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Kabir MHB, Kato K. Comprehensive molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium species in Japan. Parasitol Int 2024; 102:102909. [PMID: 38945736 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium species, causing diarrheal illnesses in humans and animals worldwide, are under investigation for their molecular epidemiology in Japan. The study focuses on detecting Cryptosporidium species in humans, animals, water, and the environment, revealing three species in people: C. parvum, C. meleagridis, and C. hominis. Subtype IIa of the C. parvum gp60 gene is prevalent, indicating potential zoonotic transmission. Animal studies identified sixteen species, mainly cattle and pets, with C. parvum (subtype IIa) common in cattle and C. canis and C. felis prevalent in pets. Additionally, C. bovis and C. ryanae were found in cattle and sika deer. Knowledge gaps exist, particularly in water and environmental source typing, with limited research revealing five species and five genotypes, suggesting a significant role of water in transmission. Further research is needed to understand the molecular diversity and transmission dynamics across humans, animals, water, and the environment in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hazzaz Bin Kabir
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi, Japan.
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Egan S, Barbosa AD, Feng Y, Xiao L, Ryan U. Rabbits as reservoirs: An updated perspective of the zoonotic risk from Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110151. [PMID: 38422710 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Rabbits are highly abundant in many countries and can serve as reservoirs of diseases for a diversity of pathogens including the enteric protozoan parasites, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Both parasites shed environmentally robust environmental stages (oo/cysts) and have been responsible for numerous waterborne outbreaks of diseases. Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum are responsible for most infections in humans, while Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B, cause most human cases of giardiasis. Cryptosporidium cuniculus, the dominant species infecting rabbits, is the only spceies other than C. hominis and C. parvum to have caused a waterborne outbreak of gastritis, which occurred in the United Kingdom in 2008. This review examines the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in rabbits to better understand the public health risks of contamination of water sources with Cryptosporidium and Giardia oo/cysts from rabbits. Despite the abundance of C. cuniculus in rabbits, reports in humans are relatively rare, with the exception of the United Kingdom and New Zealand, and reports of C. cuniculus in humans from the United Kingdom have declined substantially since the 2008 outbreak. Subtyping of C. cuniculus has supported the potential for zoonotic transmission. Relatively few studies have been conducted on Giardia, but assemblage B dominates. However, improved typing methods are required to better understand the transmission dynamics of Giardia assemblages in rabbits. Similarly, it is not well understood if pet rabbits or contaminated water are the main source of C. cuniculus infections in humans. Well-planned studies using high-resolution typing tools are required to understand the transmission dynamics better and quantify the public health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhon Egan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Amanda D Barbosa
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Baz-González E, Martín-Carrillo N, García-Livia K, Foronda P. Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium cuniculus in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020091. [PMID: 35202344 PMCID: PMC8877424 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium cuniculus is a zoonotic parasite responsible for cryptosporidiosis cases and outbreaks in both humans and rabbits. Since there are no molecular Cryptosporidium spp. infection data in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from Spain, our aim was to gather information about this parasite in wild European rabbits from Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain). A total of 100 faecal samples were collected from rabbits from eight municipalities of Tenerife. Microscopic analysis showed that 4.0% of the samples presented structures compatible with Cryptosporidium oocyst. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene fragments was carried out, and sequencing confirmed the identity of C. cuniculus in one sample (1.0%). The sample was successfully subtyped using nested PCR analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene as the subtype VbA26R3. This study confirms the presence of C. cuniculus in wild rabbits from Tenerife, providing new information on the occurrence of this zoonotic parasite. Further studies are required to better understand the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild rabbits in Spain and their possible public health repercussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Baz-González
- Department Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (E.B.-G.); (N.M.-C.); (K.G.-L.)
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Natalia Martín-Carrillo
- Department Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (E.B.-G.); (N.M.-C.); (K.G.-L.)
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Katherine García-Livia
- Department Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (E.B.-G.); (N.M.-C.); (K.G.-L.)
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Pilar Foronda
- Department Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (E.B.-G.); (N.M.-C.); (K.G.-L.)
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium cuniculus from Rabbits in Egypt. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060775. [PMID: 34203099 PMCID: PMC8235062 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbits are increasingly farmed in Egypt for meat. They are, however, known reservoirs of infectious pathogens. Currently, no information is available on the genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in rabbits in Egypt. To understand the prevalence and genetic identity of Cryptosporidium spp. in these animals, 235 fecal samples were collected from rabbits of different ages on nine farms in El-Dakahlia, El-Gharbia, and Damietta Provinces, Egypt during the period from July 2015 to April 2016. PCR-RFLP analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene was used to detect and genotype Cryptosporidium spp. The overall detection rate was 11.9% (28/235). All 28 samples were identified as Cryptosporidium cuniculus. The 16 samples successfully subtyped by the sequence analysis of the partial 60 kDa glycoprotein gene belonged to two subtypes, VbA19 (n = 1) and VbA33 (n = 15). As C. cuniculus is increasingly recognized as a cause of human cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium spp. in rabbits from Egypt have zoonotic potential.
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El-Alfy ES, Nishikawa Y. Cryptosporidium species and cryptosporidiosis in Japan: a literature review and insights into the role played by animals in its transmission. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1051-1067. [PMID: 32536636 PMCID: PMC7468066 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium species infect domestic animals, livestock, and humans.
These protozoan parasites are frequently reported as major environmental contaminants in
many countries despite their differing climatic, socioeconomic, and demographic factors.
This review focuses on the research findings that relate to
Cryptosporidium epidemiology, genetic diversity, and associated risk
factors relating to animals, contaminated water sources, and humans in Japan. Adequate
knowledge of these factors is essential for understanding the economic and public health
importance of cryptosporidiosis in Japan so that effective control strategies against it
are implemented. Cryptosporidium infections are highly prevalent in
animals in Japan. Among the different animal species, cattle infections stand out because
of their economic importance and zoonotic potential. Living circumstances in Japan
restrain Cryptosporidium transmission between humans, but there is
evidence to suggest that animals, especially those in close contact with humans, can be
potential sources of human infections. Water sampling studies have provided clues about
how environmental contamination with Cryptosporidium oocysts can cause
infections in livestock and wild animals. There is some evidence of person-to-person
transmission of cryptosporidiosis, but only occasionally and under certain circumstances.
By identifying the major role played by animals in Cryptosporidium
transmission to people in Japan, we highlight the urgent need for disease control against
this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Sayed El-Alfy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Zhang X, Qi M, Jing B, Yu F, Wu Y, Chang Y, Zhao A, Wei Z, Dong H, Zhang L. Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Rabbits in Xinjiang, China. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 65:854-859. [PMID: 29710421 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A total of 321 rabbit fecal samples were collected from 10 farms in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in the samples was 3.4% (11/321), 1.9% (6/321), and 2.8% (9/321), respectively. Small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequence analysis identified all 11 Cryptosporidium-positive samples as C. cuniculus. Further subtyping based on the 60-kDaglycoprotein locus (gp60) identified five of the C. cuniculus isolates as subtype VbA24. G. duodenalis genotypes were determined by multilocus sequence typing of the SSU rRNA, triosephosphate isomerase, β-giardin and glutamate dehydrogenase loci, which confirmed that six G. duodenalis isolates belonged to subtype BIV of assemblage B. Analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, showed that five, three, and one E. bieneusi isolates belonged to genotypes J, BEB8, and Type IV, respectively. These results suggest that Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi isolates from rabbits in China have zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No.1487 Tarim Road, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No.1487 Tarim Road, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yayun Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yankai Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Aiyun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No.1487 Tarim Road, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Zilin Wei
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No.1487 Tarim Road, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Haiju Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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Yang Z, Zhao W, Shen Y, Zhang W, Shi Y, Ren G, Yang D, Ling H, Yang F, Liu A, Cao J. Subtyping of Cryptosporidium cuniculus and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in rabbits in two farms in Heilongjiang Province, China. Parasite 2016; 23:52. [PMID: 27882867 PMCID: PMC5134669 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2016063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are two prevalent opportunistic pathogens in humans and animals. Currently, few data are available on genetic characterization of both pathogens in rabbits in China. The aim of the present study was to understand prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi in rabbits. We collected 215 fecal samples from 150 Rex rabbits and 65 New Zealand White rabbits on two different farms in Heilongjiang Province, China. Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing the partial small subunit of ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA, respectively. Cryptosporidium was detected in 3.3% (5/150) of Rex rabbits and 29.2% (19/65) of New Zealand White rabbits. All the 24 Cryptosporidium isolates were identified as C. cuniculus. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was only found in 14.7% (22/150) of Rex rabbits. Five known genotypes: CHN-RD1 (n = 12), D (n = 3), Type IV (n = 2), Peru6 (n = 1), and I (n = 1), and three novel ones CHN-RR1 to CHN-RR3 (one each) were detected. By analyzing the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene sequences of C. cuniculus isolates, three subtypes were obtained: VbA28 (n = 2), VbA29 (n = 16), and VbA32 (n = 3). All these three C. cuniculus subtypes were reported previously in humans. Four known E. bieneusi genotypes have been found to be present in humans. The three novel ones fell into zoonotic group 1. The results suggest zoonotic potential of C. cuniculus and E. bieneusi isolates in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Yang
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Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University Harbin Heilongjiang
150081 China
| | - Wei Zhao
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Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University Harbin Heilongjiang
150081 China
| | - Yujuan Shen
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National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis Shanghai
200025 China
| | - Weizhe Zhang
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Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University Harbin Heilongjiang
150081 China
| | - Ying Shi
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Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University Harbin Heilongjiang
150081 China
| | - Guangxu Ren
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Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University Harbin Heilongjiang
150081 China
| | - Di Yang
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Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University Harbin Heilongjiang
150081 China
| | - Hong Ling
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Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University Harbin Heilongjiang
150081 China
| | - Fengkun Yang
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Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University Harbin Heilongjiang
150081 China
| | - Aiqin Liu
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Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University Harbin Heilongjiang
150081 China
| | - Jianping Cao
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National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis Shanghai
200025 China
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Heker M, Nakamura A, Meireles M. Caracterização molecular de Cryptosporidium spp. em criações comerciais brasileiras de coelhos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A criptosporidiose é uma importante zoonose que pode ser transmitida por meio de alimentos, água de bebida e por contato com animais e pessoas infectadas. Além disso, trata-se de uma enfermidade clínica ou subclínica frequente em diversas espécies de animais, incluindo coelhos domésticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp., realizar sua classificação molecular e relacionar a presença do parasito às diferentes fases de criação em 21 criações comerciais de coelhos, localizadas nos estados de Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pernambuco, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo. Quinhentas e catorze amostras de fezes foram colhidas e armazenadas em solução de dicromato de potássio 5%. Os oocistos foram purificados por centrífugo-flutuação em solução de Sheather e visualizados por microscopia, utilizando-se a coloração negativa com verde malaquita. Cinquenta e cinco amostras foram submetidas à reação em cadeia pela polimerase (nested PCR) e ao sequenciamento de fragmentos amplificados, referentes aos genes da subunidade 18S do rRNA e da glicloproteína GP60, visando à caracterização molecular de Cryptosporidium spp. Oito amostras foram positivas para Cryptosporidium spp. pela microscopia (1,56%; 8/514) e sete foram positivas pela nested PCR (12,73%; 7/55). Pela análise molecular, foi possível identificar Cryptosporidium cuniculus (18S rRNA) e C. cuniculus subtipo VbA21 (gp60) em coelhos jovens e em matrizes.
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Nowland MH, Brammer DW, Garcia A, Rush HG. Biology and Diseases of Rabbits. LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7150064 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Beginning in 1931, an inbred rabbit colony was developed at the Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis at the University of Pennsylvania. This colony was used to study natural resistance to infection with tuberculosis (Robertson et al., 1966). Other inbred colonies or well-defined breeding colonies were also developed at the University of Illinois College of Medicine Center for Genetics, the Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation, the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and Jackson Laboratories. These colonies were moved or closed in the years to follow. Since 1973, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has reported the total number of certain species of animals used by registered research facilities (1997). In 1973, 447,570 rabbits were used in research. There has been an overall decrease in numbers of rabbits used. This decreasing trend started in the mid-1990s. In 2010, 210,172 rabbits were used in research. Despite the overall drop in the number used in research, the rabbit is still a valuable model and tool for many disciplines.
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An outbreak of massive mortality among farm rabbits associated with Cryptosporidium infection. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:85-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liu X, Zhou X, Zhong Z, Chen W, Deng J, Niu L, Wang Q, Peng G. New subtype of Cryptosporidium cuniculus isolated from rabbits by sequencing the Gp60 gene. J Parasitol 2014; 100:532-6. [PMID: 24628387 DOI: 10.1645/13-223.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the paucity of literature available on rabbits infected with Cryptosporidium in Sichuan Province (China), 290 fecal samples were collected from rabbits in the animal house of Sichuan Agricultural University, China and examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts using the Sheather's sucrose flotation technique and a modified acid-fast staining method. Three samples tested positive (prevalence = 1.03%). The positive isolates were genotyped by sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA, HSP70, COWP, and Cp135 genes and characterized by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the 18S rRNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis was established using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. All the isolates were identified as Cryptosporidium cuniculus. Further subtyping of the positive isolates was performed by DNA sequencing of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Only 1 subtype family was detected, Va, which was proposed to be a new subtype, VaA31. This study is the first report about the prevalence, genetic identification, and Cp135 gene of C. cuniculus in rabbits in Sichuan Province, China. The obtained results indicate that the C. cuniculus subtype in rabbits in Sichuan Province is unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
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Zhang W, Shen Y, Wang R, Liu A, Ling H, Li Y, Cao J, Zhang X, Shu J, Zhang L. Cryptosporidium cuniculus and Giardia duodenalis in rabbits: genetic diversity and possible zoonotic transmission. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31262. [PMID: 22363600 PMCID: PMC3281947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium and Giardia are the two important zoonotic pathogens causing diarrhea of humans and animals worldwide. Considering the human cryptosporidiosis outbreak and sporadic cases caused by C. cuniculus, the important public health significance of G. duodenalis and little obtained information regarding rabbit infected with Cryptosporidium and Giardia in China, the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and molecularly characterize Cryptosporidium and Giardia in rabbits in Heilongjiang Province, China. Methodology/Principal Findings 378 fecal samples were obtained from rabbits in Heilongjiang Province. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were detected using Sheather's sugar flotation technique and Lugol's iodine stain method, respectively. The infection rates of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were 2.38% (9/378) and 7.41% (28/378), respectively. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. was done by DNA sequencing of the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene and all the nine isolates were identified as Cryptosporidium cuniculus. The nine isolates were further subtyped using the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene and two subtypes were detected, including VbA32 (n = 3) and a new subtype VbA21 (n = 6). G. duodenalis genotypes and subtypes were identified by sequence analysis of the triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) gene. The assemblage B (belonging to eight different subtypes B-I to B-VIII) was found in 28 G. duodenalis-positive samples. Conclusions/Significance The rabbits have been infected with Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Heilongjiang Province. The results show that the rabbits pose a threat to human health in the studied areas. Genotypes and subgenotypes of C. cuniculus and G. duodenalis in this study might present the endemic genetic characterization of population structure of the two parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, World Health Organization, Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail: (AL); (LZ)
| | - Hong Ling
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yihong Li
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, World Health Organization, Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Shu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, World Health Organization, Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail: (AL); (LZ)
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13
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Robinson G, Chalmers RM. The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), a source of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 57:e1-13. [PMID: 20042061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. have been found in the faeces of over 150 mammalian host species, but the risks to public health from wildlife are poorly understood. In summer 2008, the Cryptosporidium sp. rabbit genotype was identified as the aetiological agent in an outbreak of waterborne human cryptosporidiosis. The source was a wild rabbit that had entered a treated water tank. To establish current knowledge about Cryptosporidium spp. infecting lagomorphs, especially the host range and biological characteristics of the rabbit genotype, and the potential risks to public health that rabbits may pose in the transmission of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis, we undertook a literature and data review. The literature returned demonstrates that although the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has been the most widely studied lagomorph, few large scale studies were found. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild rabbit populations in the two large scale studies was 0.9% (95%CI 0.2-5.0) and 0.0% (95%CI 0.0-1.6). Neither study provided age nor sex profiles nor typing of Cryptosporidium isolates. The infecting Cryptosporidium species was confirmed in just four other studies of rabbits, all of which showed the rabbit genotype. Human-infectious Cryptosporidium species including Cryptosporidium parvum have caused experimental infections in rabbits and it is likely that this may also occur naturally. No published studies of the host range and biological features of the Cryptosporidium rabbit genotype were identified, but information was generated on the identification and differentiation of the rabbit genotype at various genetic loci. Both pet and wild rabbits are a potential source of human cryptosporidiosis and as such, good hygiene practices are recommended during and after handling rabbits or exposure to their faeces, or potentially contaminated surfaces. Water supplies should be protected against access by wildlife, including rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Robinson
- UK Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, NPHS Microbiology Swansea, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK
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14
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Prevalence, genetic characteristics, and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium species causing infections in farm rabbits in China. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3263-6. [PMID: 20610678 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00819-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the prevalence and public health significance of rabbit cryptosporidiosis, a total of 1,081 fecal specimens were collected between October 2007 and April 2008 from rabbits on eight farms in five different areas in Henan Province, China, and were examined by microscopy after Sheather's sucrose flotation and modified acid-fast staining. The average infection rate of Cryptosporidium was 3.4% (37/1,081 samples). There was a significant association between the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and the age of animals (chi(2) = 57.13; P < 0.01); the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in 1- to 3-month-old rabbits was the highest (10.9%). The Cryptosporidium species in microscopy-positive specimens were genotyped by sequence analyses of the 18S rRNA, 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70), oocyst wall protein (COWP), and actin genes and were subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Only the Cryptosporidium rabbit genotype was identified, with 100% sequence identity to published sequences of the 18S rRNA, HSP70, COWP, and actin genes, and the strains belonged to three gp60 subtypes (VbA36, VbA35, and VbA29). In view of the recent finding of the Cryptosporidium rabbit genotype in human outbreak and sporadic cases, the role of rabbits in the transmission of human cryptosporidiosis should be reassessed.
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15
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CHEUN HI, CHO SH, LIM YY, LEE BC, KIM JY, JU JW, NA BK, KIMATA I, YU JR, KIM TS. Cryptosporidium parvum in Korea: Prevalence in Individuals Residing in Three Major River Valleys and Genetic Characteristics of the Isolates. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:167-72. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeng-Il CHEUN
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Shin-Hyeong CHO
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Yi-Young LIM
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Byung-Chul LEE
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Jung-Yeon KIM
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Jung-Won JU
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Byoung-Kuk NA
- Department of Parasitology and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine
| | - Isao KIMATA
- Department of Medical Zoology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University
| | - Jae-Ran YU
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Department of Environmental and Tropical Medicine, Konkuk University College of Medicine
| | - Tong-Soo KIM
- Department of Parasitology and Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine
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16
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Lennox AM, Kelleher S. Bacterial and parasitic diseases of rabbits. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2009; 12:519-30, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19732707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial disease is common in pet rabbits; parasitic disease occurs as well but at a much lower frequency. Of these, bacterial diseases of the respiratory tract and dental structures are seen most commonly in practice. Successful treatment depends on positive diagnosis of the disease process and causative agent. This article focuses on the more common bacterial and parasitic diseases encountered in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Lennox
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
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17
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Souza MJ. Bacterial and parasitic zoonoses of exotic pets. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2009; 12:401-15, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19732701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Zoonoses are estimated to make up to 75% of today's emerging infectious diseases. Many of these diseases are carried and transmitted by exotic pets and wildlife. Exotic animal practitioners must be aware of these risks not only to protect their health but also to safeguard the health of staff and clients. This article reviews selected bacterial and parasitic zoonoses associated with exotic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy J Souza
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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18
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Leetz AS, Sotiriadou I, Ongerth J, Karanis P. An evaluation of primers amplifying DNA targets for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. using C. parvum HNJ-1 Japanese isolate in water samples. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:951-62. [PMID: 17514380 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The performance of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum HNJ-1 strain (genotype II) oocysts purified from mice using published protocols was evaluated. Oocysts were concentrated from fecal samples of infected severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice by sucrose flotation and were then purified by immunomagnetic separation method. The genotype of C. parvum was established as type II by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Water samples were spiked with different numbers of oocysts, determined by limiting dilution. Genomic DNA was extracted and used for PCR assays targeting various Cryptosporidium species genes (Beta-Tubulin, COWP, 70 kDa HSP, SSU rRNA, ITS1, TRAP-C1 and TRAP-C2 gene). DNA from oocyst numbers of more than 1 x 10(4) was detected using each of the primers. However, when using lower oocyst numbers, the tools based on 9 of the 16 different primer assays gave sufficient results. Assays using the remaining seven primers gave less than satisfactory results. A new primer set, named VKSS-F1/2 and VKSS-R1/2, that target the 18 SSU rRNA gene of C. parvum was constructed and applied. The VKSS-F1/2 and VKSS-R1/2 assays amplified DNA isolated from spiked samples in 206 of 211 trials (97.6%). This illustrates the difficulty of detecting low numbers of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts by molecular methods when working with environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Susanne Leetz
- Medical and Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, University of Cologne, Medical School, Center of Anatomy, Institute II, Cologne, Germany
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Rinaldi L, Russo T, Schioppi M, Pennacchio S, Cringoli G. Passalurus ambiguus: new insights into copromicroscopic diagnosis and circadian rhythm of egg excretion. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:557-61. [PMID: 17372763 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reports a study on the in vivo diagnosis and egg excretion rhythm of the pinworm Passalurus ambiguus in domesticated rabbits. Three copromicroscopic techniques were compared: the cellophane tape test, the McMaster technique, and the FLOTAC technique. Out of the 51 New Zealand White rabbit does examined, 42 (82.3%) resulted positive when examined with the FLOTAC technique, 39 (76.5%) with the cellophane tape test, and 29 (56.9%) with the McMaster technique. The agreement between the FLOTAC technique and the cellophane tape test was almost perfect (greater than 0.8); only moderate were the agreements (0.4) between the FLOTAC and the McMaster techniques and between the McMaster technique and the cellophane tape test. The results showed that the FLOTAC technique can be used for the quali-quantitative coprological diagnosis of P. ambiguus in rabbits due to its great sensitivity, as already shown for parasites of other animal species. The circadian rhythm of egg excretion by P. ambiguus was studied utilizing 42 individually caged rabbit does; fecal samples were collected from each cage every 6 h, i.e., at 6:00-12:00 hours, 12:00-18:00 hours, 18:00-24:00 hours, and 24:00-6:00 hours, and were analyzed by the FLOTAC technique. A circadian rhythm of P. ambiguus egg excretion was found, with significant lower values at 6:00-12:00 hours. In conclusion, the present study showed that the FLOTAC technique is the best copromicroscopic method for assessing P. ambiguus prevalence and intensity in rabbits and that the afternoon and evening hours are the best times for fecal sampling to perform the pinworm diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rinaldi
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Sanità Animale, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II-CREMOPAR Regione Campania, Via della Veterinaria, 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
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