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Sripradite J, Thaotumpitak V, Atwill ER, Hinthong W, Jeamsripong S. Distribution of bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in retail Nile tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) as potential sources of foodborne illness. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299987. [PMID: 38564611 PMCID: PMC10986973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate AMR profiles of Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio cholerae isolated from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) (n = 276) purchased from fresh markets and supermarkets in Bangkok, Thailand. A sample of tilapia was divided into three parts: fish intestine (n = 276), fish meat (n = 276), and liver and kidney (n = 276). The occurrence of A. hydrophila, Salmonella, and V. cholerae was 3.1%, 7.4%, and 8.5%, respectively. A high prevalence of these pathogenic bacteria was observed in fresh market tilapia compared to those from supermarkets (p < 0.05). The predominant Salmonella serovars were Paratyphi B (6.4%), followed by Escanaba (5.7%), and Saintpaul (5.7%). All isolates tested positive for the virulence genes of A. hydrophila (aero and hly), Salmonella (invA), and V. cholerae (hlyA). A. hydrophila (65.4%), Salmonella (31.2%), and V. cholerae (2.9%) showed multidrug resistant isolates. All A. hydrophila isolates (n = 26) exhibited resistant to ampicillin (100.0%) and florfenicol (100.0%), and often carried sul1 (53.8%) and tetA (50.0%). Salmonella isolates were primarily resistant to ampicillin (36.9%), with a high incidence of blaTEM (26.2%) and qnrS (25.5%). For V. cholerae isolates, resistance was observed against ampicillin (48.6%), and they commonly carried qnrS (24.3%) and tetA (22.9%). To identify mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs), a single C248A point mutation of C248A (Ser-83-Tyr) in the gyrA region was identified in six out of seven isolates of Salmonella isolates. This study highlighted the presence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic bacteria in Nile tilapia at a selling point. It is important to rigorously implement strategies for AMR control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarukorn Sripradite
- Department of Social and Applied Science, College of Industrial Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varangkana Thaotumpitak
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Edward R. Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Woranich Hinthong
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Saechue B, Atwill ER, Jeamsripong S. Occurrence and molecular characteristics of antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli isolated from the retail produce commodities in Bangkok, Thailand. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26811. [PMID: 38444485 PMCID: PMC10912461 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment is often overlooked and leads to serious health threats under the One Health paradigm. Infection with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in humans and animals has been widely examined, with the mode of transmission routes such as food, water, and contact with a contaminated environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence and molecular characteristics of resistant Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) (n = 59) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) (n = 392) isolated from produce commodities collected from fresh markets and supermarkets in Bangkok, Thailand. In this study, the S. enterica isolates exhibited the highest prevalence of resistance to tetracycline (11.9%) and streptomycin (8.5%), while the E. coli isolates were predominantly resistant to tetracycline (22.5%), ampicillin (21.4%), and sulfamethoxazole (11.5%). Among isolates of S. enterica (6.8%) and E. coli (15.3%) were determined as multidrug resistant (MDR). The prevalence of ESBL-producing isolates was 5.1% and 1.0% in S. enterica and E. coli, respectively. A minority of S. enterica isolates, where a single isolate exclusively carried blaCTX-M-55 (n = 1), and another isolate harbored both blaCTX-M-55 and blaTEM-1 (n = 1); similarly, a minority of E. coli isolates contained blaCTX-M-55 (n = 2) and blaCTX-M-15 (n = 1). QnrS (11.9%) and blaTEM (20.2%) were the most common resistant genes found in S. enterica and E. coli, respectively. Nine isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin contained point mutations in gyrA and parC. In addition, the odds of resistance to tetracycline among isolates of S. enterica were positively associated with the co-occurrence of ampicillin resistance and the presence of tetB (P = 0.001), while the E. coli isolates were positively associated with ampicillin resistance, streptomycin resistance, and the presence of tetA (P < 0.0001) in this study. In summary, these findings demonstrate that fresh vegetables and fruits, such as cucumbers and tomatoes, can serve as an important source of foodborne AMR S. enterica and E. coli in the greater Bangkok area, especially given the popularity of these fresh commodities in Thai cuisine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjawan Saechue
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Edward R. Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Tran HM, Prathan R, Hein ST, Chuanchuen R. Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance of Commercial Probiotic Products for Food-Producing Animals. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:148. [PMID: 38391534 PMCID: PMC10885956 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been popularly used in livestock production as an alternative to antibiotics. This study aimed to investigate the microbiological quality and phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in probiotic products sold for food animals. A total of 45 probiotic products were examined for the number of viable cells, species, and antimicrobial susceptibility; the contamination of Escherichia coli and Salmonella; and the presence of 112 genes encoding resistance to clinically important antimicrobials and transferability of AMR determinants. The results showed that 29 of 45 products (64.4%) were incorrectly labeled in either number of viable cells or bacterial species. None of the tested products were contaminated with E. coli and Salmonella. A total of 33 out of 64 bacterial isolates (51.6%) exhibited resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent. Of the 45 products tested, 16 (35.5%) carried AMR genes. Almost all AMR genes detected in probiotic products were not correlated to the AMR phenotype of probiotic strains formulated in the products. Three streptomycin-resistant Lactobacillus isolates could horizontally transfer their AMR determinants. The findings demonstrated that the probiotic products could serve as reservoirs for the spread of AMR genes and may not yield benefits to animals as claimed. The need for the adequate quality control of probiotic products is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang My Tran
- The International Graduate Course of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Rangsiya Prathan
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Foodborne Pathogens (in Cooperation with WHO), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Si Thu Hein
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Foodborne Pathogens (in Cooperation with WHO), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Foodborne Pathogens (in Cooperation with WHO), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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James C, James SJ, Onarinde BA, Dixon RA, Williams N. A Critical Review of AMR Risks Arising as a Consequence of Using Biocides and Certain Metals in Food Animal Production. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1569. [PMID: 37998771 PMCID: PMC10668721 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review was to assess what evidence exists on whether, and to what extent, the use of biocides (disinfectants and sanitizers) and certain metals (used in feed and other uses) in animal production (both land and aquatic) leads to the development and spread of AMR within the food chain. A comprehensive literature search identified 3434 publications, which after screening were reduced to 154 relevant publications from which some data were extracted to address the focus of the review. The review has shown that there is some evidence that biocides and metals used in food animal production may have an impact on the development of AMR. There is clear evidence that metals used in food animal production will persist, accumulate, and may impact on the development of AMR in primary animal and food production environments for many years. There is less evidence on the persistence and impact of biocides. There is also particularly little, if any, data on the impact of biocides/metal use in aquaculture on AMR. Although it is recognized that AMR from food animal production is a risk to human health there is not sufficient evidence to undertake an assessment of the impact of biocide or metal use on this risk and further focused in-field studies are needed provide the evidence required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian James
- Formerly Food Refrigeration & Process Engineering Research Centre (FRPERC), Grimsby Institute, Nuns Corner, Grimsby DN34 5BQ, UK;
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, South Lincolnshire Food Enterprise Zone, Peppermint Way, Holbeach PE12 7FJ, UK;
| | - Stephen J. James
- Formerly Food Refrigeration & Process Engineering Research Centre (FRPERC), Grimsby Institute, Nuns Corner, Grimsby DN34 5BQ, UK;
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, South Lincolnshire Food Enterprise Zone, Peppermint Way, Holbeach PE12 7FJ, UK;
| | - Bukola A. Onarinde
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, South Lincolnshire Food Enterprise Zone, Peppermint Way, Holbeach PE12 7FJ, UK;
| | - Ronald A. Dixon
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK;
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;
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Sanguankiat A, Pinniam N, Tulayakul P. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, phenotypic, and genotypic patterns of Salmonella enterica isolated from animal feedstuffs: Annual study. Vet World 2023; 16:939-945. [PMID: 37576778 PMCID: PMC10420700 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.939-945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Salmonellosis is a significant foodborne disease that causes serious illness in the gastrointestinal of humans and it is a public health problem worldwide. This study aimed to determine Salmonella spp. in animal feeds, its characteristic, serovar identification, genotyping, and drug sensitivity. Materials and Methods Salmonella spp. from animal feedstuffs was collected from January 1 to December 31, 2017, with 657 samples. Serogroup classification was performed by using the slide agglutination test. Then, the samples were analyzed for genotype patterns using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for DNA fingerprint and antibiotic sensitivity by Vitek® 2 techniques. Results A total of 80 samples (12.17 %) were found to be Salmonella positive; commercial feed compounds of 60 samples (75%); soybean meal of 10 samples (12.5%); pork meal of 5 samples (6.25%); a fish meal of three samples (3.75%) and poultry meal of 2 samples (2.5%). Serogroups B, C, D, and E were found in this study; 8 samples (10%), 39 samples (48.75%), 8 samples (10%), and 13 samples (16.25%), respectively. A total of 12 samples (15%) were not determined by serogrouping. The most common serovars were Salmonella Rissen (10%), Salmonella Mbandaka (8.75%), and Salmonella Livingstone (6.25%), which belong to serogroup C. Nine of eleven pulsotypes were detected when analyzed by PFGE, showed similarity index between 40.8 and 100 %. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests by Vitek® 2 compact for 11 strains were classified into three groups: resistance to 4, 8, and 11 antibiotics, out of 20 antibiotics. Conclusion This study revealed annual variation of Salmonella spp. Serovar, genotype, and phenotype from commercial feed compounds and raw materials of which involved people must be aware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsooth Sanguankiat
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom. 73140, Thailand
| | - Nayika Pinniam
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom. 73140, Thailand
| | - Phitsanu Tulayakul
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom. 73140, Thailand
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Lopez-Garcia AV, AbuOun M, Nunez-Garcia J, Nale JY, Gaylov EE, Phothaworn P, Sukjoi C, Thiennimitr P, Malik DJ, Korbsrisate S, Clokie MRJ, Anjum MF. Pathogen genomics and phage-based solutions for accurately identifying and controlling Salmonella pathogens. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1166615. [PMID: 37234523 PMCID: PMC10206635 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1166615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a food-borne pathogen often linked to poultry sources, causing gastrointestinal infections in humans, with the numbers of multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates increasing globally. To gain insight into the genomic diversity of common serovars and their potential contribution to disease, we characterized antimicrobial resistance genes, and virulence factors encoded in 88 UK and 55 Thai isolates from poultry; the presence of virulence genes was detected through an extensive virulence determinants database compiled in this study. Long-read sequencing of three MDR isolates, each from a different serovar, was used to explore the links between virulence and resistance. To augment current control methods, we determined the sensitivity of isolates to 22 previously characterized Salmonella bacteriophages. Of the 17 serovars included, Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variants were the most common, followed by S. Enteritidis, S. Mbandaka, and S. Virchow. Phylogenetic analysis of Typhumurium and monophasic variants showed poultry isolates were generally distinct from pigs. Resistance to sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin was highest in isolates from the UK and Thailand, respectively, with 14-15% of all isolates being MDR. We noted that >90% of MDR isolates were likely to carry virulence genes as diverse as the srjF, lpfD, fhuA, and stc operons. Long-read sequencing revealed the presence of global epidemic MDR clones in our dataset, indicating they are possibly widespread in poultry. The clones included MDR ST198 S. Kentucky, harboring a Salmonella Genomic Island-1 (SGI)-K, European ST34 S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, harboring SGI-4 and mercury-resistance genes, and a S. 1,4,12:i:- isolate from the Spanish clone harboring an MDR-plasmid. Testing of all isolates against a panel of bacteriophages showed variable sensitivity to phages, with STW-77 found to be the most effective. STW-77 lysed 37.76% of the isolates, including serovars important for human clinical infections: S. Enteritidis (80.95%), S. Typhimurium (66.67%), S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- (83.3%), and S. 1,4,12: i:- (71.43%). Therefore, our study revealed that combining genomics and phage sensitivity assays is promising for accurately identifying and providing biocontrols for Salmonella to prevent its dissemination in poultry flocks and through the food chain to cause infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manal AbuOun
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Nunez-Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Y. Nale
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Edouard E. Gaylov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Preeda Phothaworn
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutikarn Sukjoi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Parameth Thiennimitr
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Danish J. Malik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Sunee Korbsrisate
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Martha R. J. Clokie
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Muna F. Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
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Mendybayeva A, Abilova Z, Bulashev A, Rychshanova R. Prevalence and resistance to antibacterial agents in Salmonella enterica strains isolated from poultry products in Northern Kazakhstan. Vet World 2023; 16:657-667. [PMID: 37041849 PMCID: PMC10082744 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.657-667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Salmonella is one of the main causative agents of foodborne infections. The source of the pathogen, in most cases, is poultry products. The intensification of poultry farming and the constant and uncontrolled use of antimicrobials has led to an increase in the level of antibiotic resistance, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the level of sensitivity to antimicrobial agents in Salmonella enterica strains isolated from poultry products in Northern Kazakhstan, as well as to determine the genetic mechanisms of resistance and the presence of integrons.
Materials and Methods: In total, 398 samples of poultry products sold in Northern Kazakhstan were selected. Salmonella strains were isolated from product samples using microbiological methods. Salmonella was identified based on morphological, biochemical, and serological methods, as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sensitivity testing for antimicrobial agents was performed using the disk diffusion method. The detection of resistance genes was performed using PCR and gel electrophoresis.
Results: Out of 398 samples of poultry products, a total of 46 Salmonella isolates were obtained. Most of the isolates belong to the serovar Salmonella Enteritidis (80.4%). The assessment of sensitivity to antibacterial agents showed that Salmonella was mainly resistant to nalidixic acid (63%), furadonin (60.9%), ofloxacin (45.6%), and tetracycline (39.1%). In 64.3% of cases, Salmonella was resistant to three or more groups of antibacterial agents. Resistance genes such as tetA, tetB, blaTEM, aadA, sul3, and catII, as well as integrons of two classes (teg1 and teg2), were identified.
Conclusion: Poultry products contain antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella, as well as genes encoding resistance mechanisms. The results emphasize the need for constant monitoring of not only pathogenic microorganisms but also their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents. The potential threat to human health requires a unified approach to the problem of antibiotic resistance from representatives of both public health and the agroindustrial complex.
Keywords: antibiotic resistance, food safety, poultry, resistance genes, Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anara Mendybayeva
- Research Institute of Applied Biotechnology, A. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Zulkyya Abilova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, A. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Aitbay Bulashev
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Raushan Rychshanova
- Research Institute of Applied Biotechnology, A. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
- Corresponding author: Raushan Rychshanova, e-mail: Co-authors: AM: , ZA: , AB:
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Thaotumpitak V, Sripradite J, Atwill ER, Jeamsripong S. Emergence of colistin resistance and characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio cholerae isolated from hybrid red tilapia cage culture. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14896. [PMID: 36855429 PMCID: PMC9968459 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tilapia is a primary aquaculture fish in Thailand, but little is known about the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio cholerae colonizing healthy tilapia intended for human consumption and the co-occurrence of these AMR bacteria in the cultivation water. Methods This study determined the phenotype and genotype of AMR, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production, and virulence factors of A. hydrophila, Salmonella spp., and V. cholerae isolated from hybrid red tilapia and cultivation water in Thailand. Standard culture methods such as USFDA's BAM or ISO procedures were used for the original isolation, with all isolates confirmed by biochemical tests, serotyping, and species-specific gene detection based on PCR. Results A total of 278 isolates consisting of 15 A. hydrophila, 188 Salmonella spp., and 75 V. cholerae isolates were retrieved from a previous study. All isolates of A. hydrophila and Salmonella isolates were resistance to at least one antimicrobial, with 26.7% and 72.3% of the isolates being multidrug resistant (MDR), respectively. All A. hydrophila isolates were resistant to ampicillin (100%), followed by oxytetracycline (26.7%), tetracycline (26.7%), trimethoprim (26.7%), and oxolinic acid (20.0%). The predominant resistance genes in A. hydrophila were mcr-3 (20.0%), followed by 13.3% of isolates having floR, qnrS, sul1, sul2, and dfrA1. Salmonella isolates also exhibited a high prevalence of resistance to ampicillin (79.3%), oxolinic acid (75.5%), oxytetracycline (71.8%), chloramphenicol (62.8%), and florfenicol (55.3%). The most common resistance genes in these Salmonella isolates were qnrS (65.4%), tetA (64.9%), bla TEM (63.8%), and floR (55.9%). All V. cholerae isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, while the most common resistance gene was sul1 (12.0%). One isolate of A. hydrophila was positive for int1, while all isolates of Salmonella and V. cholerae isolates were negative for integrons and int SXT. None of the bacterial isolates in this study were producing ESBL. The occurrence of mcr-3 (20.0%) in these isolates from tilapia aquaculture may signify a serious occupational and consumer health risk given that colistin is a last resort antimicrobial for treatment of Gram-negative bacteria infections. Conclusions Findings from this study on AMR bacteria in hybrid red tilapia suggest that aquaculture as practiced in Thailand can select for ubiquitous AMR pathogens, mobile genetic elements, and an emerging reservoir of mcr and colistin-resistant bacteria. Resistant and pathogenic bacteria, such as resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline, or MDR Salmonella circulating in aquaculture, together highlight the public health concerns and foodborne risks of zoonotic pathogens in humans from cultured freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varangkana Thaotumpitak
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jarukorn Sripradite
- Department of Social and Applied Science, College of Industrial Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Edward R. Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Maillard J. Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3322-3346. [PMID: 35882500 PMCID: PMC9826383 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review examined 3655 articles on benzalkonium chloride (BKC), benzethonium chloride (BZT) and chloroxylenol (CHO) aiming to understand their impact on antimicrobial resistance. Following the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, only 230 articles were retained for analysis; 212 concerned BKC, with only 18 for CHO and BZT. Seventy-eight percent of studies used MIC to measure BKC efficacy. Very few studies defined the term 'resistance' and 85% of studies defined 'resistance' as <10-fold increase (40% as low as 2-fold) in MIC. Only a few in vitro studies reported on formulated products and when they did, products performed better. In vitro studies looking at the impact of BKC exposure on bacterial resistance used either a stepwise training protocol or exposure to constant BKC concentrations. In these, BKC exposure resulted in elevated MIC or/and MBC, often associated with efflux, and at time, a change in antibiotic susceptibility profile. The clinical relevance of these findings was, however, neither reported nor addressed. Of note, several studies reported that bacterial strains with an elevated MIC or MBC remained susceptible to the in-use BKC concentration. BKC exposure was shown to reduce bacterial diversity in complex microbial microcosms, although the clinical significance of such a change has not been established. The impact of BKC exposure on the dissemination of resistant genes (notably efflux) remains speculative, although it manifests that clinical, veterinary and food isolates with elevated BKC MIC carried multiple efflux pump genes. The correlation between BKC usage and gene carriage, maintenance and dissemination has also not been established. The lack of clinical interpretation and significance in these studies does not allow to establish with certainty the role of BKC on AMR in practice. The limited literature and BZT and CHO do not allow to conclude that these will impact negatively on emerging bacterial resistance in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Jeamsripong S, Thaotumpitak V, Anuntawirun S, Roongrojmongkhon N, Atwill ER, Hinthong W. Molecular Epidemiology of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Profiles of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio spp. Isolated from Coastal Seawater for Aquaculture. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121688. [PMID: 36551345 PMCID: PMC9774326 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of waterborne antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in areas of high-density oyster cultivation is an ongoing environmental and public health threat given the popularity of shellfish consumption, water-related human recreation throughout coastal Thailand, and the geographical expansion of Thailand's shellfish industry. This study characterized the association of phenotypic and genotypic AMR, including extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production, and virulence genes isolated from waterborne Escherichia coli (E. coli) (n = 84), Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) subsp. enterica (n = 12), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) (n = 249), and Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) (n = 39) from Thailand's coastal aquaculture regions. All Salmonella (100.0%) and half of V. cholerae (51.3%) isolates harbored their unique virulence gene, invA and ompW, respectively. The majority of isolates of V. parahaemolyticus and E. coli, ~25% of S. enterica subsp. enterica, and ~12% of V. cholerae, exhibited phenotypic AMR to multiple antimicrobials, with 8.9% of all coastal water isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance (MDR). Taken together, we recommend that coastal water quality surveillance programs include monitoring for bacterial AMR for food safety and recreational water exposure to water for Thailand's coastal water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +662-218-9579
| | - Varangkana Thaotumpitak
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Saran Anuntawirun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nawaphorn Roongrojmongkhon
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Edward R. Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Woranich Hinthong
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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Wales A, Taylor E, Davies R. Review of food grade disinfectants that are permitted for use in egg packing centres. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.1990741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Emma Taylor
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Robert Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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Resistance to widely-used disinfectants and heavy metals and cross resistance to antibiotics in Escherichia coli isolated from pigs, pork and pig carcass. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sinwat N, Witoonsatian K, Chumsing S, Suwanwong M, Kankuntod S, Jirawattanapong P, Songserm T. Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotypes and Genotypes of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Commercial Duck Meat Production in Thailand and Their Minimal Inhibitory Concentration of Disinfectants. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1733-1741. [PMID: 34077246 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important foodborne bacterium that has become increasingly resistant to critical antimicrobial and disinfectant agents. The aim of this study was to characterize antimicrobial and disinfectant resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from ducks raised for meat in Nakhon Pathom province, Thailand. A total of 694 fecal samples from ducks were collected in 2018. Of which, 85 samples were positive for Salmonella (12.2%), and 12 Salmonella serovars were identified from 125 Salmonella isolates. The Altona serovar was the predominant serotype found in this study (36.5%). All isolates showed resistance to at least one class of antimicrobial, and 23.2% displayed multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. The blaTEM, aadA2, strA, and dfrA12 genes were detected in antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella, whereas the genes within a plasmid-borne qnr family that presented in fluoroquinolone-susceptible Salmonella strains were qnrB (3.8%) and qnrS (1.5%). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of benzalkonium chloride (BKC), cetylpyridium chloride (CPC), and hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) ranged between 128 and 512 μg/mL, while that of didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) was between 32 and 128 μg/mL. The presences of qacEΔ1, mdfA, sugE(c), sugE(p), and ydgE genes were less prevalent (0.8-1.6%). Taken together, our results indicate that duck is an important source of Salmonella with antimicrobial resistance in food-producing animals. Active surveillance programs for antimicrobial and disinfectant resistance in duck production are needed for an early detection of resistance strains of public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuananong Sinwat
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kriangkrai Witoonsatian
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Suksan Chumsing
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Monticha Suwanwong
- Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center, and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Somyod Kankuntod
- Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center, and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pichai Jirawattanapong
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Thaweesak Songserm
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Kumar N, Mohan K, Georges K, Dziva F, Adesiyun AA. Occurrence of Virulence and Resistance Genes in Salmonella in Cloacae of Slaughtered Chickens and Ducks at Pluck Shops in Trinidad. J Food Prot 2021; 84:39-46. [PMID: 32818228 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The study used PCR to determine the molecular basis of the antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of isolates of Salmonella by targeting genes encoding for carriage and persistence in the poultry. Of a total 1,503 cecal samples collected from poultry, 91 (6.1%) were positive for Salmonella. Ten different serotypes were detected from Salmonella isolates. The study was also conducted to determine the occurrence of 13 virulence and 12 resistance genes in isolates of Salmonella. All 46 isolates of Salmonella tested were positive for one or more of the 12 virulence genes detected, ranging from 0.0% (viaB) to 100.0% (invA, mgtB, pipA, and spi4D) (P < 0.05). Occurrence of virulence genes varied significantly (P < 0.05) by serotype but not by animal species. Only 4 (33.3%) of 12 resistance genes assayed were detected: strA, ampC, cmy2, and qnrB. Overall, the occurrence of detected resistance genes was 71.7% (33 of 46), and 87.1 and 40.0% of the isolates from chickens and ducks, respectively, were positive (P = 0.0009). The occurrence of resistance genes ranged from 2.2% (cmy2) to 50.0% (qnrB) in isolates positive for resistance gene. The findings provide evidence that poultry from "pluck shops" are colonized by Salmonella pathogens that harbor virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes; this may have clinical and therapeutic consequences, if the genes detected are expressed. Although there is a need for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in poultry production systems, there should be constant monitoring for the prevalence of resistance in Salmonella isolates using phenotypic methods. The importance of monitoring the occurrence of resistance genes in the pathogens in Trinidad cannot be ignored. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Kumar
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine 331311, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-6996 [N.K.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6407-7654 [K.M.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.])
| | - Krishna Mohan
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine 331311, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-6996 [N.K.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6407-7654 [K.M.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.])
| | - Karla Georges
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine 331311, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-6996 [N.K.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6407-7654 [K.M.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.])
| | - Francis Dziva
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine 331311, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-6996 [N.K.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6407-7654 [K.M.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.])
| | - Abiodun A Adesiyun
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies, St. Augustine 331311, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-6996 [N.K.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6407-7654 [K.M.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.]).,Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Antibiotic Resistance Profile and association with Integron Type I among Salmonella Enterica Isolates in Thailand. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.4.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infection is the second most common cause of diarrhea in Thailand; however, the data on antimicrobial resistance is limited. There were137 Salmonella strains, isolated from patients and 126 strains isolated from chicken meat, collected from Nonthaburi, Thailand during 2002. The top five serotypes of patients isolates were Enteritidis (22%), Typhimurium (11%), Weltevreden (8.8%), Rissen (8%), and Choleraesuis (6.6%) while the top five serotypes of chicken meat isolates were found as follows: Schwarzengrund (11.91%), Hadar (11.11%), Rissen (8.73%), Amsterdam (7.94%), and Anatum (7.94%). Salmonella strains were most resistance to the class of antibiotics that act as inhibitor to nucleic acid synthesis such as antifolates group (Trimethoprim;SXT) and fluoroquinolones (Nalidixic acid; NA, Ciprofloxacin; CIP),while the β lactam antibiotic was more effective, i.e. the 3rd gen cephalosporin (Ceftazidime; CAZ, Cefotaxime ; CTX), Monobactam (Aztreonam; ATM) and carbapenams group (Imipenem; IMP, Meropenem; MEM). The role of class I integron element in transmission of the resistance gene was revealed by detection the gene cassette associated with a class 1 integron in plasmid preparation among 80% of the isolated strains. The gene cassettes containing resistant genes of dhfrA12 (resistant to trimethoprim) and aadA2 (resistant to streptomycin and spectinomycin), were detected more frequently in the resistant strains. These gene cassettes were likely to be transmitted via plasmid, as it could not be detected in genomic DNA.
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16
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Castro-Vargas RE, Herrera-Sánchez MP, Rodríguez-Hernández R, Rondón-Barragán IS. Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry: A global overview. Vet World 2020; 13:2070-2084. [PMID: 33281339 PMCID: PMC7704309 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2070-2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is the most important foodborne pathogen, and it is often associated with the contamination of poultry products. Annually, Salmonella causes around 93 million cases of gastroenteritis and 155,000 deaths worldwide. Antimicrobial therapy is the first choice of treatment for this bacterial infection; however, antimicrobial resistance has become a problem due to the misuse of antibiotics both in human medicine and animal production. It has been predicted that by 2050, antibiotic-resistant pathogens will cause around 10 million deaths worldwide, and the WHO has suggested the need to usher in the post-antibiotic era. The purpose of this review is to discuss and update the status of Salmonella antibiotic resistance, in particular, its prevalence, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance patterns in response to critical antimicrobials used in human medicine and the poultry industry. Based on our review, the median prevalence values of Salmonella in broiler chickens, raw chicken meat, and in eggs and egg-laying hens were 40.5% ( interquartile range [IQR] 11.5-58.2%), 30% (IQR 20-43.5%), and 40% (IQR 14.2-51.5%), respectively. The most common serotype was Salmonella Enteritidis, followed by Salmonella Typhimurium. The highest antibiotic resistance levels within the poultry production chain were found for nalidixic acid and ampicillin. These findings highlight the need for government entities, poultry researchers, and producers to find ways to reduce the impact of antibiotic use in poultry, focusing especially on active surveillance and finding alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Enrique Castro-Vargas
- Research Group in Immunology and Pathogenesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
- Poultry Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - María Paula Herrera-Sánchez
- Research Group in Immunology and Pathogenesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
- Poultry Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Roy Rodríguez-Hernández
- Poultry Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán
- Research Group in Immunology and Pathogenesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
- Poultry Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
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Zeb S, Shah MA, Yasir M, Awan HM, Prommeenate P, Klanchui A, Wren BW, Thomson N, Bokhari H. Type III secretion system confers enhanced virulence in clinical non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Fu S, Ni P, Wang Y, Jin S, Jiang Z, Ye S, Li R. Delineating the origins of the multidrug-resistant pathogens in ornamental fish farms by multilocus sequence typing and identification of a novel multidrug-resistant plasmid. Can J Microbiol 2019; 65:551-562. [PMID: 30965017 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the overuse of antibiotics and to identify the origin of pathogens in the ornamental fish industry, we conducted a field investigation of three representative fish farms in Liaoning province, China. Drug-resistant pathogens in the fishponds and groundwater were isolated and subtyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). In total, 33 pathogenic strains, including Aeromonas veronii and five other pathogens, were isolated from diseased fish and from groundwater. MLST revealed that A. veronii obtained from diseased fish in three fish farms can be subtyped into four sequence types, which were also identified in the corresponding groundwater. All of the isolates obtained from diseased fish showed resistance to at least four antibiotics. Notably, Citrobacter freundii JY-17 exhibited resistance to the majority of the antibiotics and was a carrier of a megaplasmid with 15 drug resistance genes. PCR assays targeting β-lactam, kanamycin, macrolide, phenicol, sulfonamide, and trimethoprim resistance genes in the pathogens from the diseased fish and groundwater were also conducted. The results revealed strong correlations between antibiotic treatment and increased antimicrobial resistance in fish pathogens. The results suggested that groundwater is the origin of the pathogens in ornamental fish. Antibiotic treatment of ornamental fish promoted the emergence of resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songzhe Fu
- a College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Ping Ni
- b College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- b College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Jin
- b College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Jiang
- b College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Shigen Ye
- b College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Ruijun Li
- b College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
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Abstract
Biocides and formulated biocides are used worldwide for an increasing number of applications despite tightening regulations in Europe and in the United States. One concern is that such intense usage of biocides could lead to increased bacterial resistance to a product and cross-resistance to unrelated antimicrobials including chemotherapeutic antibiotics. Evidence to justify such a concern comes mostly from the use of health care-relevant bacterial isolates, although the number of studies of the resistance characteristics of veterinary isolates to biocides have increased the past few years. One problem remains the definition of "resistance" and how to measure resistance to a biocide. This has yet to be addressed globally, although the measurement of resistance is becoming more pressing, with regulators both in Europe and in the United States demanding that manufacturers provide evidence that their biocidal products will not impact on bacterial resistance. Alongside in vitro evidence of potential antimicrobial cross-resistance following biocide exposure, our understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial resistance and, more recently, our understanding of the effect of biocides to induce a mechanism(s) of resistance in bacteria has improved. This article aims to provide an understanding of the development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria following a biocide exposure. The sections provide evidence of the occurrence of bacterial resistance and its mechanisms of action and debate how to measure bacterial resistance to biocides. Examples pertinent to the veterinary field are used where appropriate.
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Vélez DC, Rodríguez V, García NV. Phenotypic and Genotypic Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella from Chicken Carcasses Marketed at Ibague, Colombia. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - V Rodríguez
- University of Tolima, Colombia; University of Tolima, Colombia
| | - N Verjan García
- University of Tolima, Colombia; University of Tolima, Colombia
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Nhung NT, Cuong NV, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas J. Antimicrobial Usage and Antimicrobial Resistance in Animal Production in Southeast Asia: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2016; 5:E37. [PMID: 27827853 PMCID: PMC5187518 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics5040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Southeast Asia is an area of great economic dynamism. In recent years, it has experienced a rapid rise in the levels of animal product production and consumption. The region is considered to be a hotspot for infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We reviewed English-language peer-reviewed publications related to antimicrobial usage (AMU) and AMR in animal production, as well as antimicrobial residues in meat and fish from 2000 to 2016, in the region. There is a paucity of data from most countries and for most bacterial pathogens. Most of the published work relates to non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Campylobacter spp. (mainly from Vietnam and Thailand), Enterococcus spp. (Malaysia), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Thailand). However, most studies used the disk diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; breakpoints were interpreted using Clinical Standard Laboratory Institute (CSLI) guidelines. Statistical models integrating data from publications on AMR in NTS and E. coli studies show a higher overall prevalence of AMR in pig isolates, and an increase in levels of AMR over the years. AMU studies (mostly from Vietnam) indicate very high usage levels of most types of antimicrobials, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and quinolones. This review summarizes information about genetic determinants of resistance, most of which are transferrable (mostly plasmids and integrons). The data in this review provide a benchmark to help focus research and policies on AMU and AMR in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T Nhung
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen V Cuong
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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Van Noten N, Gorissen L, De Smet S. Assistance Update SLR: Copper and antibiotic resistance in pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Co-Selection of Resistance to Antibiotics, Biocides and Heavy Metals, and Its Relevance to Foodborne Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015; 4:567-604. [PMID: 27025641 PMCID: PMC4790313 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics4040567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns have been raised in recent years regarding co-selection for antibiotic resistance among bacteria exposed to biocides used as disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives, and to heavy metals (particularly copper and zinc) used as growth promoters and therapeutic agents for some livestock species. There is indeed experimental and observational evidence that exposure to these non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents can induce or select for bacterial adaptations that result in decreased susceptibility to one or more antibiotics. This may occur via cellular mechanisms that are protective across multiple classes of antimicrobial agents or by selection of genetic determinants for resistance to non-antibiotic agents that are linked to genes for antibiotic resistance. There may also be relevant effects of these antimicrobial agents on bacterial community structure and via non-specific mechanisms such as mobilization of genetic elements or mutagenesis. Notably, some co-selective adaptations have adverse effects on fitness in the absence of a continued selective pressure. The present review examines the evidence for the significance of these phenomena, particularly in respect of bacterial zoonotic agents that commonly occur in livestock and that may be transmitted, directly or via the food chain, to human populations.
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Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica strains isolated from Brazilian poultry production. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 108:1227-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Gantzhorn MR, Olsen JE, Thomsen LE. Importance of sigma factor mutations in increased triclosan resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:105. [PMID: 25986727 PMCID: PMC4437202 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica is the second most common foodborne pathogen. The use of biocides is crucial to prevent spread of foodborne pathogens, and it would be devastating for food safety if Salmonella would become resistant to the disinfectants used. Another concern is that exposure to disinfectants might lead to decreased susceptibility to antibiotics. The current study aimed to identify genetic changes causing high level triclosan resistance in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and evaluate how these affected antibiotic resistance and efflux pump activity. RESULTS Wild type strains S. Typhimurium 4/74 and DTU3 were adapted to increasing concentrations of the biocide triclosan by serial passage. High level triclosan resistant isolates (MIC > 1000 μg/ml) were obtained. Strains were genome sequenced, and SNPs in fabI, rpoS and rpoD were found to be associated with high level resistance. However, work with defined mutants revealed that a SNP in fabI was not sufficient to obtain high level resistance. This required additional mutations in the sigma factors rpoS or rpoD. The adapted strains showed triclosan-dependent increased efflux, increased fabI expression and reduced susceptibility towards the antibiotics enrofloxacin and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim. CONCLUSIONS Medium level triclosan resistance could be obtained by fabI mutations in S. Typhimurium, however, high level resistance was found to require sigma factor mutations in addition to a fabI mutation. Reduced antibiotic sensitivity was observed for the adapted strains, which could be associated with increased efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Rørbæk Gantzhorn
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigboejlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigboejlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Line Elnif Thomsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigboejlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Matayoshi M, Kitano T, Sasaki T, Nakamura M. Resistance phenotypes and genotypes among multiple-antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis strains isolated between 2008 and 2012 from slaughter pigs in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:705-10. [PMID: 25715779 PMCID: PMC4488408 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 349 Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica
serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) strains, which were isolated
between 2008 and 2012 from 349 pigs at two slaughterhouses in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan,
were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of antimicrobial
resistance genes. All isolates were resistant to at least four antimicrobial agents. The
antimicrobial agents for which isolates showed a high incidence of resistance were as
follows: ampicillin (100%) and streptomycin (100%), followed by gentamicin (99.7%),
oxytetracycline (99.7%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (99.4%), nalidixic acid (40.1%) and
oxolinic acid (40.1%). All isolates were sensitive to cefuroxime, ceftiofur, colistin,
fosfomycin, enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin and danofloxacin. The predominant resistance
phenotypes and genotypes were: resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin,
oxytetracycline and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (58.5%, 204/349) and
blaTEM-strA-strB-aadA1-aadA2-aacC2-tet
(B)-sul1-sul2-dhfrXII-dhfrXIII (36.1%, 126/349). The quinolone
resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA, gyrB, parC and
parE of the quinolone-resistant isolates (n=12) showed amino acid
substitutions of Ser-83→Phe or Asp-87→Tyr in GyrA and Ser-107→Ala in ParC. To our
knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular characterization of antimicrobial
resistance among S. Choleraesuis strains in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Matayoshi
- Okinawa Prefecture Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 2505 Ozato, Ozato, Nanjyo, Okinawa 901-1202, Japan
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Biocide and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella isolates obtained before and after cleaning at six Danish pig slaughterhouses. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 181:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ananchaipattana C, Hosotani Y, Kawasaki S, Bari ML, Yamaguchi KA, Inatsu Y. Serotyping, RAPD Grouping and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Salmonella Enterica Isolated from Retail Foods in Thailand. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.20.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Guo W, Cui S, Xu X, Wang H. Resistant mechanism study of benzalkonium chloride selected Salmonella Typhimurium mutants. Microb Drug Resist 2013; 20:11-6. [PMID: 23987991 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride is one of the invaluable biocides that is extensively used in healthcare settings as well as in the food processing industry. After exposing wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium 14028s or its AcrAB inactivation mutant to gradually increasing levels of benzalkonium chloride, resistance mutants S-41, S-150, S-AB-23, S-AB-38, and S-AB-73 were selected and these mutants also showed a 2-64-fold stable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) increase to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline. In S-41 and S-150, the expression of acrB was increased 2.7- and 7.6-fold, and ΔtolC or ΔacrAB mutants of S-41 and S-150 showed the same MICs to all tested antimicrobials as the equivalent Salmonella Typhimurium 14028s mutants. However, in S-AB-23, S-AB-38, and S-AB-73, the expression of acrF was increased 96-, 230-, and 267-fold, respectively, and ΔtolC or ΔacrEF mutants of S-AB-23, S-AB-38, and S-AB-73 showed the similar MICs to all tested antimicrobials as the ΔtolC mutant of Salmonella Typhimurium 14028s. Our data showed that constitutively over-expressed AcrAB working through TolC was the main resistance mechanism in ST14028s benzalkonium chloride resistance mutants. However, after AcrAB had been inactivated, benzalkonium chloride-resistant mutants could still be selected and constitutively over-expressed, AcrEF became the dominant efflux pump working through TolC and being responsible for the increasing antimicrobial resistance. These data indicated that different mechanisms existed for acrB and acrF constitutive over-expression. Since exposure to benzalkonium chloride may lead to Salmonella mutants with a decreased susceptibility to quinolones, which is currently one of the drugs of choice for the treatment of life-threatening salmonelosis, research into the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the benzalkonium chloride resistance mutants will be of increasing importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
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Lugsomya K, Tummaruk P, Hampson D, Prapasarakul N. Development of a modified selective medium to enhance the recovery rate of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and other porcine intestinal spirochaetes from faeces. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 54:330-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Characterization of isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Stanley, a serovar endemic to Asia and associated with travel. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:709-20. [PMID: 22205822 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.05943-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Stanley (S. Stanley) is a common serovar in Southeast Asia and was the second most common serovar implicated in human salmonellosis in Thailand in the years 2002 to 2007. In contrast, this serovar is relatively uncommon in Europe. The objective of this study was to characterize a collection of S. Stanley strains isolated from Thai (n = 62), Danish (n = 39), and French (n = 24) patients to gain a broader understanding of the genetic diversity, population dynamics, and susceptibility to antimicrobials. All isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The molecular mechanisms of resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and plasmid-mediated resistance to quinolones were characterized by PCR and sequencing. Plasmid profiling, replicon typing, and microarray analysis were used to characterize the genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in 10 extended-spectrum cephalosporinase-producing isolates. Considerable genetic diversity was observed among the isolates characterized with 91 unique XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, including 17 distinct clusters consisting of two to seven indistinguishable isolates. We found some of the S. Stanley isolates isolated from patients in Europe were acquired during travel to Southeast Asia, including Thailand. The presence of multiple plasmid lineages carrying the extended-spectrum cephalosporinase-encoding bla(CMY-2) gene in S. Stanley isolates from the central part of Thailand was confirmed. Our results emphasize that Thai authorities, as well as authorities in other countries lacking prudent use of antimicrobials, should improve the ongoing efforts to regulate antimicrobial use in agriculture and in clinical settings to limit the spread of multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates and plasmids among humans and pigs in Thailand and abroad.
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McLaren I, Wales A, Breslin M, Davies R. Evaluation of commonly-used farm disinfectants in wet and dry models of Salmonella farm contamination. Avian Pathol 2011; 40:33-42. [PMID: 21331946 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2010.537303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two experimental models of Salmonella contamination were used in an attempt to mimic the conditions of disinfectant use on farms. A wet model, for conditions such as boot dips, used disinfectant application to a slurry of poultry faeces inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Typhimurium. A dry model, for disinfectant application to surfaces and equipment with adherent or residual organic material, used Salmonella-inoculated poultry faeces that were air-dried onto wooden dowels, immersed in disinfectant solution then left in air at room temperature overnight. All samples were subjected to a disinfectant neutralization step and resuscitation in broth, followed by Salmonella culture on semi-solid then indicator media. Disinfectants were tested at 0.5x, 1x and 2x the concentrations specified for the general control of bacterial pathogens on livestock premises in the UK (Defra General Orders rates). Chlorocresol-based disinfectants provided consistently high rates of Salmonella killing in both wet and dry tests. Formaldehyde-containing disinfectants showed very high efficacy in the dry test but were less effective in the shorter wet test, whereas the efficacy of glutaraldehyde without formaldehyde was variable between products. Other chemical classes tested (quaternary ammonium compounds, amphoteric surfactants, iodine preparations, peroxygens and a substituted phenol blend) were only moderately effective. They often required concentrations above General Orders rates to eliminate the test salmonellas, and frequently elimination was not achieved even under maximal conditions of concentration and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian McLaren
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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Anti-infective external coating of central venous catheters: a randomized, noninferiority trial comparing 5-fluorouracil with chlorhexidine/silver sulfadiazine in preventing catheter colonization. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:2095-102. [PMID: 20711070 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181f265ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The antimetabolite drug, 5-fluorouracil, inhibits microbial growth. Coating of central venous catheters with 5-fluorouracil may reduce the risk of catheter infection. Our objective was to compare the safety and efficacy of central venous catheters externally coated with 5-fluorouracil with those coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine. DESIGN Prospective, single-blind, randomized, active-controlled, multicentered, noninferiority trial. SETTING Twenty-five US medical center intensive care units. PATIENTS A total of 960 adult patients requiring central venous catheterization for up to 28 days. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive a central venous catheter externally coated with either 5-fluorouracil (n = 480) or chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine (n = 480). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The primary antimicrobial outcome was a dichotomous measure (<15 colony-forming units or ≥ 15 colony-forming units) for catheter colonization determined by the roll plate method. Secondary antimicrobial outcomes included local site infection and catheter-related bloodstream infection. Central venous catheters coated with 5-fluorouracil were noninferior to chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine coated central venous catheters with respect to the incidence of catheter colonization (2.9% vs. 5.3%, respectively). Local site infection occurred in 1.4% of the 5-fluorouracil group and 0.9% of the chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine group. No episode of catheter-related bloodstream infection occurred in the 5-fluorouracil group, whereas two episodes were noted in the chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine group. Only Gram-positive organisms were cultured from 5-fluorouracil catheters, whereas Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida were cultured from the chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine central venous catheters. Adverse events were comparable between the two central venous catheter coatings. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that central venous catheters externally coated with 5-fluorouracil are a safe and effective alternative to catheters externally coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine when used in critically ill patients.
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Kitiyodom S, Khemtong S, Wongtavatchai J, Chuanchuen R. Characterization of antibiotic resistance inVibriospp. isolated from farmed marine shrimps (Penaeus monodon). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 72:219-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Chuanchuen R, Ajariyakhajorn K, Koowatananukul C, Wannaprasat W, Khemtong S, Samngamnim S. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from dairy cows. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:63-9. [PMID: 19821743 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred sixty Salmonella enterica isolates from clinically healthy dairy cows were assayed for antibiotic susceptibilities, the presence of class 1 integrons, antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes, and conjugal transfer of antimicrobial resistance determinants. One hundred nine (68%) of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic, and 14 isolates (9%) were multiresistant. The most prevalent resistance observed was to streptomycin (64%). Class 1 integrons were detected in only two Salmonella isolates (serovar Singapore and Derby), and both integrons harbored the same cassette content aadA2. The Derby class 1 integrons were associated with Salmonella genomic island 1-A. Most commonly found resistance genes were strA and strB (9.2%). None of class 1 integrons were horizontally transferred, and the resistance genes were successfully transferred from six (5.5%) Salmonella strains. One hundred fifty-nine isolates (98.8%) were positive to the invasion gene invA, whereas the virulence plasmid-associated genes spvC and pefA were found in only two (1.3%) and one (0.6%) Salmonella isolates, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Chuanchuen R, Padungtod P. Antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from poultry and swine in Thailand. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:1349-55. [PMID: 19887742 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.001349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 184 resistant Salmonella enterica isolated from poultry and swine were investigated for the distribution of and associations between various antimicrobial resistance genes. All the isolates were screened for the presence of class 2 and 3 integrase genes and 18 resistance genes corresponding to their resistance phenotypes. None of the isolates carried class 2 and 3 integrons. The investigated resistance genes were responsible for resistance in 78% of the isolates. All the strains harboring more than one resistance gene were resistant to three or more antimicrobials. The bla(TEM), cmlA, tetA, dfrA12, sul3, aadA1 genes were detected in the majority of strains resistant to ampicillin (87%), chloramphenicol (63%), tetracycline (60%), trimethoprim (42%), sulphonamides (42%) and streptomycin/spectinomycin (61%), respectively. Two ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates had a single point mutation leading to Ser-83-Phe in GyrA or Thr-57-Ser in ParC. Statistical analysis revealed good correlation between the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and corresponding resistance phenotype (p<0.01). The results indicated that the resistance genes play a major role in conferring resistance among the Salmonella isolates investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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