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Zheng W, Jiang T, Zhang Z, Pan D, Tang W, Li Y, Jiang L, Zhu H, Yu X, Chen G, Wang J, Zhang J, Zhang X. Otus scops adenovirus: the complete genome sequence of a novel aviadenovirus discovered in a wild owl. Arch Virol 2023; 168:68. [PMID: 36656447 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We present the complete genome sequence of an aviadenovirus obtained by metagenomics from cloacal swabs taken from a free-living Eurasian scops owl (Otus scops, a small raptor distributed in Europe and several parts of Asia) in China. Thirty protein coding genes were predicted in this 40,239-bp-long genome, which encodes the largest fiber protein among all reported aviadenoviruses. The viral genome sequence is highly divergent, and the encoded proteins have an average of only 55% amino acid sequence identity to those of other adenoviruses. In phylogenetic analysis, the new owl virus grouped with members of the genus Aviadenovirus and formed a common clade with another owl adenovirus reported previously in Japan. This is the second complete genome sequence of an aviadenovirus discovered in owls, and its proteins have an average of 62% amino acid sequence identity to those of the previously reported owl adenovirus. Combining this result with comparative genomic analysis of all aviadenoviruses, we propose that this owl virus and the previously described Japanese owl adenovirus can be assigned to two new species in the genus Aviadenovirus. This study provides new data on the diversity of aviadenoviruses in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.,Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Tingshu Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Yantai Urban Drainage Service Centre, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Pan
- Yantai Urban Drainage Service Centre, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Wenli Tang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Youzhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Guozhong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.,Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China. .,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.
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2
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Levkutova M, Levkut M, Herich R, Revajova V, Seman V, Cechova M, Levkut M. Fowl adenovirus-induced different manifestations of the disease in two consecutive chicken breeding flocks in a poultry hall. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:38-42. [PMID: 38384989 PMCID: PMC10878256 DOI: 10.17221/27/2022-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated an adenovirus infection in two consecutive breeding flocks in the same poultry hall. Thirty-six thousand one-day-old chickens of the ROSS 308 hybrid broiler type were kept together in one hall. The chickens in the first breeding flock during fattening did not show any clinical signs of the disease or increased mortality. Typical clinical signs of the adenovirus infection were seen in the second breeding flock. The signs included: depression, apathy, somnolence, a crouched position with a droopy head, fuzzy feathers, anaemic combs and wattles, sporadic nervous signs, and reduced weight gain. Increased mortality was recorded from 18 to 25 days of age, the higher mortality rate resulted from dehydration and exhaustion. The surviving chickens showed growth slightly below average by the end of the fattening period. The necropsies of the chickens in the first flock showed characteristic lesions for inclusion body hepatitis (IBH). Adenoviral gizzard erosions (AGE) were found mainly in the chickens of the second consecutive breeding flock. In both breeding flocks, FAdV-A was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the liver and gizzard samples. The presence of fowl adenovirus B was not confirmed in the evaluated samples. The results showed lesions in the first flock typical for IBH, whereas the pathological changes in the second flock were characteristic of AGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Levkutova
- Department of Epizootology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Levkut
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Robert Herich
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Viera Revajova
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimir Seman
- Regional Association of Veterinary Doctors, Trebisov, Slovak Republic
| | - Michaela Cechova
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Mikulas Levkut
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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3
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Niczyporuk JS, Kozdruń W. Current epidemiological situation in the context of inclusion body hepatitis in poultry flocks in Poland. Virus Res 2022; 318:198825. [PMID: 35618076 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The research has been undertaken to understand the spreading of adenovirus strains in Poland's poultry flocks in the last six years. One hundred and forty-nine herds suspected of infection with adenoviruses were tested and the presence of poultry adenoviruses was found in 86 studied herds which were about 57,71% of examined flocks. Thirty-eight (44.18%) strains were connected with the infection of inclusion body hepatitis, 11 (12.79%) strains were isolated from digestive system dysfunction, 33 (38.37%) strains had been obtained from the flocks with no symptomatic changes/behaviour, and four (4.65%) strains were obtained from flocks with the manifestation of depression. Sequencing analysis was based on Loop L1 region of the HVR1-4 fragment of the hexon gene. The adenovirus strains were classified into five species FAdV-A-E, belonging to the following eight serotypes: FAdV-1/A, FAdV-5/B, FAdV-3/10/C, FAdV-9/11/D, and FAdV-7/8a/E. The most common serotype in poultry turned out to be type/species FAdV-11/D, FAdV-5/B, and FAdV-7/8b/E while the least frequent was type/species FAdV-3/10/C (only four and two strains respectively of this types were isolated with the following range: FAdV-1/A 6 (6.97%), FAdV-5/B 24 (27,90%), FAdV-3/C 4 (4,65%), FAdV-10/C 2 (2,32%), FAdV-11/D 36 (41,86%), and FAdV-E 14 (16.27%). The understanding of genetic diversity, geographic distribution, and antigenic properties of fowl adenovirus strains (FAdVs) isolated in Poland have been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk
- Department of Poultry Disease of National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland,.
| | - Wojciech Kozdruń
- Department of Poultry Disease of National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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4
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Lebdah M, Alshaya DS, Jalal AS, Mousa MR, Radwan MM, Samir M, Adel A, Albaqami NM, El-Saadony MT, El-Tarabily KA, El basrey YF. Molecular characterization of aviadenovirus serotypes and pathogenicity of the identified adenovirus in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101918. [PMID: 36209666 PMCID: PMC9551142 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is an economically significant viral disease that primarily affects broiler chickens. At least 12 different aviadenovirus serotypes are responsible for causing IBH. This study aimed to use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and phylogenetic analysis to characterize fowl adenovirus isolates that were in circulation from 2019 to 2021 and investigate the pathogenicity of the isolated strains in commercial broiler chickens. Suspected liver samples were molecularly identified using hexon gene targeting by PCR, and viruses were isolated using chick embryo liver cell culture. For serotype identification, the fowl adenovirus-positive samples were subjected to hexon gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The pathogenicity of two isolates was tested in commercial chickens via the oral route. The phylogenetic analysis of the hexon gene showed that the isolated viruses clustered with serotype 8a species E. On testing the pathogenicity of the isolates based on necropsy and histopathological examination, no mortality was observed; however, lesions were observed in the liver, kidney, heart, pancreas, bursa, and lung specimens with intermittent virus shedding at different time points throughout the experimental period. Further research on the likelihood of vaccine production is warranted to limit disease-related losses.
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5
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Isolation and whole-genome sequencing of a novel aviadenovirus from owls in Japan. Arch Virol 2022; 167:829-838. [PMID: 35118528 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses have been reported to infect a variety of birds. Here, we isolated a novel adenovirus from the liver of a dead owl chick (Bengal eagle owl; Bubo bengalensis) at a raptor-breeding facility in Japan and determined the complete genome sequence of the virus. We performed necropsies on the dead owl chicks and found that they had enlarged livers, pericardial edema, and focal necrosis of the liver tissue. Transmission electron microscopy of the liver tissue revealed a virus-like structure, appearing as paracrystalline arrays in the nucleus, and immunohistochemical staining with anti-adenovirus antibodies showed positive reactions in hepatocytes and other cells. Attempts to isolate the virus from homogenized liver tissue of a dead owl chick showed a cytopathic effect on chicken-derived cultured cells after multiple blind passages. Further, we determined the complete genome sequence of this virus and performed phylogenetic analysis, revealing that this adenovirus belongs to the genus Aviadenovirus, forming a cluster with fowl and turkey aviadenoviruses. The amino acid sequence divergence between the DNA polymerase of this virus and its closest known adenovirus relative is approximately 29%, implying that this virus can be assigned to a new species in the genus Aviadenovirus. Based on our data, this novel owl adenovirus is a likely cause of fatal infections in owls, which may threaten wild and captive owl populations. Further, this virus is unique among raptor adenoviruses in that it infects chicken-derived cultured cells, raising the importance of further investigations to evaluate interspecies transmission of this virus.
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6
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Mo J. Historical Investigation of Fowl Adenovirus Outbreaks in South Korea from 2007 to 2021: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2021; 13:2256. [PMID: 34835062 PMCID: PMC8621494 DOI: 10.3390/v13112256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) have long been recognized as critical viral pathogens within the poultry industry, associated with severe economic implications worldwide. This specific group of viruses is responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases in birds, and an increasing occurrence of outbreaks was observed in the last ten years. Since their first discovery forty years ago in South Korea, twelve antigenically distinct serotypes of fowl adenoviruses have been described. This comprehensive review covers the history of fowl adenovirus outbreaks in South Korea and updates the current epidemiological landscape of serotype diversity and replacement as well as challenges in developing effective broadly protective vaccines. In addition, transitions in the prevalence of dominant fowl adenovirus serotypes from 2007 to 2021, alongside the history of intervention strategies, are brought into focus. Finally, future aspects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseo Mo
- US National Poultry Research Center, Exotic & Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
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7
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Mirzazadeh A, Grafl B, Abbasnia M, Emadi-Jamali S, Abdi-Hachesoo B, Schachner A, Hess M. Reduced Performance Due to Adenoviral Gizzard Erosion in 16-Day-Old Commercial Broiler Chickens in Iran, Confirmed Experimentally. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:635186. [PMID: 33598489 PMCID: PMC7882599 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.635186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral gizzard erosion (AGE) in broilers is an emerging infectious disease with negative impact on flock productivity. Despite of known primary etiological role of fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1) in AGE, there are a limited number of field reports worldwide, possibly because the disease is less noticeable and clinically difficult to assess. The present study documents an outbreak of AGE in 16-day-old broiler chickens on a farm in the north of Iran and the reproduction of the disease in an experimental setting. In the field, a sudden onset of mortality was noticed in affected broilers resulting in 6% total mortality and decreased weight gain leading to approximately 1-week delay to reach the target slaughter weight. Necropsy findings in dead broilers revealed black colored content in crop, proventriculus and gizzard together with severe gizzard erosions characterized by multiple black-brown areas of variable size in the koilin layer and mucosal inflammation. Microscopic examination revealed necrotizing ventriculitis marked with severe dissociation of koilin layer and degeneration of glandular epithelium with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells. FAdV-1 was isolated from affected gizzards. Phylogenetic analysis of the hexon loop-1 (L1) sequence of the isolated virus showed 100% identity with pathogenic FAdV-1 strains previously reported from broiler chickens with AGE. Subsequently, an in vivo study infecting day-old commercial layer chickens with the field isolate demonstrated characteristic lesions and histopathological changes of AGE together with decreased weight gain in the infected birds. For the first time, the progress of a natural outbreak of AGE in Iran is described and experimental reproduction of the disease is demonstrated. The findings highlight the economic impact of the disease for regional poultry production due to mortality and impaired weight gain of the affected broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mirzazadeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.,Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrice Grafl
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammad Abbasnia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sobhan Emadi-Jamali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahman Abdi-Hachesoo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Anna Schachner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Grafl B, Berger E, Wernsdorf P, Hess M. Successful reproduction of adenoviral gizzard erosion in 20-week-old SPF layer-type chickens and efficacious prophylaxis due to live vaccination with an apathogenic fowl adenovirus serotype 1 strain (CELO). Vaccine 2019; 38:143-149. [PMID: 31672334 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, outbreaks of adenoviral gizzard erosion (AGE) have been documented in pullets and layers housed free range and in enriched cage systems characterized by increased mortality and a negative impact on egg production. In the present study the pathogenicity of a fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1) field strain as well as the aetiological role of a FAdV-8a strain, both isolated from AGE affected pullets, were investigated in vivo in 20-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) layer-type chickens. Furthermore, the efficacy of a single (week 17) and double (week 14 and 17) application of a live vaccine consisting of an apathogenic FAdV-1 (CELO strain) against challenge with virulent FAdV-1 was investigated. For the first time, AGE was successfully reproduced in adult birds after oral infection of 20-week-old SPF birds with a virulent FAdV-1 field isolate, characterized by pathological changes of the gizzard from 7 days post challenge onwards. In addition, a negative impact of the FAdV-1 infection on the development of the reproductive tract was observed. Thus, confirming the pathogenicity and aetiological role of FAdV-1 in the development of AGE and economic losses due to AGE in layers. In contrast, no pathological changes were observed in birds infected with FAdV-8a. Independent of a single or double application of the live FAdV-1 vaccine strain CELO, no gross pathological changes were observed in gizzards post challenge with the virulent FAdV-1, indicating that complete protection of layers against horizontal induction of AGE was achieved. Nonetheless, virulent FAdV-1 was detected in cloacal swabs and gizzards in both vaccinated groups post challenge determined by the application of an amplification refractory mutation system quantitative PCR used to differentiate between vaccine and challenge strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Grafl
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Evelyn Berger
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patricia Wernsdorf
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Viral agents related to enteric disease in commercial chicken flocks, with special reference to Latin America. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933913000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Steer-Cope P, Sandy J, O'Rourke D, Scott P, Browning G, Noormohammadi A. Chronologic Analysis of Gross and Histologic Lesions Induced by Field Strains of FAdV-1, FAdV-8b, and FAdV-11 in Six-Week-Old Chickens. Avian Dis 2019; 61:512-519. [PMID: 29337616 DOI: 10.1637/11718-072317-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is a disease affecting broiler chicken flocks worldwide. Several serotypes of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) have been implicated in disease outbreaks, with and without immunosuppression as a predisposing factor. IBH usually occurs in flocks up to 30 days of age; it is seldom seen in older birds. The objective of this study was to determine whether the pathogenicity for older birds of three FAdV field strains, belonging to serotypes 1, 8b, and 11, in the absence of immunosuppressive factors, was akin to that for younger birds, and to establish an effective and economical disease model for assessing cross-protection between serotypes. To achieve this objective, the gross pathology, histopathology, and dissemination of virus were examined at multiple time points after inoculation of 6-wk-old, specific-pathogen-free chickens via intraperitoneal injection. Both FAdV-8b and FAdV-11 generated lesions typical of those associated with outbreaks of IBH, and they were shown to be primary pathogens. The presence and severity of hepatic lesions were used to define two disease stages: degeneration (1-5 days postinoculation) and convalescence (6-14 days postinoculation). During the degenerative stage, FAdV-8b was detected in the liver, kidney, and gizzard of most birds, whereas FAdV-11 was predominantly detected in the liver, and both viruses persisted in the gizzard into convalescence. The pathogenesis of two IBH-associated FAdV strains in 6-wk-old chickens confirms their high level of virulence and also provides an effective experimental model for investigation of cross-protection between FAdVs. It also demonstrates persistence of the virus in the gizzard long after infection, supporting the notion that it is a site of viral shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Steer-Cope
- A Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.,B Poultry CRC, P.O. Box U242, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Jeanine Sandy
- A Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Denise O'Rourke
- A Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Peter Scott
- A Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Glenn Browning
- A Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Amir Noormohammadi
- A Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
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11
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Schachner A, Matos M, Grafl B, Hess M. Fowl adenovirus-induced diseases and strategies for their control - a review on the current global situation. Avian Pathol 2017; 47:111-126. [PMID: 28950714 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1385724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The stand-alone pathogenicity of fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) had long been disputed, given the ubiquity of the viruses versus sporadic outbreaks, and variation between experimental studies. However, a globally emerging trend of FAdV-associated diseases has marked the past two decades, with hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome mainly in Asia besides Arabian and Latin American countries, and geographically more disseminated outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis. Finally, the appearance of FAdV-induced gizzard erosion (AGE) in Asia and Europe completed the range of diseases. Epidemiological studies confirmed serotype FAdV-4 as agent of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome, whereas inclusion body hepatitis is related to FAdV-2, -8a, -8b and -11. Members of the biologically more distant serotype FAdV-1 induce AGE. Urged by increasing problems in the field, numerous pathogenicity studies with FAdVs from outbreaks substantiated the primary aetiologic role of particular strains for distinct clinical conditions. Developments in the poultry industry towards highly specialized genetic breeds and rigorous biosecurity additionally contribute to the growing incidence of FAdV-related diseases. Confirming field observations, recent studies connected a higher susceptibility of broilers with their distinct physiology, implying the choice of bird type as a factor to be considered in infection studies. Furthermore, elevated biosecurity standards have generated immunologically naïve breeding stocks, putting broilers at risk in face of vertical FAdV transmission. Therefore, future prevention strategies should include adequate antibodies in breeders prior to production and - if necessary - vaccination, in order to protect progenies. This review aims to deliver a detailed overview on the current global situation about FAdV-induced diseases, their reproduction in vivo and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schachner
- a Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV) , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
| | - Miguel Matos
- b Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
| | - Beatrice Grafl
- b Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- a Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV) , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria.,b Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
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12
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Grafl B, Garcia-Rueda C, Cargill P, Wood A, Schock A, Liebhart D, Schachner A, Hess M. Fowl aviadenovirus serotype 1 confirmed as the aetiological agent of gizzard erosions in replacement pullets and layer flocks in Great Britain by laboratory and in vivo studies. Avian Pathol 2017; 47:63-72. [PMID: 28920482 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1367364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An investigation into the aetiology and pathogenesis of adenoviral gizzard erosion has been conducted following three natural outbreaks affecting one flock of 6-week-old replacement pullets and two consecutive placements of free range layers at the age of 21 and 23 weeks. Affected flocks showed increased mortality (0.12-0.30% per week), and gizzard lesions were consistent with fowl aviadenovirus (FAdV) involvement. To substantiate the initial findings, a selection of archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gizzard samples from another 12 pullet and layer flocks, for which macroscopic and histopathological diagnosis of the disease were recorded in Great Britain during the period 2009-2016, were also investigated. In situ hybridization (ISH), virology and/or PCR confirmed the presence of FAdV species-A, serotype-1 (FAdV-A, FAdV-1) DNA in gizzard samples of all 15 cases investigated. Co-infections with additional FAdV serotypes including FAdV-8a were detected by serology and/or virology in two of the pullet flocks. However, species-specific in situ hybridization revealed that pathological changes of affected gizzards were only associated with the detection of FAdV-A. A subsequent in vivo study infecting 21-day-old SPF pullets with FAdV-1 or FAdV-8a strains isolated from the 6-week-old replacement pullets revealed characteristic pathomorphological changes only in the gizzards from birds infected with FAdV-1. While infection with FAdV-8a was confirmed by virology and serology, infected SPF birds did not develop pathomorphological changes. Therefore, the aetiological involvement of the isolated FAdV-8a in the development of adenoviral gizzard erosion in commercial pullets has been ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Grafl
- a Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | | | - Peter Cargill
- c Wyatt Poultry Veterinary Services Limited , Hereford , UK
| | - Alisdair Wood
- b Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Avian Pathology , Penicuik , UK
| | - Alex Schock
- b Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Avian Pathology , Penicuik , UK
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- a Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Anna Schachner
- d Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV) , Vienna , Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- a Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,d Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV) , Vienna , Austria
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13
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Du D, Zhang P, Li X, Tian H, Cheng Y, Sheng D, Han X, Shan Y, Li X, Yuan Y, Zhang H, Xue J, Liu W, Tian K. Cell-culture derived fowl adenovirus serotype 4 inactivated vaccine provides complete protection for virus infection on SPF chickens. Virusdisease 2017; 28:182-188. [PMID: 28770244 PMCID: PMC5510634 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-017-0372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inclusion body hepatitis and hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome caused by high-pathogenic fowl adenovirus serotype 4 has recently plagued Chinese poultry industry and caused huge economic losses since 2013. So far, there is no commercial vaccine available to control this disease. In this study, we reported the development of both embryo-adapted and cell-culture derived inactivated FAdV-4 vaccines and evaluated their efficacies in chicken. Compared to embryo-adapted vaccine, cell-culture derived vaccine induced significantly earlier and higher serological response measured by AGP and ELISA. After virus challenge, chicken immunized with cell-culture derived vaccine did not showed any gross and histopathological lesions, whereas inclusion body hepatitis was observed in the liver of chicken vaccinated with embryo-adapted vaccine. No mortality was observed in both the vaccinated groups. The above results suggested that cell-culture derived FAdV-4 inactivated vaccine could be a better vaccine candidate than embryo-adapted vaccine to control FADV-4 infections in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Du
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003 China
| | - Pantao Zhang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003 China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003 China
| | - Hui Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003 China
| | - Yi Cheng
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003 China
| | - Dongbei Sheng
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003 China
| | - Xueying Han
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003 China
| | - Yihong Shan
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003 China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003 China
| | - Yue Yuan
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003 China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003 China
| | - Jingjing Xue
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003 China
| | - Wujie Liu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003 China
| | - Kegong Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003 China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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14
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Abstract
1. Infectious diseases have a large impact on poultry health and economics. Elucidating the pathogenesis of a certain disease is crucial to implement control strategies. 2. Multiplication of a pathogen and its characterisation in vitro are basic requirements to perform experimental studies. However, passaging of the pathogen in vitro can influence the pathogenicity, a process targeted for live vaccine development, but limits the reproduction of clinical signs. 3. Numerous factors can influence the outcome of experimental infections with some importance on the pathogen, application route and host as exemplarily outlined for Histomonas meleagridis, Gallibacterium anatis and fowl aviadenoviruses (FAdVs). 4. In future, more comprehensive and detailed settings are needed to obtain as much information as possible from animal experiments. Processing of samples with modern diagnostic tools provides the option to closely monitor the host–pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hess
- a Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
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15
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Oliver-Ferrando S, Dolz R, Calderón C, Valle R, Rivas R, Pérez M, Biarnés M, Blanco A, Bertran K, Ramis A, Busquets N, Majó N. Epidemiological and pathological investigation of fowl aviadenovirus serotypes 8b and 11 isolated from chickens with inclusion body hepatitis in Spain (2011–2013). Avian Pathol 2016; 46:157-165. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1232477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Oliver-Ferrando
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Dolz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C. Calderón
- Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná - UENP/CLM, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Bandeirantes, Brazil
| | - R. Valle
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Rivas
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Pérez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Biarnés
- Centre de Sanitat Avícola de Catalunya (CESAC), Tarragona, Spain
| | - A. Blanco
- Centre de Sanitat Avícola de Catalunya (CESAC), Tarragona, Spain
| | - K. Bertran
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Ramis
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Busquets
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Majó
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Bellaterra, Spain
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16
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Niu YJ, Sun W, Zhang GH, Qu YJ, Wang PF, Sun HL, Xiao YH, Liu SD. Hydropericardium syndrome outbreak caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 in China in 2015. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2684-2690. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-juan Niu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, PR China
| | - Gui-hua Zhang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, PR China
| | - Ya-jin Qu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, PR China
| | - Peng-fei Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, PR China
| | - Hong-lei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yi-hong Xiao
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, PR China
| | - Si-dang Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, PR China
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17
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Grafl B, Aigner F, Liebhart D, Marek A, Prokofieva I, Bachmeier J, Hess M. Vertical transmission and clinical signs in broiler breeders and broilers experiencing adenoviral gizzard erosion. Avian Pathol 2014; 41:599-604. [PMID: 23237373 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.740614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present report documents an outbreak of adenoviral gizzard erosion in 22 broiler flocks in Germany. The clinical picture was characterized by uneven growth of affected broilers that resulted in considerably lower than average weight at slaughtering. Fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1) was isolated from gizzard lesions and histological examinations demonstrated FAdV-1-positive intranuclear inclusion bodies in gizzard epithelial cells of affected broilers by in-situ hybridization. Birds from all affected flocks originated from one broiler breeder farm. During production of affected birds, broiler breeders were between 27 and 32 weeks old. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and specific virus neutralization assay of sera from parent birds demonstrated an acute FAdV-1 infection within the first 5 weeks of the production cycle. Clinically, broiler breeders exhibited a moderate fall in the hatchability of their chicks, while egg production remained normal. No further clinical signs could be observed. Genetically identical FAdV-1 strains were isolated from gizzards of embryos at the lowest point of hatchability and from affected broiler flocks raised on independent farms. For the first time, direct detection of viable FAdV-1 from gizzards of embryos and progenies of one FAdV-1-seropositive broiler breeder farm in the course of an outbreak of adenoviral gizzard erosion could be demonstrated, highlighting the importance of vertical transmission of this disease. Additionally, growth retardation and subsequent reduced average weight at the time of slaughter of broiler chickens underline the economic impact of adenoviral gizzard erosion for poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Grafl
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Mase M, Nakamura K. Phylogenetic analysis of fowl adenoviruses isolated from chickens with gizzard erosion in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1535-8. [PMID: 25131809 PMCID: PMC4272990 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-four fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) isolated from chickens with gizzard erosion (GE) from 1999 to 2010 were characterized phylogenetically together with foreign isolates. The phylogenetic analysis based on part of the hexon gene classified these 34 FAdV isolates into 3 groups: FAdV-1, -8a and 8b, thereby suggesting that FAdVs associated with GEs in chickens are diverse. All 30 FAdV-1 isolates were genetically identical, and they were also identical with FAdV-1 isolates from GEs in chickens in European countries (Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary and Italy). Thus, the same type of FAdV-1 has been associated with outbreaks of GE in Japanese chickens for the past 10 years, which may have spread from a common ancestor, although the epidemiological relationship is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaji Mase
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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19
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Infection with an apathogenic fowl adenovirus serotype-1 strain (CELO) prevents adenoviral gizzard erosion in broilers. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:177-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Kim MS, Lim TH, Lee DH, Youn HN, Yuk SS, Kim BY, Choi SW, Jung CH, Han JH, Song CS. An inactivated oil-emulsion fowl Adenovirus serotype 4 vaccine provides broad cross-protection against various serotypes of fowl Adenovirus. Vaccine 2014; 32:3564-8. [PMID: 24662704 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The number of clinical cases of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) and hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) has been increasing, resulting in considerable economic losses in many countries. Currently, only fowl Adenovirus (FAdV) serotype 4 (FAdV-4) has been reported as the causative agent of HHS, whereas IBH can be caused by all 12 serotypes of FAdV. For protection against HHS, various live and killed FAdV serotype 4 vaccines have been developed. However, there is a concern whether these vaccines composed of FAdV-4 alone could provide protection against IBH, which is caused by other serotypes of virulent FAdVs. To date, there have been no reports evaluating the protective efficacy of the FAdV-4 vaccine against other serotypes of FAdV. Thus, we investigated the cross-protection efficacy of an inactivated oil-emulsion FAdV-4 vaccine against various serotypes of FAdV field isolates. Our study demonstrated that the inactivated oil-emulsion FAdV-4 vaccine could provide broad cross-protection against various serotypes of FAdV in not only vaccinated birds, but also the progenies of vaccinated breeder. Therefore, we conclude that the inactivated oil-emulsion FAdV-4 vaccine could be effective in preventing the spread of various other serotypes of FAdV as well as FAdV-4 infection in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Seob Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Lim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Na Youn
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Yoon Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Won Choi
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong-Hwan Jung
- KBNP Technology Institute, 254-18, Dugok-Ri, Sinam, Yesan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hyuck Han
- KBNP Technology Institute, 254-18, Dugok-Ri, Sinam, Yesan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Gjevre AG, Kaldhusdal M, Eriksen GS. Gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome in chickens and turkeys: a review of causal or predisposing factors. Avian Pathol 2014; 42:297-303. [PMID: 23859215 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.817665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome (GEU) was described for the first time in the 1930s. The main focus of early studies was on nutritional deficiencies and peroxidation of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids as causative factors. During the 1970s and 1980s the focus was moved towards toxic substances in the feed. Scott's review in 1985 concluded that overproduction of gastric acid induced by gizzerosine was a major cause of GEU. During the last decades, serotype 1 of fowl adenovirus A and Clostridium perfringens have been implicated as important pathogenic agents in the development of GEU in chickens. Although GEU is globally distributed and its subclinical form appears to be common in commercial poultry flocks, the condition is rarely mentioned in standard textbooks on poultry health. This regrettable fact is probably due in part to the lack of one definitive cause of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Gerd Gjevre
- Section of Veterinary Public Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Norway.
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22
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Lim TH, Kim BY, Kim MS, Jang JH, Lee DH, Kwon YK, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Outbreak of gizzard erosion associated with fowl adenovirus infection in Korea. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1113-7. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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23
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Lim TH, Lee HJ, Lee DH, Lee YN, Park JK, Youn HN, Kim MS, Youn HS, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Identification and virulence characterization of fowl adenoviruses in Korea. Avian Dis 2012; 55:554-60. [PMID: 22312973 DOI: 10.1637/9730-032011-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since 2007, 55 adenovirus strains have been isolated from commercial chicken flocks in Korea and have been identified and the pathogenicity of these isolates was confirmed in specific-pathogen-free chickens of different age. Based on sequencing analysis of the hexon gene, 55 FAdV isolates were genetically related to the IBH-2A strain of FAdV3 (4 isolates, 99.2% to 100%), the KR5 strain of FAdV4 (22 isolates, 97.9% to 99.2%), the 764 strain of FAdV9 (11 isolates, 99.1% to 99.3%), and the 1047 strain of FAdV11 (18 isolates, > 99%). Experimental infections with four serotypes of FAdV resulted in high mortality of 18-day-old chicken embryos and 1-day-old chicks with marked liver necrosis similar to those observed in the natural outbreaks. Notably, specific hydropericardium was observed in chicks challenged with the K531 strain (serotype 4). However, 3-wk-old chickens challenged with FAdVs, regardless of serotype, did not show any clinical signs or mortality except histologic lesions of focal hepatocytic necrosis with mild lymphocytic infiltration. The results indicate that four FAdV serotypes (3, 4, 9, and 11) are the dominant serotypes of FAdVs in the Korea and are pathogenic enough to cause clinical disease in young chicks. The present investigation provides important information on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of FAdVs and highlights the importance of control strategies against FAdV infection in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyun Lim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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24
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Domanska-Blicharz K, Tomczyk G, Smietanka K, Kozaczynski W, Minta Z. Molecular characterization of fowl adenoviruses isolated from chickens with gizzard erosions. Poult Sci 2011; 90:983-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Detection and quantitation of fowl adenovirus genome by a real-time PCR assay. J Virol Methods 2009; 159:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Classification of fowl adenovirus serotypes by use of high-resolution melting-curve analysis of the hexon gene region. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 47:311-21. [PMID: 19036935 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01567-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) serotypes is of importance in epidemiological studies of disease outbreaks and the adoption of vaccination strategies. In this study, real-time PCR and subsequent high-resolution melting (HRM)-curve analysis of three regions of the hexon gene were developed and assessed for their potential in differentiating 12 FAdV reference serotypes. The results were compared to previously described PCR and restriction enzyme analyses of the hexon gene. Both HRM-curve analysis of a 191-bp region of the hexon gene and restriction enzyme analysis failed to distinguish a number of serotypes used in this study. In addition, PCR of the region spanning nucleotides (nt) 144 to 1040 failed to amplify FAdV-5 in sufficient quantities for further analysis. However, HRM-curve analysis of the region spanning nt 301 to 890 proved a sensitive and specific method of differentiating all 12 serotypes. All melt curves were highly reproducible, and replicates of each serotype were correctly genotyped with a mean confidence value of more than 99% using normalized HRM curves. Sequencing analysis revealed that each profile was related to a unique sequence, with some sequences sharing greater than 94% identity. Melting-curve profiles were found to be related mainly to GC composition and distribution throughout the amplicons, regardless of sequence identity. The results presented in this study show that the closed-tube method of PCR and HRM-curve analysis provides an accurate, rapid, and robust genotyping technique for the identification of FAdV serotypes and can be used as a model for developing genotyping techniques for other pathogens.
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