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Markkanen E. Know Thy Model: Charting Molecular Homology in Stromal Reprogramming Between Canine and Human Mammary Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:348. [PMID: 31921858 PMCID: PMC6927989 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous canine simple mammary tumors (CMTs) are often viewed as models of human breast cancer. Cancer-associated stroma (CAS) is central for initiation and progression of human cancer, and is likely to play a key role in canine tumors as well. Until recently, however, canine CAS in general, and in CMT in particular, lacked detailed characterization and it remained unclear how canine and human CAS compare. This void in knowledge regarding canine CAS and the resulting lack of unbiased cross-species analysis of molecular homologies and differences undermined the validity of the canine model for human disease. To assess stromal reprogramming in canine breast tumors, we have recently established a protocol to specifically isolate and analyze CAS and matched normal stroma from archival, formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) clinical tumor samples using laser-capture microdissection followed by next-generation RNA-sequencing. Using this approach, we have analyzed stromal reprogramming in both malignant canine mammary carcinomas (mCAs) as well as benign canine mammary adenomas in a series of studies. Our results demonstrate strong stromal reprogramming in CMTs and identify high-grade molecular homology between human and canine CAS. Here, I aim to give a short background on the value of comparative oncology in general, and spontaneous CMT in particular. This will be followed by a concise review of the current knowledge of stromal reprogramming in both malignant canine mCA and benign adenoma. Finally, I will conclude with insights on highly conserved aspects of stromal reprogramming between CMT and human breast cancer that accentuate the relevance of CAS in CMT as a model for the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enni Markkanen
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Mandara M, Reginato A, Foiani G, De Luca S, Guelfi G. Gene Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and their Inhibitors (TIMPs) in Meningiomas of Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1816-1821. [PMID: 28875568 PMCID: PMC5697205 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are considered to be key mediators of tumor invasion and metastasis. MMP-2 and MMP-9 are expressed in meningiomas of dogs, but TIMP expression, and variations of specific MMP/TIMP ratios still are unknown in this tumor. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Expression of MMP/TIMP might increase progressively from grade I to grade III meningioma. Therefore, genetic expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and specific TIMP-2 and TIMP-1, respectively, has been investigated in meningiomas of different grades. ANIMALS Selected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from 43 meningiomas of dogs was evaluated. METHODS Genetic material was obtained from pathologic samples and used for quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS MMP-9 was not expressed in all of the tumors, but MMP-2 was significantly more expressed in papillary meningioma. Likewise, the MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio was numerically higher in papillary meningiomas compared to all grades (>3.5 times) showing a strong bias in favor of metalloproteinase. In the papillary meningioma, TIMP-1 gene expression was significantly higher than in grades I and III. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE MMP-2/TIMP-2 imbalance might contribute to the aggressive biologic behavior of papillary meningiomas in dogs. TIMP-1 expression may play a role independent of MMP-9 expression in neoplastic progression. These results further support that therapeutic and prognostic evaluations of dogs with meningioma need to be addressed according to different histologic patterns as is performed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.T. Mandara
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - A. Reginato
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - G. Foiani
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - S. De Luca
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - G. Guelfi
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
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Pulz LH, Strefezzi RF. Proteases as prognostic markers in human and canine cancers. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:669-683. [PMID: 27136601 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of several types of proteins, which interact and form dynamic networks. These components can modulate cell behaviour and actively influence the growth and differentiation of tissues. ECM is also important in several pathological processes, such as cancer invasion and metastasis, by creating favourable microenvironments. Proteolysis in neoplastic tissues is mediated by proteinases, whose regulation involves complex interactions between neoplastic cells and non-neoplastic stromal cells. In this review, we discuss aspects of proteinase expression and tumor behaviour in humans and dogs. Different classes of proteases are summarized, with special emphasis being placed on molecules that have been shown to correlate with prognosis, reinforcing the need for a better understanding of the regulation of this microenvironment and its influences in tumor progression and metastasis, which should significantly aid the development of improved prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Pulz
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - R F Strefezzi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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Santos A, Matos A. Advances in the understanding of the clinically relevant genetic pathways and molecular aspects of canine mammary tumours. Part 2: Invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and therapy. Vet J 2015; 205:144-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Hosseini E, Pedram B, Bahrami AM, Touni SR, Malayeri HZ, Mokarizadeh A, Pourzaer M, Pourzaer M, Zehtabian S, Mohajer S, Ahmadi S. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Diagnostic procedures for improving of the KIT (CD117) expressed allele burden for the liver metastases from uterus mast cell tumors: prognostic value of the metastatic pattern and tumor biology. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:929-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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6
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LI XIA, HE CAN, WU WANGYANG, HUANG HUAN, LI WEIZU, YIN YANYAN. Anti-fibrotic effects of Acremoniumterricola milleretal mycelium on immunological hepatic fibrosis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3327-33. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Sunil Kumar B, Yadav PK, Aswani Kumar K, Ratta B, Saxena M, Sharma B, Kataria M. Molecular cloning and characterisation of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 gene from canine mammary tumour. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2013.782868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Giantin M, Aresu L, Benali S, Aricò A, Morello E, Martano M, Vascellari M, Castagnaro M, Lopparelli R, Zancanella V, Granato A, Mutinelli F, Dacasto M. Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases, Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Canine Mast Cell Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:419-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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9
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Santos AA, Lopes CC, Marques RM, Amorim IF, Gärtner MF, de Matos AJF. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in mammary gland tumors in dogs and its relationship with prognostic factors and patient outcome. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:689-97. [PMID: 22533401 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.5.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To immunohistochemically evaluate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression in benign and malignant mammary gland tumors (MMTs) in dogs and relate expression to prognostic factors and patient outcome. ANIMALS 118 female dogs with naturally occurring mammary gland tumors and 8 dogs without mammary gland tumors. PROCEDURES 24 benign mammary gland tumors and 94 MMTs (1/affected dog) were obtained during surgical treatment; control mammary gland tissue samples were collected from unaffected dogs after euthanasia for reasons unrelated to the study. Tumors were evaluated for proliferation, invasive growth, histologic grade, and metastatic capacity; expression of MMP-9 was determined immunohistochemically, and its relationship with clinical and histologic findings was investigated. For dogs with MMTs, follow-up continued for 2 years; data were used to compute overall survival time and disease-free interval and construct survival curves. RESULTS MMTs had significantly higher MMP-9 expression in stromal cells and in neo-plastic cells than did the benign neoplasms. Stromal MMP-9 expression was also higher in highly proliferative tumors and in tumors with invasive growth, high histologic grade, and metastatic capacity. Furthermore, tumors from patients with shorter overall survival times and disease-free intervals had higher expression of MMP-9 in stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In dogs with MMTs, level of MMP-9 expression by stromal cells was related to factors of poor prognosis and shorter overall survival times and disease-free intervals. These results suggested that MMP-9 produced by tumor-adjacent stromal cells contributed to MMT progression in female dogs and that assessment of MMP-9 expression may be a valuable prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia A Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Bauer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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11
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Akkoc A, Inan S, Sonmez G. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and steroid receptor expressions in feline mammary tumors. Biotech Histochem 2012; 87:312-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2011.652173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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12
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Docampo MJ, Cabrera J, Rabanal RM, Bassols A. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase in melanocytic tumors of dogs and canine melanoma cell lines. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1087-96. [PMID: 21801067 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.8.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 and membrane-type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP) in melanocytomas and malignant melanomas of dogs, analyze in vitro production of MMPs by canine melanoma cell lines and primary dermal fibroblasts, and investigate mutual communication between tumor cells and fibroblasts and the influence of collagen on MMP regulation. SAMPLE 35 biopsy specimens from melanocytic tumors and primary dermal fibroblasts of dogs and 3 canine melanoma cell lines (CML-1, CML-10c2, and CML-6M). PROCEDURES MMP-2, MMP-9, and MT1-MMP were detected in tumor samples by use of immunohistochemical analysis. In vitro production was analyzed via reverse transcriptase-PCR assay, immunocytochemical analysis, zymography, and immunoblotting. RESULTS MMP-9 was overexpressed in malignant melanomas, compared with expression in melanocytomas, whereas no significant differences in MMP-2 and MT1-MMP immunostaining were detected. Stromal cells also often had positive staining results. In vitro, all 3 melanoma cell lines and dermal fibroblasts had evidence of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP, but only melanoma cells had evidence of MMP-9. Coculture of CML-1 or CML-10c2 cells and dermal fibroblasts induced an increase in expression of the active form of MMP-2. Culture of melanoma cells on type I collagen increased the activation state of MT1-MMP. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE MMP-9 expression was increased in malignant melanomas of dogs. Stromal cells were a source for MMPs. Stromal cells, in combination with matrix components such as type I collagen, can interact with tumor cells to regulate MMP production. Information about MMP production and regulation could help in the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Docampo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Lamp O, Honscha KU, Schweizer S, Heckmann A, Blaschzik S, Einspanier A. The metastatic potential of canine mammary tumours can be assessed by mRNA expression analysis of connective tissue modulators. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 11:70-85. [PMID: 22235833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metastases are the crucial factor for the prognosis of canine mammary tumours (CMTs). In women, the peptide hormone relaxin is linked with metastatic breast cancer. Therefore, the impact of relaxin and its receptors on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, metastatic disease and survival was analysed using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry of CMT samples from 59 bitches. The expression of relaxin and its receptor RXFP1 (relaxin family peptide receptor 1) was discovered on gene and protein levels. Intratumoural relaxin mRNA expression and relaxin plasma levels had no prognostic value. High mRNA levels RXFP1 were an independent marker of metastatic potential, with a more than 15-fold risk increase, and a predictor for shorter survival. Also, MMP-2 expression was associated with early death because of CMT. The mRNA expressions of relaxin, RXFP1 and MMP-2 were positively correlated indicating a common pathogenetic linkage. Thus, RXFP1 is proposed as a new early marker of metastatic potential in CMT and a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lamp
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Aresu L, Giantin M, Morello E, Vascellari M, Castagnaro M, Lopparelli R, Zancanella V, Granato A, Garbisa S, Aricò A, Bradaschia A, Mutinelli F, Dacasto M. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in canine mammary tumors. BMC Vet Res 2011; 7:33. [PMID: 21726449 PMCID: PMC3141405 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant canine mammary tumors represent 50% of all neoplasms in female dogs. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are thought to be involved in tumor progression, and they are also associated with the reactive stroma, which provides structural and vascular support for tumor growth. Results MMP-2, MMP-9 and MT1-MMP were expressed at both the mRNA and protein levels in tumor samples. MMP-2 and MMP-9 immunohistochemical reactions were evident both in the epithelial tumor cells and in the stromal compartment to varying degrees; in particular, the intensity of the MMP-2 staining was stronger in the stromal fibroblasts close to epithelial tumor cells in simple carcinomas than in adenomas. These data were supported by gelatin-zymography; bands for the active form of MMP-2 were found in 94% of carcinoma samples, compared with 17% of benign tumor samples. The gene expression and immunohistochemical results for MT1-MMP were comparable to those for MMP-2. The immunoreactivity for MMP-13 and TIMP-2 was lower in carcinomas than in adenomas, confirming the mRNA data for MMP-13 and the other MMP inhibitors that were evaluated. The active form of MMP-9, but not the active form of MMP-2, was identified in the plasma of all of the tested dogs. Conclusions Our findings suggest that MMP-9, MMP-2 and MT1-MMP, which are synthesized by epithelial cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts, play an important role in malignant canine mammary tumors. The reduction of MMP-13 and TIMP-2 could also be a significant step in malignant transformation. MMP-2 and MT1-MMP could be further evaluated as future biomarkers for predicting the progression and prognosis of canine mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Aresu
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata e Igiene Veterinaria, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Density of Gr1-positive myeloid precursor cells, p-STAT3 expression and gene expression pattern in canine mammary cancer metastasis. Vet Res Commun 2011; 35:409-23. [PMID: 21713436 PMCID: PMC3165193 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-011-9489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The very recent studies on human and mice models have indicated an important role of myeloid precursor cells (progenitors or not fully differentiated cells that express the Gr1 antigen also called Gr1-positive myeloid suppressor cells) in the tumor progression and metastasis. They are thought to suppress the immune system and promote angiogenesis via Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation. As of now there is no data available on the correlation of Gr1-positive cell number, phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) expression and cancer ability to metastasis. Thus, we counted the myeloid precursor cell number and analyzed p-STAT3 expression in 50 canine mammary tumors that gave local/distant metastases and did not metastasize. We showed that the number of Gr1-positive cells and p-STAT3 expression are significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the metastatic tumors than in the non-metastatic ones. We also observed higher expression of p-STAT3 in the canine mammary cancer cell lines with metastatic potential than in other cell lines (p < 0.001). Moreover, the number of myeloid precursors and p-STAT3 expression in metastatic tumors correlate strongly. The tumor infiltrating myeloid precursor cells may invigorate the STAT3 activity (probably via vascular endothelial growth factor – VEGF) that contributes to the tumor angiogenesis and furthermore tumor`s ability to metastasize. The analysis of gene expression in canine mammary cancer cell lines with metastatic potential indicated that semaphorin 3B (SEMA3B) and neuropilin receptors (NRP) may also be important elements in this process. Thus, we discuss the possible interactions within the tumor that may be required for cancer metastatis.
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Santos A, Lopes C, Frias C, Amorim I, Vicente C, Gärtner F, Matos AD. Immunohistochemical evaluation of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in canine mammary tumours: a survival study. Vet J 2011; 190:396-402. [PMID: 21269852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) are a very heterogeneous group of neoplasms with variable prognosis. Their aggressiveness is mainly due to their ability to invade locally and to metastasize. The degradation of extracellular matrix components is an important determinant of the invasive phenotype. The aims of this study were to analyse by immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence the expression of metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) in eight normal canine mammary glands and 118 CMTs (24 benign, 94 malignant) and to investigate relationships with metastatic disease and survival. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression was higher in malignant tumours than in normal canine mammary tissue and benign tumours. The main difference between benign and malignant CMTs was the pattern of expression of both molecules: benign tumours presented TIMP-2 and MMP-2 immunoreactivity in the myoepithelial cells lining the basement membrane of tubuloalveolar structures, while malignant tumours showed mainly diffuse expression in neoplastic cells. In malignant tumours, increased TIMP-2 expression was significantly associated with the development of distant metastases, lower overall survival and lower disease-free survival. MMP-2 expression was not significantly associated to any of these parameters. These results suggest that the immunohistochemical expression of TIMP-2 is a useful prognostic factor in CMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
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Sayama A, Soushin T, Okada T, Doi K, Nakayama H. Morphological and Biochemical Changes During Aging and Photoaging of the Skin of C57BL/6J Mice. J Toxicol Pathol 2010; 23:133-9. [PMID: 22272024 PMCID: PMC3234618 DOI: 10.1293/tox.23.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The differences between the dorsal skin of 11- and 16-week-old C57BL/6J mice were
examined morphologically and biochemically. The dermis of the 16-week-old mice
was thinner than that of the 11-week-old mice due to decreases in the amounts of
soluble collagen and elastin. Next, the changes in dorsal skin exposed to UVA
irradiation for 8 weeks (576 J/cm2) were examined in 3 (younger)- and 8
(older)-week-old C57BL/6J mice. The thickness of the dermis was not
significantly different between the UVA-irradiated and control mice in either
the younger or older group. The increase in the amount of collagen was related
to the increase in the level of soluble collagen in the younger mice. In
contrast, it was related to the increase in the level of insoluble collagen in
the older mice. In the UVA-irradiated older mice, the activity of the latent
form of MMP-13 was significantly higher than that in the control mice. These
results suggest that aging and UVA-induced photoaging in the skin are
histologically and biochemically different phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Sayama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Changes in TIMP-1 and -2 expression in the early stage of porcine serum-induced liver fibrosis in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 63:357-61. [PMID: 20226641 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), especially TIMP-1 and -2, play a key role in the progression of hepatic fibrosis. In the present study, we examined the changes in TIMP-1 and -2 expressions in the early stage of porcine serum (PS)-induced liver fibrosis in Brown Norway (BN) and Wistar rats. The rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml/head of PS twice a week for up to 8 weeks and examined at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. Hepatic fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration developed at 4 and 8 weeks in BN and Wistar rats, respectively, and formation of pseudolobules was detected at 8 weeks in rats of both strains. The expression of liver TIMP-1 and -2 mRNAs significantly increased at 8 weeks in rats of both strains. At the same time, TIMP-1 and -2 activities were also detected in the liver of both strains. On the other hand, the expression of serum TIMP-1 and -2 proteins increased earlier (at 4 weeks for TIMP-1 and at 2 or 4 weeks for TIMP-2) than that of liver TIMP-1 and -2 mRNAs did. Although there are some reports suggestive of why the elevation of serum TIMP-1 and -2 proteins preceded that of liver TIMP-1 and -2 mRNAs, the exact reason is still obscure. In conclusion, the present study showed for the first time the mode of TIMP-1 and -2 expression and activity in the early stage of PS-induced rat liver fibrosis model.
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Lamp O, Honscha KU, Jakob J, Lamp J, Schweizer S, Reischauer A, Gottschalk J, Hahn A, Ebert M, Rothemund S, Blaschzik S, Einspanier A. Investigation of the Local Expression of the Relaxin System in Canine Mammary Tumours. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 44 Suppl 2:224-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Miyagi M, Aoyagi K, Kato S, Shirouzu K. The TIMP-1 gene transferred through adenovirus mediation shows a suppressive effect on peritoneal metastases from gastric cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2007; 12:17-24. [PMID: 17380436 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-006-0616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has become clear in recent years that peritoneal metastasis takes place as the result of a multistep process involving attachment, invasion, proliferation, and angiogenesis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the suppressive effect of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) gene transfer on peritoneal dissemination. METHODS We established a high-potential peritoneal metastasis cell line (MKN-45P), using the gastric cancer cell line MKN-45, and developed a peritoneal metastasis model in nude mice. The TIMP-1 gene was transferred to MKN-45 or MKN-45P by adenoviral transfection, and we performed an in vitro invasion assay and an in vivo study, using the peritoneal metastasis model. The TIMP-1 transfected group was compared with a non-virus group and a Lac-Z transfected group. RESULTS The in vitro invasion assay showed that the number of invasive cells was significantly reduced in the TIMP-1 transfected group compared with that in the non-virus group and the Lac-Z transfected group, Moreover, the in vivo studies showed that the number and the weight of the peritoneal nodes in the TIMP-1 transfected group were significantly less than those in the Lac-Z transfected group, and less than those in the non-viral group. No bloody ascites was recognized in the TIMP-1 transfected group. The mean number of tumor vessels in the non-virus group and the Lac-Z group was significantly higher than that in the TIMP-1 group. CONCLUSION TIMP-1 demonstrated an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis, and may be worthwhile investigating for use as a future therapy for peritoneal dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoshi Miyagi
- Department of Surgery, Kurume University, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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