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Uztimür M, Gazioğlu A, Yilmaz Ö. Changes in free amino acid profile in goats with pregnancy toxemia. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:839-847. [PMID: 37953412 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disorder that afflicts goats when the heightened energy requirements preceding parturition are not sufficiently satisfied. At present, the potential association between pregnancy toxemia and the free amino acid composition in hair goats remains uncharted territory. The purpose of this study is to investigate the free amino acid profile in goats during the pivotal three weeks preceding delivery, distinguishing among those with subclinical pregnancy toxemia (SPT), clinical pregnancy toxemia (CPT), and those in the control group (CG). Additionally, the study aims to investigate any potential relationship between the amino acid profile and beta hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) levels. The researchers analyzed a total of 50 goats, comprising 20 goats with SPT, 20 with CPT, and 10 in the CG. The serum free amino acid profile was determined using a gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) device. BHBA concentration in goats with CPT and SPT was significantly higher than KG (p < 0.001). Furthermore, in goats with CPT, the glucose concentration was significantly lower than in CG (p < 0.012). In goats with CPT and SPT, the concentration of valine, one of the gluconeogenic amino acids, was significantly higher than in control group (p < 0.001), while histidine concentration was significantly lower (p < 0.020) than in control group. Specifically in goats with CPT, the concentrations of alanine (p < 0.002), serine (p < 0.001), and threonine (p < 0.043) were significantly lower than in control group. Moreover, the concentration of phenylalanine, which is both a glycogenic and ketogenic amino acid, was significantly lower (p < 0.028) in goats with SPT compared to the control group. The Fisher ratio (p < 0.010) and Glycine/Alanine ratio (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in pregnancy toxemia goats with than in control group goats, indicating a poor nutritional and energy status of the goats during the prepartum period. In summation, the findings of this study underscore that amino acids exhibiting marked concentration variations hold considerable promise in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management of pregnancy toxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Uztimür
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Türkiye.
| | - Abdullah Gazioğlu
- Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory and Veterinary Health, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Ökkeş Yilmaz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Fırat University, Elazig, Türkiye
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Liu Z, Jiang A, Lv X, Zhou C, Tan Z. Metabolic Changes in Serum and Milk of Holstein Cows in Their First to Fourth Parity Revealed by Biochemical Analysis and Untargeted Metabolomics. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:407. [PMID: 38338048 PMCID: PMC10854930 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The performance of dairy cows is closely tied to the metabolic state, and this performance varies depending on the number of times the cows have given birth. However, there is still a lack of research on the relationship between the metabolic state of Holstein cows and the performance of lactation across multiple parities. In this study, biochemical analyses and metabolomics studies were performed on the serum and milk from Holstein cows of parities 1-4 (H1, N = 10; H2, N = 7; H3, N = 9; H4, N = 9) in mid-lactation (DIM of 141 ± 4 days) to investigate the link between performance and metabolic changes. The results of the milk quality analysis showed that the lactose levels were highest in H1 (p = 0.036). The total protein content in the serum increased with increasing parity (p = 0.013). Additionally, the lipase activity was found to be lowest in H1 (p = 0.022). There was no difference in the composition of the hydrolyzed amino acids in the milk among H1 to H4. However, the free amino acids histidine and glutamate in the serum were lowest in H1 and highest in H3 (p < 0.001), while glycine was higher in H4 (p = 0.031). The metabolomics analysis revealed that 53 and 118 differential metabolites were identified in the milk and serum, respectively. The differential metabolites in the cows' milk were classified into seven categories based on KEGG. Most of the differential metabolites in the cows' milk were found to be more abundant in H1, and these metabolites were enriched in two impact pathways. The differential metabolites in the serum could be classified into nine categories and enriched in six metabolic pathways. A total of six shared metabolites were identified in the serum and milk, among which cholesterol and citric acid were closely related to amino acid metabolism in the serum. These findings indicate a significant influence of blood metabolites on the energy and amino acid metabolism during the milk production process in the Holstein cows across 1-4 lactations, and that an in-depth understanding of the metabolic changes that occur in Holstein cows during different lactations is essential for precision farming, and that it is worthwhile to further investigate these key metabolites that have an impact through controlled experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agri-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution CON and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Z.L.); (A.J.); (X.L.); (Z.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aoyu Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agri-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution CON and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Z.L.); (A.J.); (X.L.); (Z.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaokang Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agri-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution CON and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Z.L.); (A.J.); (X.L.); (Z.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233100, China
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agri-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution CON and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Z.L.); (A.J.); (X.L.); (Z.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agri-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution CON and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Z.L.); (A.J.); (X.L.); (Z.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Eom JS, Lee SJ, Kim HS, Choi Y, Jo SU, Lee SS, Kim ET, Lee SS. Metabolic profiling of serum and urine in lactating dairy cows
affected by subclinical ketosis using proton nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:247-261. [PMID: 35530404 PMCID: PMC9039949 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ketosis is associated with high milk yield during lactating or insufficient feed
intake in lactating dairy cows. However, few studies have been conducted on the
metabolomics of ketosis in Korean lactating dairy cows. The present study aimed
to investigate the serum and urine metabolites profiling of lactating dairy cows
through proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and
comparing those between healthy (CON) and subclinical ketosis (SCK) groups. Six
lactating dairy cows were categorized into CON and SCK groups. All experimental
Holstein cows were fed total mixed ration. Serum and urine samples were
collected from the jugular vein of the neck and by hand sweeping the perineum,
respectively. The metabolites in the serum and urine were determined using
1H-NMR spectroscopy. Identification and quantification of
metabolites was performed by Chenomx NMR Suite 8.4 software. Metabolites
statistical analysis was performed by Metaboanalyst version 5.0 program. In the
serum, the acetoacetate level was significantly (p <
0.05) higher in the SCK group than in the CON group, and whereas acetate,
galactose and pyruvate levels tended to be higher. CON group had significantly
(p < 0.05) higher levels of 5-aminolevulinate and
betaine. Indole-3-acetate, theophylline, p-cresol, 3-hydroxymandelate,
gentisate, N-acetylglucosamine,
N-nitrosodimethylamine, xanthine and pyridoxine levels were
significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the urine of the SCK
group than that in the CON group, which had higher levels of homogentisate,
ribose, gluconate, ethylene glycol, maltose, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate and
glycocholate. Some significantly (p < 0.05) different
metabolites in the serum and urine were associated with ketosis diseases,
inflammation, energy balance and body weight. This study will be contributed
useful a future ketosis metabolomics studies in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sik Eom
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science,
Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Shin Ja Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science,
Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- University Centered Labs, Gyeongsang
National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Hyun Sang Kim
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science,
Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Youyoung Choi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21),
Gyeongsang National Universitiy, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Seong Uk Jo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21),
Gyeongsang National Universitiy, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Sang Suk Lee
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe
Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National
University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Eun Tae Kim
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute
of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan
31000, Korea
| | - Sung Sill Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science,
Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- University Centered Labs, Gyeongsang
National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21),
Gyeongsang National Universitiy, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Corresponding author: Sung Sill Lee, Division of
Applied Life Science (BK21) & Institute of Agriculture and Life Science,
Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea. Tel: +82-55-772-1883,
E-mail:
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Yang B, Zhang C, Cheng S, Li G, Griebel J, Neuhaus J. Novel Metabolic Signatures of Prostate Cancer Revealed by 1H-NMR Metabolomics of Urine. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:149. [PMID: 33498542 PMCID: PMC7909529 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common male cancers worldwide. Until now, there is no consensus about using urinary metabolomic profiling as novel biomarkers to identify PC. In this study, urine samples from 50 PC patients and 50 non-cancerous individuals (control group) were collected. Based on 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis, 20 metabolites were identified. Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-differential analysis (PLS-DA) and ortho-PLS-DA (OPLS-DA) were applied to find metabolites to distinguish PC from the control group. Furthermore, Wilcoxon test was used to find significant differences between the two groups in metabolite urine levels. Guanidinoacetate, phenylacetylglycine, and glycine were significantly increased in PC, while L-lactate and L-alanine were significantly decreased. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis revealed that the combination of guanidinoacetate, phenylacetylglycine, and glycine was able to accurately differentiate 77% of the PC patients with sensitivity = 80% and a specificity = 64%. In addition, those three metabolites showed significant differences in patients stratified for Gleason score 6 and Gleason score ≥7, indicating potential use to detect significant prostate cancer. Pathway enrichment analysis using the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and the SMPDB (The Small Molecule Pathway Database) revealed potential involvement of KEGG "Glycine, Serine, and Threonine metabolism" in PC. The present study highlights that guanidinoacetate, phenylacetylglycine, and glycine are potential candidate biomarkers of PC. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first study identifying guanidinoacetate, and phenylacetylglycine as potential novel biomarkers in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.Y.); (C.Z.)
- Department of Urology, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Sheng Cheng
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China;
| | - Gonghui Li
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China;
| | - Jan Griebel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Jochen Neuhaus
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.Y.); (C.Z.)
- Department of Urology, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China;
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Xu W, Vervoort J, Saccenti E, Kemp B, van Hoeij RJ, van Knegsel ATM. Relationship between energy balance and metabolic profiles in plasma and milk of dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4795-4805. [PMID: 32113768 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Negative energy balance in dairy cows in early lactation is related to alteration of metabolic status. However, the relationships among energy balance, metabolic profile in plasma, and metabolic profile in milk have not been reported. In this study our aims were: (1) to reveal the metabolic profiles of plasma and milk by integrating results from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with data from liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS); and (2) to investigate the relationship between energy balance and the metabolic profiles of plasma and milk. For this study 24 individual dairy cows (parity 2.5 ± 0.5; mean ± standard deviation) were studied in lactation wk 2. Body weight (mean ± standard deviation; 627.4 ± 56.4 kg) and milk yield (28.1 ± 6.7 kg/d; mean ± standard deviation) were monitored daily. Milk composition (fat, protein, and lactose) and net energy balance were calculated. Plasma and milk samples were collected and analyzed using LC-MS and NMR. From all plasma metabolites measured, 27 were correlated with energy balance. These plasma metabolites were related to body reserve mobilization from body fat, muscle, and bone; increased blood flow; and gluconeogenesis. From all milk metabolites measured, 30 were correlated with energy balance. These milk metabolites were related to cell apoptosis and cell proliferation. Nine metabolites detected in both plasma and milk were correlated with each other and with energy balance. These metabolites were mainly related to hyperketonemia; β-oxidation of fatty acids; and one-carbon metabolism. The metabolic profiles of plasma and milk provide an in-depth insight into the physiological pathways of dairy cows in negative energy balance in early lactation. In addition to the classical indicators for energy balance (e.g., β-hydroxybutyrate, acetone, and glucose), the current study presents some new metabolites (e.g., glycine in plasma and milk; kynurenine, panthothenate, or arginine in plasma) in lactating dairy cows that are related to energy balance and may be of interest as new indicators for energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Renny J van Hoeij
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ariette T M van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands..
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Basoglu A, Baspinar N, Tenori L, Licari C, Gulersoy E. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolome profile evaluation in dairy cows with and without displaced abomasum. Vet Q 2020; 40:1-15. [PMID: 31858882 PMCID: PMC6968509 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1707907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Displaced abomasum (DA) is a condition of dairy cows that severely impacts animal welfare and causes huge economic losses. Objective To assess the metabolic status of the disease using metabolomics in serum, urine and liver samples aimed at both water soluble and lipid soluble fractions. Methods Fifty Holstein multiparous cows with DA (42 left, 8 right) and 20 clinically healthy Holstein multiparous cows were used. Left DA was associated with concomitant ketosis in 19 animals and right in two. NMR-based metabolomics approach and hematological and biochemical analyses were performed. Statistical analysis was carried out on 1H-NMR data after they have been normalized using PQN method. Results Contrary to generated PCA score plots the OPLS-supervised method revealed differences between healthy animals and diseased ones based on serum water-soluble samples. While water and lipid soluble metabolites decreased in serum samples, fatty acid fractions and cholesterol were increased in liver samples in DA affected cows. The metabolomic and chemical profiles clearly revealed that cows with DA (especially with LDA) were at risk of ketosis and fatty liver. Serum hippuric acid concentration was significantly higher in healthy cows in comparison with LDA, whereas serum glycine concentration was reported higher for healthy when compared to RDA affected animals. Conclusion A biochemical network and pathway mapping revealed ‘valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis’ and ‘phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis’ as the most probable altered metabolic pathway in DA condition. Serum was advocated as the optimal biological matrix for the 1H-NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Basoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Nuri Baspinar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Leonardo Tenori
- Interuniversitary Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metalloproteins (C.I.R.M.M.P.), Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Cristina Licari
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Erdem Gulersoy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
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Sachse D, Bærug A, Sletner L, Birkeland KI, Nakstad B, Jenum AK, Berg JP. Urine NMR metabolomics analysis of breastfeeding biomarkers during and after pregnancy in a large prospective cohort study. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2014; 74:264-72. [PMID: 24621206 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2014.884240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern metabolomic profiling has not yet been applied to human breastfeeding research. A common reason for breastfeeding cessation is perceived insufficient milk production. We investigated broad biochemical profiles in maternal urine collected during and after pregnancy to identify biomarkers related to reduced reported breastfeeding. METHODS Fasting urine was collected at three consultations (visit V1: gestational week 8-20; V2: week 28 ± 2; V3: 10-16 weeks postpartum) in the STORK Groruddalen program, a prospective, multiethnic cohort study of gestational diabetes involving healthy, pregnant women in Oslo, Norway, and analyzed using NMR spectroscopy. Breastfeeding at V3 was recorded in three categories: Exclusively breastfeeding (n = 326), partially breastfeeding (n = 156) and formula feeding (n = 67). RESULTS Five metabolites were relevant to breastfeeding. Lactose was detected at V1 and increased to 0.1 mM/mM creatinine at V2. Postpartum excretion at V3 was significantly higher in exclusively breastfeeding women than partially or non-breastfeeding (median = 0.29, 0.23 and 0.04 mM/mM creatine, respectively; ANOVA p-value = 2e-70). Glycine excretion at V3 (0.12, 0.10 and 0.06, respectively; p = 2e-5) and at V2 were associated with breastfeeding (0.34, 0.33 and 0.26, respectively; p = 4e-5). Creatine and two unidentified substances also correlated with breastfeeding. NMR metabolomics found no other metabolites differing between categories during pregnancy (V1, V2), and did not predict individual breastfeeding postpartum (V3). CONCLUSION Decreased glycine excretion at V2 may indicate difficulties meeting the metabolic demands of the growing fetus, but urine profiles contained otherwise little indication of early adaptations during pregnancy towards reduced biological potential to breastfeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sachse
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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Klein MS, Almstetter MF, Nürnberger N, Sigl G, Gronwald W, Wiedemann S, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ. Correlations between milk and plasma levels of amino and carboxylic acids in dairy cows. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5223-32. [PMID: 23931703 DOI: 10.1021/pr4006537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the concentrations of 19 amino acids, glucose, and seven carboxylic acids in the blood and milk of dairy cows and their correlations with established markers of ketosis. To that end, blood plasma and milk specimens were collected throughout lactation in two breeds of dairy cows of different milk yield. Plasma concentrations of glucose, pyruvate, lactate, α-aminobutyrate, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and most amino acids, except for glutamate and aspartate, were on average 9.9-fold higher than their respective milk levels. In contrast, glutamate, aspartate, and the Krebs cycle intermediates succinate, fumarate, malate, and citrate were on average 9.1-fold higher in milk than in plasma. For most metabolites, with the exception of BHBA and threonine, no significant correlations were observed between their levels in plasma and milk. Additionally, milk levels of acetone showed significant direct relationships with the glycine-to-alanine ratio and the BHBA concentration in plasma. The marked decline in plasma concentrations of glucose, pyruvate, lactate, and alanine in cows with plasma BHBA levels above the diagnostic cutoff point for subclinical ketosis suggests that these animals fail to meet their glucose demand and, as a consequence, rely increasingly on ketone bodies as a source of energy. The concomitant increase in plasma glycine may reflect not only the excessive depletion of protein reserves but also a potential deficiency of vitamin B6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Klein
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
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