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Animal Models Utilized for the Development of Influenza Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070787. [PMID: 34358203 PMCID: PMC8310120 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been an important tool for the development of influenza virus vaccines since the 1940s. Over the past 80 years, influenza virus vaccines have evolved into more complex formulations, including trivalent and quadrivalent inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines. However, annual effectiveness data shows that current vaccines have varying levels of protection that range between 40–60% and must be reformulated every few years to combat antigenic drift. To address these issues, novel influenza virus vaccines are currently in development. These vaccines rely heavily on animal models to determine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this review, we describe seasonal and novel influenza virus vaccines and highlight important animal models used to develop them.
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Cotti E, Abramovitch K, Jensen J, Schirru E, Rice DD, Oyoyo U, Torabinejad M. The Influence of Adalimumab on the Healing of Apical Periodontitis in Ferrets. J Endod 2017; 43:1841-1846. [PMID: 28967493 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the increasing use of anti-tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNFα) biologic medications, and their interferences with the immune-inflammatory response, this study evaluated the effect of adalimumab (anti-TNFα), on healing and healing time of apical periodontitis (AP) in ferrets. METHODS Twelve male ferrets received cone beam computed tomography of the jaws at baseline health (T0); AP confirmation (T1); and 30 (T2), 60 (T3), and 90 (T4) days after root canal treatment (RCT) to monitor healing. All animals had AP induced in the canines; 3 ferrets (12 teeth) provided the positive controls for the histologic evaluation; 9 ferrets were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups with 12 teeth each in the following manner: Systemic: conventional RCT and systemic anti-TNFα; Local: RCT and periapical administration of anti-TNFα before canal obturation; conventional RCT only (control). Two calibrated radiologists assessed the cone beam computed tomography images independently and blindly for AP identification and quantification. Rank-based analysis of covariance was used for statistical analysis of lesion size. RESULTS AP was induced in all teeth. Following RCT, all AP lesions in the 3 groups showed a significant reduction in size. Specific pairwise comparisons of the related samples (Friedman's 2-way analysis of variance by ranks within each group) demonstrated a decreasing trend in lesion size with healing time in all 3 groups, most pronounced for local group (local adalimumab). No statistical difference was noticed between groups. CONCLUSIONS Both systemic and local anti-TNFα did not hinder AP healing in this animal model and a faster healing response may also be anticipated. These findings encourage follow-up studies with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Cotti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Kenneth Abramovitch
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - James Jensen
- Private Practice in Endodontics, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elia Schirru
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dwight D Rice
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Udochukwu Oyoyo
- Department of Dental Education Services, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Mahmoud Torabinejad
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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Empie K, Rangarajan V, Juul SE. Is the ferret a suitable species for studying perinatal brain injury? Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 45:2-10. [PMID: 26102988 PMCID: PMC4793918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferret brain architecture, composition, and development are similar to humans. Postnatal ferret brain development is comparable to that of premature infants. Ferrets have potential to model preterm and term neonatal brain injury. Ferrets may fulfill the need for an intermediate model species of neurodevelopment. Many opportunities exist to expand the use of ferrets as research subjects.
Complications of prematurity often disrupt normal brain development and/or cause direct damage to the developing brain, resulting in poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. Physiologically relevant animal models of perinatal brain injury can advance our understanding of these influences and thereby provide opportunities to develop therapies and improve long-term outcomes. While there are advantages to currently available small animal models, there are also significant drawbacks that have limited translation of research findings to humans. Large animal models such as newborn pig, sheep and nonhuman primates have complex brain development more similar to humans, but these animals are expensive, and developmental testing of sheep and piglets is limited. Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) are born lissencephalic and undergo postnatal cortical folding to form complex gyrencephalic brains. This review examines whether ferrets might provide a novel intermediate animal model of neonatal brain disease that has the benefit of a gyrified, altricial brain in a small animal. It summarizes attributes of ferret brain growth and development that make it an appealing animal in which to model perinatal brain injury. We postulate that because of their innate characteristics, ferrets have great potential in neonatal neurodevelopmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Empie
- Department of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Sandra E Juul
- Department of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Berendam SJ, Fallert Junecko BA, Murphey-Corb MA, Fuller DH, Reinhart TA. Isolation, characterization, and functional analysis of ferret lymphatic endothelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 163:134-45. [PMID: 25540877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic endothelium (LE) serves as a conduit for transport of immune cells and soluble antigens from peripheral tissues to draining lymph nodes (LNs), contributing to development of host immune responses and possibly dissemination of microbes. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are major constituents of the lymphatic endothelium. These specialized cells could play important roles in initiation of host innate immune responses through sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like receptors (TLRs). LECs secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to create local inflammatory conditions for recruitment of naïve antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs) to sites of infection and/or vaccine administration. In this study, we examined the innate immune potential of primary LEC populations derived from multiple tissues of an animal model for human infectious diseases - the ferret. We generated a total of six primary LEC populations from lung, tracheal, and mesenteric LN tissues from three different ferrets. Standard RT-PCR characterization of these primary LECs showed that they varied in their expression of LEC markers. The ferret LECs were examined for their ability to respond to poly I:C (TLR3 and RIG-I ligand) and other known TLR ligands as measured by production of proinflammatory cytokine (IFNα, IL6, IL10, Mx1, and TNFα) and chemokine (CCL5, CCL20, and CXCL10) mRNAs using real time RT-PCR. Poly I:C exposure induced robust proinflammatory responses by all of the primary ferret LECs. Chemotaxis was performed to determine the functional activity of CCL20 produced by the primary lung LECs and showed that the LEC-derived CCL20 was abundant and functional. Taken together, our results continue to reveal the innate immune potential of primary LECs during pathogen-host interactions and expand our understanding of the roles LECs might play in health and disease in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella J Berendam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Beth A Fallert Junecko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael A Murphey-Corb
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Deborah H Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Todd A Reinhart
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Shebannavar S, Rasool T. Molecular cloning, sequence, and phylogenetic analysis of T helper 1 cytokines of Pashmina goats. Anim Biotechnol 2014; 26:120-9. [PMID: 25380464 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2013.877022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play an important role in regulation of immune responses either in health or disease. In the present study, the cDNAs encoding mature Interleukin (IL)-2, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and IL-12 p35 and p40 of Pashmina goat were cloned and sequenced. The amino acid sequence was deduced from nucleotide sequence and compared with those available in GeneBank. Mature forms of goat IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-12 p35, and IL-12 p40 composed of 135, 143, 196, and 305 amino acid residues, respectively. Comparison of amino acid sequence of goat IL-2 with sheep, buffalo, cattle, pig, camel, cat, and human sequences showed homology percentages of 100, 97.8, 96.3, 72.4, 72.4, 67.2, and 64.7, respectively. Amino acid sequence of goat IFN-γ showed 98.6, 95.8, 81.1, 81.8, 80.4, and 62.9 percent homology with sheep, bovine, pig, horse, dog, and humans, respectively. Homology ranging from 81.6 to 99% for IL-12 p35 sequences and 85.6 to 100% for IL-12 p40 sequences at amino acid level were observed across these species. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of goat cytokines revealed close relationship with sheep sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Shebannavar
- a Research and Development , Indian Immunologicals Ltd. , Gachibowli , Hyderabad , India
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Animal models for influenza viruses: implications for universal vaccine development. Pathogens 2014; 3:845-74. [PMID: 25436508 PMCID: PMC4282889 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population. Depending on the virulence of the influenza virus strain, as well as the immunological status of the infected individual, the severity of the respiratory disease may range from sub-clinical or mild symptoms to severe pneumonia that can sometimes lead to death. Vaccines remain the primary public health measure in reducing the influenza burden. Though the first influenza vaccine preparation was licensed more than 60 years ago, current research efforts seek to develop novel vaccination strategies with improved immunogenicity, effectiveness, and breadth of protection. Animal models of influenza have been essential in facilitating studies aimed at understanding viral factors that affect pathogenesis and contribute to disease or transmission. Among others, mice, ferrets, pigs, and nonhuman primates have been used to study influenza virus infection in vivo, as well as to do pre-clinical testing of novel vaccine approaches. Here we discuss and compare the unique advantages and limitations of each model.
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Carolan LA, Butler J, Rockman S, Guarnaccia T, Hurt AC, Reading P, Kelso A, Barr I, Laurie KL. TaqMan real time RT-PCR assays for detecting ferret innate and adaptive immune responses. J Virol Methods 2014; 205:38-52. [PMID: 24797460 PMCID: PMC7113642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ferret model is used to study human disease and physiology. TaqMan realtime RT-PCR assays for ferret cytokine and chemokine mRNA were developed. Cytokine and chemokine patterns in ferret cells were similar to other mammals. A comprehensive panel of mRNAs can be measured in samples of limited quantity.
The ferret is an excellent model for many human infectious diseases including influenza, SARS-CoV, henipavirus and pneumococcal infections. The ferret is also used to study cystic fibrosis and various cancers, as well as reproductive biology and physiology. However, the range of reagents available to measure the ferret immune response is very limited. To address this deficiency, high-throughput real time RT-PCR TaqMan assays were developed to measure the expression of fifteen immune mediators associated with the innate and adaptive immune responses (IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, IL1α, IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12p40, IL17, Granzyme A, MCP1, TNFα), as well as four endogenous housekeeping genes (ATF4, HPRT, GAPDH, L32). These assays have been optimized to maximize reaction efficiency, reduce the amount of sample required (down to 1 ng RNA per real time RT-PCR reaction) and to select the most appropriate housekeeping genes. Using these assays, the expression of each of the tested genes could be detected in ferret lymph node cells stimulated with mitogens or infected with influenza virus in vitro. These new tools will allow a more comprehensive analysis of the ferret immune responses following infection or in other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Carolan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Jeff Butler
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219, Australia
| | - Steve Rockman
- bioCSL Limited, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Teagan Guarnaccia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Monash University Gippsland, Churchill, 3842, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Patrick Reading
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Anne Kelso
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Ian Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Karen L Laurie
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
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Skowronski DM, Hamelin ME, De Serres G, Janjua NZ, Li G, Sabaiduc S, Bouhy X, Couture C, Leung A, Kobasa D, Embury-Hyatt C, de Bruin E, Balshaw R, Lavigne S, Petric M, Koopmans M, Boivin G. Randomized controlled ferret study to assess the direct impact of 2008-09 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine on A(H1N1)pdm09 disease risk. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86555. [PMID: 24475142 PMCID: PMC3903544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During spring-summer 2009, several observational studies from Canada showed increased risk of medically-attended, laboratory-confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 illness among prior recipients of 2008-09 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV). Explanatory hypotheses included direct and indirect vaccine effects. In a randomized placebo-controlled ferret study, we tested whether prior receipt of 2008-09 TIV may have directly influenced A(H1N1)pdm09 illness. Thirty-two ferrets (16/group) received 0.5 mL intra-muscular injections of the Canadian-manufactured, commercially-available, non-adjuvanted, split 2008-09 Fluviral or PBS placebo on days 0 and 28. On day 49 all animals were challenged (Ch0) with A(H1N1)pdm09. Four ferrets per group were randomly selected for sacrifice at day 5 post-challenge (Ch+5) and the rest followed until Ch+14. Sera were tested for antibody to vaccine antigens and A(H1N1)pdm09 by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), microneutralization (MN), nucleoprotein-based ELISA and HA1-based microarray assays. Clinical characteristics and nasal virus titers were recorded pre-challenge then post-challenge until sacrifice when lung virus titers, cytokines and inflammatory scores were determined. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups of influenza-naïve animals. Antibody rise to vaccine antigens was evident by ELISA and HA1-based microarray but not by HI or MN assays; virus challenge raised antibody to A(H1N1)pdm09 by all assays in both groups. Beginning at Ch+2, vaccinated animals experienced greater loss of appetite and weight than placebo animals, reaching the greatest between-group difference in weight loss relative to baseline at Ch+5 (7.4% vs. 5.2%; p = 0.01). At Ch+5 vaccinated animals had higher lung virus titers (log-mean 4.96 vs. 4.23pfu/mL, respectively; p = 0.01), lung inflammatory scores (5.8 vs. 2.1, respectively; p = 0.051) and cytokine levels (p>0.05). At Ch+14, both groups had recovered. Findings in influenza-naïve, systematically-infected ferrets may not replicate the human experience. While they cannot be considered conclusive to explain human observations, these ferret findings are consistent with direct, adverse effect of prior 2008-09 TIV receipt on A(H1N1)pdm09 illness. As such, they warrant further in-depth investigation and search for possible mechanistic explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta M. Skowronski
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Hamelin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec [University Hospital Centre of Québec], Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec [University Hospital Centre of Québec], Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Québec, Canada
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec [National Institute of Health of Québec], Québec, Canada
| | - Naveed Z. Janjua
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guiyun Li
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Suzana Sabaiduc
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xavier Bouhy
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec [University Hospital Centre of Québec], Québec, Canada
| | - Christian Couture
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Anders Leung
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Erwin de Bruin
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIDC), Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM) [National Institute of Public Health and the Environment], Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Balshaw
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophie Lavigne
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Petric
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIDC), Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM) [National Institute of Public Health and the Environment], Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec [University Hospital Centre of Québec], Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Québec, Canada
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PB1-F2 modulates early host responses but does not affect the pathogenesis of H1N1 seasonal influenza virus. J Virol 2012; 86:4271-8. [PMID: 22318139 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.07243-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of infections with highly pathogenic influenza A viruses, the PB1-F2 protein contributes to virulence and enhances lung inflammation. In contrast, its role in the pathogenesis of seasonal influenza viral strains is less clear, especially in the H1N1 subtype, where strains can have a full-length 87- to 90-amino-acid protein, a truncated 57-amino-acid version, or lack the protein altogether. Toward this, we introduced the full-length 1918 PB1-F2, or prevented PB1-F2 expression, in H1N1 A/USSR/90/77, a seasonal strain that naturally expresses a truncated PB1-F2. All viruses replicated with similar efficiency in ferret or macaque ex vivo lung cultures and elicited similar cytokine mRNA profiles. In contrast, the virus expressing the 1918 PB1-F2 protein caused a delay of proinflammatory responses in ferret blood-derived macrophages, while the PB1-F2 knockout virus resulted in a more rapid response. A similar but less pronounced delay in innate immune activation was also observed in the nasal wash cells of ferrets infected with the 1918 PB1-F2-expressing virus. However, the three viruses did not differ in their virulence or clinical course in ferrets, supporting speculations that PB1-F2 is of limited importance for the pathogenesis of primary viral infection with human seasonal H1N1 viruses.
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Abstract
There are a number of newly described and emerging disease syndromes affecting the domestic ferret, and the purpose of this article is to make veterinarians aware of these diseases. A recently described systemic coronavirus infection appears to be a variant of the ferret enteric coronavirus and is currently termed “ferret infectious peritonitis.” Disseminated immunopathologic myositis, aplastic anemia/bone marrow aplasia, acute hemorrhagic syndrome, and oral ulcerations are also described, although the exact etiologies for these diseases have yet to be determined. There appears to be at least 2 important amino acid metabolism deficiencies in ferrets: hindlimb weakness in older ferrets (L-carnitine) and cysteine urolithiasis. Ferrets have recently been found to be susceptible to H1N1 influenza, so knowledge regarding this zoonotic disease is essential for veterinarians working with these animals. A novel Mycoplasma spp. has also recently been identified in ferrets with chronic respiratory problems that originated from one breeding colony. Because these diseases are still being investigated, practitioners who treat a ferret patient exhibiting clinical signs consistent with any of the conditions mentioned are encouraged to contact people who are knowledgeable of that particular illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy A Johnson-Delaney
- Eastside Avian & Exotic Animal Medical Center, and Washington Ferret Rescue & Shelter, Kirkland, WA USA
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Nakata M, Kozue Y, Itou T, Sakai T. Expression of biologically active recombinant ferret (Mustela putorius furo) interleukin-8 from Escherichia coli. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:114-7. [PMID: 20678809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The authors expressed recombinant ferret interleukin-8 protein (rfrIL-8) in Escherichia coli as a glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein. Western blot analyses revealed that anti-ovine IL-8 antibody reacted with rfrIL-8 at 10 kDa. To confirm that the rfrIL-8 was biologically active, the authors examined chemotaxis and respiratory burst activity of ferret polymorphonuclear blood cells (PMNs) exposed to rfrIL-8. The rfrIL-8 strongly induced chemotactic and respiratory burst activities in a statistically significant manner as compared with a negative control. Thus, the authors were able to successfully express biologically active rfrIL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakata
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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Bodewes R, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME. Animal models for the preclinical evaluation of candidate influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:59-72. [PMID: 20021306 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
At present, new influenza A (H1N1)2009 viruses of swine origin are responsible for the first influenza pandemic of the 21st Century. In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses continue to cause outbreaks in poultry and, after zoonotic transmission, cause an ever-increasing number of human cases, of which 59% have a fatal clinical outcome. It is also feared that these viruses adapt to replication in humans and become transmissible from human to human. The development of effective vaccines against epidemic and (potentially) pandemic viruses is therefore considered a priority. In this review, we discuss animal models that are used for the preclinical evaluation of novel candidate influenza vaccines. In most cases, a tier of multiple animal models is used before the evaluation of vaccine candidates in clinical trials is considered. Commonly, vaccines are tested for safety and efficacy in mice, ferrets and/or macaques. The use of each of these species has its advantages and limitations, which are addressed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Martel CJM, Aasted B. Characterization of antibodies against ferret immunoglobulins, cytokines and CD markers. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 132:109-15. [PMID: 19505731 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ferret IgG and IgM were purified from normal serum, while ferret IgA was purified from bile. The estimated molecular weights of the immunoglobulin gamma, alpha and mu heavy chains were found to be 54kDa, 69kDa and 83kDa, respectively. For immunological (ELISA) quantification of ferret immunoglobulins, we identified and characterized polyclonal antibodies towards ferret IgG, IgM and IgA. We also identified 22 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised mostly against human CD markers which cross-reacted with ferret leukocytes. These antibodies were originally specific against human CD8, CD9, CD14, CD18, CD25, CD29, CD32, CD44, CD61, CD71, CD79b, CD88, CD104, CD172a and mink CD3. Finally, we identified 4 cross-reacting mAbs with specificities against ferret interferon-gamma, TNF-alpha, interleukin-4 and interleukin-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Jean-Marie Martel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbojlen 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Nakata M, Itou T, Sakai T. Quantitative analysis of inflammatory cytokines expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the ferret (Mustela putorius furo) using real-time PCR. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 130:88-91. [PMID: 19157571 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the expression pattern of cytokines, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-10, produced by LPS stimulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the ferret (Mustela putorius furo). Real-time PCR was used with TaqMan probes, which were modified by dual-labeled probes (TAMRA/FAM), quantitative analysis of cytokine mRNA comparing the cytokine with the housekeeping gene, ferret GAPDH, as the relative C(t) value. Expression peaks of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-6 mRNA occurred 2 h after LPS stimulation, whereas the IL-10 peak was 8 h post-LPS. In the present study, peak cytokine expression was detected within 8 h, similar to several other mammalian studies. This current study provides baseline information on inflammatory cytokines of ferret PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakata
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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