mg/kg for five to 21 days. A vasorum should now be considered endemic to south-east England.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Chapman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
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18
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English K, Peters SE, Maskell DJ, Collins ME. DNA analysis of Pneumocystis infecting a Cavalier King Charles spaniel. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2002; Suppl:106S. [PMID: 11906011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K English
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Hatfield, Herts., UK.
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